有机硅流平剂在溶剂型木器涂料中的应用

针对流平性、平滑性、稳泡性和重涂性,研究了各种有机硅流平剂对溶剂型木器涂料性能的影响。根据各种流平剂的结构,讨论了有机硅流平剂对这几方面的影响。     

Dyeing behaviour of Japanese oak silk fibres treated with methacrylamide

Japanese oak silk fibres have been treated with methacrylamide, and the dyeing behaviour when using levelling acid and milling acid dyes has been investigated. Infra-red spectroscopy indicated that a methacrylamide polymer skin was produced on the fibre surface at high levels of polymer add-on. The methacrylamide polymer skin was dyed with the milling acid dye, although not dyed with the levelling acid type. The penetration of the levelling acid dye into the fibres was not interrupted by the polymer skin.     

涂层表面形貌形成过程模拟与分析

表面涂层形貌形成过程的定量描述对涂层质量控制效果的提升至关重要,建立了集成蒙特卡罗（Monte Carlo）和计算流体力学（CFD）的混合方法模拟复杂的海量液滴沉积成液膜及其随后的流平过程,并系统研究油漆液滴平均直径、黏度、密度以及表面张力对涂层表面粗糙度、流平速度以及流平时间的影响。模拟结果表明,油漆液滴平均直径增大,涂层初始表面粗糙度增大,流平速度减小,流平时间延长;黏度增大,涂层的初始和最终表面粗糙度增大,流平速度减小,流平时间延长;密度减小,涂层初始表面粗糙度增大,初始流平速度增大,流平时间稍微缩短,对最终表面粗糙度影响不大;表面张力增大,涂层流平速度增大,流平时间缩短,对涂层最终表面粗糙度影响很小。     

Levelling properties of some reactive dyes on cellulose

The levelling properties of nine reactive dyes containing one or two sulphatoethylsulphone reactive groups or one sulphatoethylsulphone and one monochlorotriazine reactive groups have been investigated. A novel test method specifically applicable to reactive dyes has been used in order to evaluate levelling. Undyed and dyed cotton samples were simultaneously dyed in the same bath and the fractions of the additional dye fixed on each of the cotton samples were determined afterwards. A dye distribution index has been proposed that predicts reactive dye levelling according to whether the index exceeds 50% or not. The index was found to depend not only on the nature of the dyes, but also on the concentration of the dye fixed on cotton, the dyeing temperature and the salt concentration in the dye liquor. In redyeing tests the degrees of primary and secondary exhaustion and of dye fixation were measured as a function of concentration of the dye fixed on cotton. Finally a satisfactory correlation was found between the index and the classical inorganicity/organicity value of the dyes. The results also suggest that the levelling properties depend on the degree of dye aggregation.     

Microthrowing power of electrolytes for the deposition of nickel-iron alloys. II. Levelling effect of iron in nickel-iron electrolytes and its microdistribution in the alloy coating

Investigations were aimed at demonstrating and clarifying the levelling effect of the iron component in a saccharin-containing nickel-iron alloy plating electrolyte. The results provide evidence that levelling probably follows the adsorbtion-diffusion mechanism proposed by Kardos and Foulke, as well as by Edwards and Watson. Microprobe analysis shows that the microdistribution of iron in the alloy deposit is not uniform, its content being higher in the alloy plated on the micropeaks of the cathode profile. A quantitative evaluation of the non-uniform distribution of iron is proposed and a linear empirical relationship has been established between this calculated value and levelling determined by profilometric measurements.     

The effects of coumarin on the electrodeposition of nickel

Systematic variations in the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer over a rough surface are an essential factor in producing the levelling action of metals electrodeposited in the presence of levelling additives. Information on the behaviour of these additives at an electrode at which metal is being deposited and their effects on metal deposition under conditions of known diffusion-layer thickness is therefore valuable for understanding the mechanism of levelling. Experiments are described which show that the behaviour of additives in the electrodeposition of metals can be studied under conditions of known rates of transport of additive to the electrode using a rotating disk electrode.

In the deposition of nickel from a Watts-type solution, coumarin reduces the current efficiency for nickel deposition. The current efficiency for hydrogen evolution is increased, the coumarin encouraging evolution from a few points on the electrode.

The analysis of products has confirmed that reduction to melilotic acid is the principal cathodic reaction of coumarin but there is a small amount of a second product. Coulomb balances show that this is a product involving the addition of many more than two electrons to each coumarin molecule.

The diffusion coefficient for coumarin in the Watts nickel solution has been measured and used to calculate rates of transport of coumarin to the cathode under various conditions. These have been compared with measured rates of coumarin consumption. The comparison has shown conditions where the rate of consumption is transport controlled and where it is electrochemically controlled.

The levelling power of coumarin on a rough surface has been derived from the results. This shows maxima in levelling power as a function of coumarin concentration resulting from the change over from transport to electrochemical control of the rate of coumarin consumption.     

Dyeing of wool with temporarily solubilised disperse dyes

Temporarily solubilised disperse dyes derived from aminophenyl-4-(β-sulphatoethylsulphone) have been applied to wool fabric without the use of a levelling agent. By virtue of their characteristic dye structure, excellent levelling properties were observed on wool fabric. Good exhaustion, fixation and fastness test values were also obtained.     

Improved compatibility of disperse dye mixtures using levelling agent—assessment through hue angle measurement

The compatibility of a mixture of disperse dyes in equal proportions having similar hues (all in the red-yellow quadrant of the colour space) has been assessed at different applied depths on polyester fabric, with and without levelling agent, using plots of hue angle against KIS values. The plots were found to be useful in indicating the improvement in the compatibility of dyes at higher applied depths attributable to the addition of a nonionic levelling agent.     

流平剂对漆膜外观的影响

阐述流平剂的作用原理,以及不同类型流平剂及其组合物对漆膜光泽、雾影、鲜映性、长短波流平的影响。     

Colour fastness of optionally aftertreated acid levelling and milling dyes on nylon 6.6 during washing in an activated oxygen‐bleach containing detergent. Part 1: Fading observed in the UK‐TO test and after repeated domestic laundering†

Previous studies examining the fading exhibited by different classes of cellulosic dyes on cotton, during washing in an oxidative‐bleach containing detergent, have been extended to acid levelling and the higher wet fast acid half‐milling dyes and acid milling dyes on nylon 6.6. It has been shown that acid levelling dyes exhibit a much higher level of fading, both in the single cycle, stressed UK‐TO test and after repeated domestic laundering, than acid milling dyes. The observed fading in each case was due to wash‐down/desorption of dye rather than an oxidative‐bleaching effect.     

On the theory of anodic levelling: model experiments with triangular nickel profiles in chloride solution

The influence of profile height and orientation on the rate of anodic levelling was studied under controlled masstransport conditions in a flow cell using triangular shaped profiles made of nickel in a NaCl electrolyte. Experimental conditions were chosen so that levelling was carried out well below, close to and well above the limiting current for salt precipitation and results were compared to those predicted from theoretical calculations using FEM. It is found that the rate of levelling of microprofiles under limiting current conditions is independent of flow direction and corresponds to that theoretically predicted for primary or tertiary current distribution. The levelling of macroprofiles at the limiting current is slower and depends on flow direction. Levelling above the limiting current is mass transport controlled. For macroprofiles oriented parallel to flow direction, levelling is slower above the limiting current than at the limiting current.     

The Role of Auxiliary Products in the High–temperature Dyeing of Polyester

The effect of a number of auxiliary products of both the carrier and the non–carrier type on the levelling of disperse dyes under high–temperature (HT) conditions has been determined for a range of 12 dyes. The most effective products are carriers based on butyl benzoate, trichlorobenzene, diphenyl and benzyl benzoate. The effectiveness of a particular chemical type depends on its emulsification under dyebath conditions. Non–carrier agents show less improvement in levelling than all but the most ineffective carriers. Non–ionic agents can retard and restrain dyes, and can also adversely affect the dispersion stability of dyes.     

阳离子染料匀染剂的合成与应用研究

本文对阳离子染料的上染特性曲线以及加入匀染剂TAN(1227)的上染特性曲线进行对比研究,合成了两种阳离子匀染剂十二烷基二甲基羟乙基氯化胺(LHAC)和十二烷基二甲基乙基溴化铵(LEAB),其匀染性能较为理想。另外,分别对阳离子匀染剂的复配物以及阳离子匀染剂与非离子匀染剂的复配物进行应用实验。结果表明,复配物的匀染性能都明显优于单独使用的阳离子匀染剂。从而为高性能阳离子匀染剂的研制和开发提供了依据。     

Anodic levelling of model profiles with pulsating current

The rate of anodic levelling with pulsating current is being investigated with triangular model profiles made of nickel using a flow channel cell. Observed results are compared to theoretical calculations of the rate of anodic levelling of macroprofiles and of microprofiles under d.c. conditions. It follows that the rate of anodic levelling is smaller above the pulse-limiting current density than that below it, and is smaller than that predicted for an ideal macroprofile. With pulsating current the rate of levelling of macroprofiles did not depend on profile orientation with respect to electrolyte flow.     

Mechanistic investigations on the action of levelling agents in reactive wool dyeing

Although levelling agents for reactive dyes have been on the market for more than twenty years, there still remains some uncertainty as to their mode of action. Therefore an investigation has been carried out, using Albegal B as a typical levelling agent and reactive dyes from the Lanasol range. There are three mechanisms proposed to describe how auxiliaries such as Albegal B can act to overcome tip/root unlevelness when dyeing wool fibres: a dye complex mechanism, a surface mechanism and a fibre mechanism. These are discussed in the light of the experimental results.     

The effect of dyeing on the hygral expansion of worsted fabrics — Part 1

The influence of dyebath pH, dyeing time, levelling agents, dyestuff and anti-setting agent on hygral expansion has been investigated. The incorporation of an anti-setting agent in the dyebath minimised increases in hygral expansion resulting from the dyeing process.     

A profilometric study of levelling in electroplating

The levelling power of a plating bath is usually assessed from measurements of surface roughness (R _a or r.m.s.) before and after plating. The availability of new parameters for surface characterization now permits a better understanding of the role played by surface microgeometry in levelling. This paper explores the possibility of using these parameters for finding a reliable representation of levelling for quantitative assessment. A new measure based on the profile length parameter is suggested.     

Electrolyte for copper deposition based on aqueous polyaniline dispersion

The properties of an electrolyte for acid bright copper deposition have been investigated. The influence of polyaniline dispersion, polysafranine dye (levelling component), poly(alkylene oxide) (wetting agent) or dialkyl disulfides (brightener) and combinations of these additives on the quality of electrodeposited coatings were studied. The presence of polyaniline dispersions increased the levelling ability by 16% and at the same time the concentration of the other additives could be considerably reduced. The electrolyte containing polyaniline dispersion could also be efficiently used under production conditions.     

紫外光固化多功能光敏增感剂

在多官能度丙烯酸酯分子中引入叔胺基团及有机硅分子链，形成具有光敏增感作用，流平作用，消泡作用等的多功能光敏增感剂，结果表明，该多功能光敏增感剂用于光固化涂料中，能有效地抑制所氧的阻聚，改善涂膜的流平，消泡，及涂层的表面性能。     

The modification of wild silk fibres with methacrylamide

Wild silk and cultivated mulberry silk fibres have been graft copolymerised with methacrylamide, and the changes in the dyeing behaviour when dyeing with the levelling acid and milling acid dyes investigated. The tensile properties of the fibres and their durability during laundering have also been examined. The amount of the levelling acid dye adsorbed by all the fibres decreased with increasing polymer add-on, while the amount of milling acid dye adsorbed by the mulberry silk fibres was almost unchanged by the graft treatment. The breaking loads of the fibres were almost unchanged whereas rigidity of the fibres increased following graft treatment. The tensile properties of the grafted silk fibres were not diminished by laundering at polymer add-on levels greater than 50%.