2219和2195铝合金焊接接头的腐蚀行为差异研究

目的 研究运载火箭贮箱用2195新型铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头和熔化焊接头相对于传统的2219铝合金焊接接头耐腐蚀性能的差异,分析耐蚀性的演变规律,为贮箱制造及表面防护提供理论指导。方法 以传统的2219铝合金为对照,采用盐雾腐蚀试验、动电位极化曲线测试等方法系统研究2195铝锂合金焊接接头的腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流密度、腐蚀速率等方面的性能,进而判断新型铝合金材料与传统铝合金材料耐蚀性能的差异。结果 2种铝合金焊接接头各个亚区的耐蚀性均呈现相同的变化规律,其中搅拌摩擦焊接头的耐蚀性能按照热影响区、母材区、热机影响区、焊核区的顺序依次增加;TIG焊接头的耐蚀性能按照热影响区、母材区、焊缝区的顺序依次增加,且在热影响区存在晶间腐蚀的现象。此外,2219和2195铝合金TIG焊接接头热影响区自腐蚀电位分别为?0.653 V和?0.667 V,腐蚀电流密度分别为7.35 mA/cm²和7.55 mA/cm²。结论 2219和2195铝合金搅拌摩擦焊和TIG焊接头的耐蚀性差别不大,且均在热影响区耐蚀性最差;采用同种合金进行焊接时,TIG焊接头的耐蚀性能比FSW接头的差。     

2195铝锂合金超声振动辅助搅拌摩擦焊接工艺研究

采用新型超声振动辅助搅拌摩擦焊接设备实现了4 mm厚的2195铝锂合金轧制板的焊接,比较和分析了施加超声对焊缝宏观金相组织、显微硬度与接头拉伸性能的影响,研究了工艺参数对铝锂合金超声振动辅助搅拌摩擦焊缝成形及接头力学性能的影响规律.结果表明:在相同工艺参数条件下,施加超声振动能量能够改善2195铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接成形性,促使焊核区塑性材料流动增强,同时减少甚至消除常规搅拌摩擦焊接头内部的孔洞缺陷;在焊缝的上部及中部,由于超声的作用,焊核区的显微硬度得以提高,而焊缝底部变化不大;接头的断口均呈现出韧性断裂模式,施加超声振动能量后的接头的伸长率得以提高,其断口韧窝更加细小均匀;在所研究的工艺参数范围内,接头的最高抗拉强度为282.8 MPa,最大伸长率为11.5％.在转速为600 r/min,焊接速率为225 mm/min条件下,施加超声使接头抗拉强度提高了17.5 MPa,伸长率提高了3.7％.     

铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊研究进展

铝锂合金作为一种低密度、高性能的新型结构材料,被认为是航空航天领域中实现飞行器轻量化的理想结构材料之一。而搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相焊接技术,能够克服铝锂合金熔化焊时易产生的裂纹、气孔等缺陷,在铝锂合金焊接领域具有重要的应用前景。从搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺、接头组织与性能等方面综述了铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊近几年的研究进展,总结了其存在的主要问题,并对铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊技术未来的发展进行了展望。     

A7N01铝合金焊接接头中不同区域在不同介质中的电化学腐蚀行为

为了积累A7N01铝合金及其焊接接头在不同介质中的电化学腐蚀数据,采用ER5356焊丝分别焊接了A7N01-T5和A7N01-T4铝合金。采用动电位扫描法分别测试了2种铝合金焊接接头中的母材及焊缝分别在5%(质量分数)NaCl,Na2SO4,NaNO3溶液中的极化曲线,并计算出相应的电化学参数。结果表明:2种铝合金焊接接头中母材在3种腐蚀溶液中的腐蚀倾向大于焊缝,腐蚀速率也快于焊缝;Cl-,SO2-4和NO-3对2种铝合金焊接接头中的母材及焊缝的腐蚀加速作用依次减弱;A7N01-T5母材在3种腐蚀介质中的耐蚀性优于A7N01-T4母材的。     

航空轻质合金及其激光焊接头盐雾腐蚀行为研究

对1420铝锂合金、BT20钛合金薄板及其激光焊接头的耐腐蚀性进行了研究.实验按照GB/T10125-1997<人造气氛腐蚀试验盐雾试验>进行.极化曲线和中性盐雾腐蚀实验表明:钛合金耐腐蚀性能良好,腐蚀失重不明显.电镜扫描观察发现,1420铝锂合金锈点直径较大,且连成片,表面明显变色.     

搅拌摩擦焊接技术的研究现状及其展望

搅拌摩擦焊是针对焊接性差的铝、铗合金而开发出的一种新型固相焊接工艺,由英国焊接研究所于1991年开发的专利技术.简要介绍了搅拌摩擦焊的应用现状,综述了近10年来国内外搅拌摩擦焊技术的发展概况和最新进展,比较详尽地总结了焊接接头形成机理、适用母材、接头微观组织、力学性能、焊接设备、焊接工艺及搅拌摩擦焊应用领域.     

铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊研究

采用柱形带螺纹搅拌针搅拌摩擦焊接5 mm厚铝锂合金轧制板材,并对接头组织、力学性能及断裂特性进行了研究.接头形成差别明显的三个区域:焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区.拉伸实验表明,接头强度随着焊接速度的提高先增加,并于v=60mm/min处达到最大值340MPa;当v＞60mm/min时,接头强度迅速下降.铝锂合金搅拌摩擦接头断裂模式为韧脆混合型断裂,并以脆性断裂为主.     

AA5052铝合金/AZ31B镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀行为研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊的方法得到了外观成形良好的Al合金/Mg合金接头。为了研究其腐蚀行为和腐蚀机理,在分析焊接接头显微组织的基础上,采用中性盐雾腐蚀试验和电化学测试的方法对其腐蚀行为进行监测和分析,并对焊接接头的腐蚀失重进行了分析研究。结果表明,铝镁金属间化合相和镁合金中的β相在搅拌区和热力影响区中分布的不均匀性,以及区域晶粒大小的差异,导致搅拌区和热力影响区形成微区原电池的倾向不同,从而表现出腐蚀形貌和腐蚀行为的差异。电偶腐蚀的发生导致焊接接头的腐蚀电流密度较高,耐腐蚀性能不及母材。在整个中性盐雾腐蚀过程中,腐蚀失重逐渐增加,腐蚀速率呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。     

Incoloy 825/L360复合管焊接接头耐蚀性研究

目的研究Incoloy 825/L360复合管焊后的焊缝耐蚀性能。方法以Incoloy 825/L360复合管为研究对象,选用Inconel625焊材进行了镍基合金焊缝的焊接,并对焊缝和Incoloy 825母材在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液、6%的FeCl_3溶液中进行电化学试验,并对其耐蚀性进行了对比分析。结果在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中,不同温度下母材自腐蚀电位均高于焊缝,自腐蚀电流密度均小于焊缝,随着温度的升高,母材的自腐蚀电位和焊缝的自腐蚀电流密度均增加,母材的自腐蚀电流密度变化不明显;在质量分数为6%的FeCl_3溶液中,母材与焊缝的自腐蚀电位整体较高,母材的自腐蚀电流密度高于焊缝,不同温度下焊缝极化曲线均存在明显的钝化平台。结论 Incoloy 825母材和焊缝在两种溶液中的耐蚀性存在一定差异;在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中,母材腐蚀对温度不敏感,焊缝的腐蚀敏感倾向性随着温度的升高而增大,腐蚀敏感性高于母材;在质量分数为6%的FeCl_3溶液中,不同温度下的焊缝极化曲线均存在明显的钝化平台,腐蚀敏感性低于母材。     

用玻璃粉末强化的混凝土

一个由摩擦搅拌焊接、旋压成型的铝－锂（Al-Li）合金液体燃料推进剂圆顶罐首次在NASA马歇尔太空飞行中心亮相。据说它是为大型液体燃料推进剂设计的第一个标准尺寸的摩擦搅拌焊接、旋压成型的圆顶罐。     

Fatigue behavior of friction plug welds in 2195 Al–Li alloy

The focus of this paper will be on the fatigue behavior of friction stir welded 2195 Al–Li plates that contain friction plug welds. Tensile tests were performed for specimens containing base metal, friction stir welded 2195-T8, and friction stir welded 2195-T8 containing a friction plug weld consisting of a 2195-T8 plug. The ultimate strength was determined for base metal, friction stir welded material, and friction plug welded material. Fatigue properties were determined for both the friction stir weld and friction plug welded specimens in the medium to high cycle regimes. Comparison of the results show that the friction plug weld reduced both the UTS and fatigue life as compared to specimens containing only friction stir weld. The reduction in fatigue life is most likely due to the complication of weld geometry, interacting heat affected zones, and strength mismatch between base metal, friction stir weld, and plug material.     

R‐curve behaviour of friction stir welds in aluminium‐lithium alloy 2195

ABSTRACT The fracture resistance of friction stir welds in 2195‐T8 is described in this paper. R‐curves were produced for several crack planes, parallel to the welding direction and situated at varying distances from the weld centreline. The friction stir weld was also characterized by hardness and tensile testing. Fracture resistance of the friction stir weld is compared to the base metal and to a variable polarity plasma arc weld. Results show that the material in and around the friction stir weld is tougher than the base metal and the variable polarity plasma arc weld. The friction stir weld fracture performance is discussed in the light of the observed hardness and fractographic data presented.     

The time–temperature–corrosion susceptibility in a 7050-T7451 friction stir weld

The temperature gradient occurring for a short time during friction stir welding greatly affects the localized corrosion properties of welded 7050-T7451 plates. An immersion experiment in a salty solution was carried out in order to verify the influence of short-term post-weld heat treatments at temperatures similar to those taking place during friction stir welding on the corrosion behaviour of friction stir welded 7050-T7451. The experiment consisted of inserting thermocouples at different weld regions for the registration of the temperature development with time, and partially immersing the welded plate in a salty solution at 480 °C. In this manner, the weld experienced different temperature expositions at different locations. It was found that a temperature exposition above 180 °C for 20 min significantly increases the general corrosion resistance of friction stir welded 7050-T7451. The re-exposition of 7050-T7451 friction stir weld to a time–temperature combination similar to that occurring during the welding process on the thermomechanically heat affected zones of the weld, significantly improves the corrosion properties and the environmental cracking resistance. After the short-term temperature exposition, the fracture location of samples tested in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution moved from the corrosion susceptible thermomechanically affected zone to the heat affected zone.     

A comprehensive investigation on the effects of laser and shot peening on fatigue crack growth in friction stir welded AA 2195 joints

The effects of various surface treatment techniques on the fatigue crack growth performance of friction stir welded 2195 aluminum alloy were investigated. The objective was to reduce fatigue crack growth rates and enhance the fatigue life of welded joints. The crack growth rates were assessed and characterized for different peening conditions at a stress ratio (R) of 0.1, and 0.7. The surface and through-thickness residual stress distribution were also investigated and presented for the various regions in the weld. Tensile residual stresses introduced during the welding process were found to become significantly compressive, particularly after laser peening. The effect of the compressive stresses was deemed responsible for increasing the resistance to fatigue crack growth of the welds. The results indicate a significant reduction in fatigue crack growth rates using laser peening compared to shot peening and native welded specimens. This reduced fatigue crack growth rate was comparable to the base unwelded material.     

超声冲击对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

目的分析超声冲击对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊成形后接头的组织及耐蚀性的作用效果。方法采用超声冲击设备对2A12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头表面进行超声冲击处理,并对超声冲击前后接头的显微组织、显微硬度以及耐腐蚀性能进行了分析。结果经过超声冲击处理后的铝合金接头上表面会产生一层塑性变形层,并且塑性层内位错密度增大,使表层金属得到一定程度的加工硬化,促使冲击后接头各区域的表面硬度明显提高,冲击后接头热机械影响区和热影响区硬度提高达60%以上;腐蚀浸泡试验发现,超声冲击后接头的点腐蚀程度较超声冲击前明显减缓,腐蚀速率约是冲击前的1/2。结论超声冲击有效改善了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头区域材料过时效的软化现象,并且有效改善了接头的抗腐蚀性能。     

7075铝合金高速搅拌摩擦焊材料流动行为及性能研究

目的 针对7075–O铝合金高焊速、高转速搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷多、质量差等问题,研究焊接接头材料流动对焊缝性能的影响。方法 选用焊接速度1 000 mm/min,搅拌转速分别为1 000、1 200、1 600、1 700 r/min的条件对7075–O铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,分析不同焊接工艺参数下焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。同时,利用Fluent软件模拟7075–O铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料流动场分布,分析焊接材料流动与缺陷形成的关系。结果 利用7075–O铝合金三维流动模型,预测出高焊速条件下焊缝前进侧形成一个低压区,孔洞等缺陷易出现在此区域,数值模拟预测与试验结果吻合。在高焊接速度1 000 mm/min、焊接转速1 200 r/min时,焊缝表面光滑平整,焊核区域的硬度分布更加均匀。结论 随着搅拌转速从1 000 r/min增大到1 700 r/min,热输入量逐渐增大,孔洞缺陷由隧道型孔洞转变为不连续的小孔。同时,随着搅拌转速的增大,焊缝高硬度区域的宽度先增大而后降低。当搅拌转速为1 200 r/min时得到了优质的焊接接头,焊缝焊核区硬度分布均匀,硬度值最高为176HV。     

Gradient micro-structured surface layer on aluminum alloy fabricated by in situ rolling friction stir welding

A gradient micro-structure was formed in the surface layer of 2219 aluminum alloy joint by means of in situ rolling friction stir welding (IRFSW). The micro-structured surface layer is about 200 μm deep, corresponding to a gradient change in microhardness from 86.8 to 59.4 HV in the coarse-grained weld nugget zone (WNZ). Compared with those of the base material, the friction coefficient values are evidently decreased and the wear resistance is obviously enhanced on the surface layer. The corrosion current was relatively low and corrosion potential value was positive with respect to that of the base material. The second-phase particles in the upper surface layer were much more and smaller than those of the base material.     

7A52铝合金焊缝应力腐蚀性能研究

本文用20mm厚的7A52铝合金板材,采用钨极氩孤焊接工艺焊接,用慢应变速率实验方法,应变速率为1．58×10^-6s^-1,在3．5％氯化钠溶液和惰性气体中,研究了7A52铝合金焊接接头的应力腐蚀性能。试验结果表明：7A52铝舍金焊缝对应力腐蚀较为敏感,在3．5％氯化钠溶液中应力腐蚀断裂均发生在焊缝熔合线附近区,而在惰性气体中试样断裂发生在焊缝中间部位。     

焊接速度对 7A52 铝合金 FSW 组织及力学性能的影响

目的在保证搅拌速度一定时,针对8 mm厚的7A52铝合金,在不同焊接速度下采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)进行焊接试验,研究其焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。方法利用搅拌摩擦焊机进行对接焊接,焊后制取金相试样观察焊接接头宏观形貌和显微组织,并测定其力学性能。结果7A52铝合金FSW焊接接头焊核区的面积随着焊接速度的增大而增大,当焊接速度为250mm/min时,焊接接头的焊核区面积最大,焊核区的显微组织都为细小的等轴晶,焊接接头横截面的焊核区呈明显"洋葱环"的形貌,而热力影响区的结构特征则呈现出了较高的塑性变形流线层。焊接接头显微硬度分布都呈现出"W"形变化,在焊接速度为150 mm/min时,焊接接头的平均抗拉强度能达到452 MPa,达到了母材抗拉强度的89%。结论通过对不同焊接速度下7A52铝合金FSW焊接接头的组织和性能进行研究,得到了不同焊接速度下焊接接头组织和力学性能。     

Comparative experimental study on the modification of microstructural and mechanical properties of friction stir welded and gas metal arc welded EN AW‐6061 O aluminum alloys by post‐weld heat treatment

In this paper, the effects of post‐weld heat treatment on modification of microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welded and gas metal arc welded AA6061‐O plates were compared with each other. Gas metal arc welding and friction stir welding were used as the applicable welding processes for AA6061‐O alloys. The applied post‐weld heat treatment consisted of solution heat treatment, followed by water quenching and finally artificial aging. The samples were classified as post‐weld heat treated and as‐welded joints. The microstructural evolution, tensile properties, hardness features and fracture surfaces of both as‐welded and post‐weld heat treated samples were reported. The results clearly showed that friction stir welding process demonstrated better and more consistent mechanical properties by comparison with the gas metal arc welding process. The weld region of as‐welded samples exhibited a higher hardness value of 80 HV0.1 compared to the base material. In addition, the feasibility of post‐weld heat treatment in order to enhance the mechanical properties and to obtain more homogeneous microstructure of 6061‐O aluminum alloys was evaluated.