Removal of nonionic surfactant by systems based on chloromethylated polystyrene–poly(ethylene glycol)

For the purpose of obtaining compounds which can remove nonionic surfactants in water, chloromethylated polystyrene (CMPS) was allowed to react with triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (3EGMME), tetraethylene glycol (4EG), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 200, 400, 600, 1000, and 1500. The amount of PEG groups combined with CMPS decreased with an increase in the molecular weight of PEG. The ability of the product to remove polyethylene glycol mono-p-nonyl phenyl ether (NP, n = 10), a nonionic surfactant, solutes in water was greater in the product with PEG of greater MW than that with PEG of smaller MW, and in the product with more PEG groups (mol/g prod.) than in that with less PEG groups. The removal behavior of the products conformed to Freundlich's adsorption formula. Constants of the formula, the effect of temperature on the constants, the effect of combined PEG groups on the removed amount, and the removal manner were studied.     

Removal of Escherichia coli from water by systems based on insoluble polystyrene–poly(ethylene glycol)s, –polyethylenimines,and –polyethylenepolyamines quaternized

Insoluble polymers adsorbing bacterial cells were prepared by reactions of chloromethylated, divinylbenzene crosslinked polystyrene (CMPS) beads with poly(ethylene glycol) 600 (PEG600), PEG monolaurate (PEGLE), polyethylenimines (PEIs, MW = ca. 300. 600. and 1200, referred to as PEI300, PEI600, and PEI1200, respectively), as well as ethylenediamine (ED) and tetraethylenepentamine (TEP) as polyethylenepolyamines. CMPS-ED and CMPS-TEP were further quaternized with 1-iodooctane (IO) and 1-iodododecane (IDD), respectively. These polymers were brought into contact with Escherichia coli by stirring in sterilized, distilled, and deionized water. Although CMPS-PEG and CMPS-PEGLE did not adsorb the cells, they caused a decrease in the number of viable cells. The decrease seemed to result from the bactericidal action of substances leached from the polymers. CMPS-PEI300, CMPS-PEI600, and CMPS-PEI1200, CMPS-ED-IO, and CMPS-TEP-IDD caused a decrease in the viable cell number by adsorption of the cells to their surfaces. It was observed with a scanning electron microscope that the cells were present on the surfaces of CMPS-PEI600 beads. The decrease coefficient for decrease in viable cell number of E. coli caused by the polymer increased with nitrogen content of the polymer. The adhesion of the cells to CMPS-PEI300, CMPS-PEI600, and CMPS-PEI1200, CMPS-ED-IO, and CMPS-TEP-IDD was due mainly to electrostatic interaction between them.     

Comparison of interdiffusion at polystyrene–poly(vinyl methyl ether) and polystyrene–poly(isobutyl vinyl ether) interfaces

The effect of polymer–polymer compatibility on interdiffusion at polymer interfaces with dissimilar mobilities was investigated by attenuated total internal reflectance infrared spectroscopy. The polymer pair consisting of polystyrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether) was used to study interdiffusion at the interface of compatible polymers. The polymer pair consisting of polystyrene and poly(isobutyl vinyl ether) was used to study interdiffusion at the interface of incompatible polymers. Results indicate that the extent of interdiffusion is controlled by the polymer–polymer compatibility parameter, irrespectively of the differences in the mobility of the polymers.     

Study of polystyrene–polyethylene IPN system by the spin probe method

The spin probe method has been used to study the structure and molecular mobility of PS–PE IPN with various ratios of PS:PE. The dependence of the correlation times of motion of the spin probe and the linwidths of the EPR spectra on the composition of the IPN system and its thermal processing has been studied. The results imply that rotation correlation time of the probe is highest at the ratio PS:PE 1.5:0.5 and lowest at the ratio 0.75:1.25. The value of τ decreases with decreasing content of PS. At the transition from the ratio PS:PE 1.25:0.75 to 1:1 τ decreases sharply to a value close to the correlation time of PE. In the temperature range 173–373 K there are two domains which differ in molecular mobility. At temperatures above T_m of PE, heterogeneity is observed for samples with ratio of PE 1 or 0.75. Annealing at 473 K makes the samples homogeneous, which means that mixing of the chains of both polymers is observed in the interpenetrating regions.     

Fibroin membrane preparation and stabilization by polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether

Membranes prepared by drying aqueous Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) solution and modified silk fibroin (MSF) solutions, prepared by adding the low molecular weight crosslinking agent, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) MW 526, 0–10% w/w, were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy. Weight gain in aqueous solutions and their mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation, and Young's modulus) were then characterized. SEM measurements revealed greater porosity in MSF membranes. IR spectra showed transformation from the largely α‐helical/random coil structures in SF membranes to predominantly β‐sheet in MSF membranes. Results from UV–vis spectroscopy showed that the MSF membranes were largely insoluble within the pH range of 4–10. Water absorbability of the MSF membranes improved with increasing the amounts of cross‐linker, up to 4%. The MSF membranes showed greater pliability and tenacity, but lower tensile strength, with increasing PEGDE concentrations. In the wet condition, PEGDE levels up to 4% can improve both tensile strength and tenacity of the MSF membrane, but higher levels (up to 10%) did not significantly change these properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008     

聚乙二醇二甲醚的合成及应用

综述了国内外聚乙二醇二甲醚的各种合成方法及各自的优缺点 ,详细介绍了聚乙二醇二甲醚在各领域的应用     

Removal of bacteria from water by systems based on insoluble polystyrene–polyethyelnimine

A study was made of the removal of viable bacterial cells from sterilized physiological saline (saline) by insoluble polymer beads. The polymers (CMPS–PEI300 and CMPS–PEI600) were prepared by reactions of chloromethylated, divinylbenzene crosslinked polystyrene (CMPS) beads with polyethyleneimines (PEI) (MW = about 300 and 600). The bacterial strain cells used were Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Decrease coefficients (D, which corresponds to adsorption rate constant) for the viable cell numbers of E. coli by CPMS–PEI300 and CMPS–PEI600 were 28 and 120 (mL/gh) in saline, respectively. These D's were less than those (72 and 270 mL/gh) in sterilized, distilled, and deionized water (sterilized water). The D's for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa by CMPS–PEI600 were 46 and 76 (mL/g h), respectively. The D for E. coli by CMPS–PEI600 was compared with R (removal coefficient) for that by pyridinium type polymers. Bactericidal activity of PEI600 was examined on E. coli and P. aeruginosa in saline. Also, that of poly(ethylene glycol) 600 was done on E. coli in saline.     

聚乙二醇催化合成正丁基苯基醚

以乙醇为溶剂、聚乙二醇为相转移催化剂，氢氧化钾为碱，从正丁基溴和苯酚合成了正丁基苯基醚。当0．1mol苯酚，0．3mol正丁基溴，乙醇为溶剂，在氢氧化钾和聚乙二醇400存在下，加热2h正丁基苯基醚收率达96．7％。     

Removal of nonionic surfactant by systems based on polystyrene–polyoxyethylene block copolymers

Three polystyrene (PS)–polyoxyethylene (POE) block copolymers were synthesized: S-114 and S-123 as copolymers of POE–PS–POE type, and S-61-10 as that of type. Although the copolymers themselves did not remove nonionic surfactant, polyethylene glycol mono-p-nonylphenyl ether (NP, n = 10), in water, the copolymers, which were supported on activated alumina, removed the surfactant. The removal rates of NP by the copolymers supported on the alumina were compared. The effect of initial concentration of NP and the effect of the amount of supported copolymer on the amount of NP removed were studied. The Freuindlich adsorption isotherm was observed between the residual concentration of NP and the amount of NP removed. In the three copolymers supported on the alumina, the amount of removal per unit mass was the greatest for the S-61-10.     

Removal of dodecylbenzenesulfonate by a system based on poly(butadiene–maleic anhydride)

Poly(butadiene–maleic anhydride) was aminated with methoxypropylamine. Although this reaction product (APBM) was easily soluble in water, when APBM was supported on activated alumina, APBM/alumina hybrid materials (HM) removed dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) solutes in water. The effects of the supported amounts and of the initial concentrations of DBS on the removed amounts were studied.     

Effect of polyethylene oxide–polyethylene glycol content and humidity on performance of electro‐active paper actuators based on cellulose/polyethylene oxide–polyethylene glycol microcomposite

The effect of humidity and polyethylene oxide (PEO)–polyethylene glycol (PEG) content on the actuator performance of cellulose/PEO–PEG microcomposites was studied. Upon blending 5% PEO–PEG, the maximum bending displacement of the actuator increased nearly twice compared to that of cellulose EAPap actuator. However, further increase of PEO–PEG content resulted in decreased actuator performance. This might be due to the increased intermolecular interaction by hydrogen bonding that reduces the mobility of the molecules. The actuator performance test showed that the increase in humidity level rather reduced the maximum displacement of the actuators. X‐ray diffractogram and Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis suggested a structural change of the microcomposites as well as disruption of cellulose/PEO–PEG association attributed to the actuator performance degradation at high humidity level. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Morphology of pyrolysed polystyrene–isoprene–styrene and polystyrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymers

The surface morphology of thermooxidative degraded polystyrene–isoprene–styrene (SIS) and polystyrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) thermoplastic block copolymers was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Surface changes caused by heating the samples in a pyrolyzer for 15 and 30 min were presented in different micrographs. The morphological changes occurring due to the formation of polar groups and their crosslinking during the thermooxidative degradation are discussed. Morphological study of these thermally degraded polymer samples shows very good correlation with the thermodegradation results. The rate of thermodegradation is fast in case of SBS when compared with SIS block copolymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 2549–2553, 2006     

Morphology of pyrolyzed polystyrene–isoprene–styrene and polystyrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymers

The surface morphology of thermooxidative‐degraded polystyrene–isoprene–styrene (SIS) and polystyrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) thermoplastic block copolymers were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Surface changes caused by heating the samples in a pyrolizer for 15 and 30 min were presented in different micrographs. The morphological changes occurring due to the formation of polar groups and their crossing linking during the thermooxidative degradation are discussed. Morphological study of these thermally degraded polymer samples show very good correlation with the thermodegradation results. The rate of thermodegradation is fast in case of SBS compared with SIS block copolymer. ©2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006     

减压条件下催化酯化合成聚乙二醇单甲醚丙烯酸酯

聚乙二醇单甲醚丙烯酸酯是合成梳形分散剂的重要单体。以聚乙二醇单甲醚和丙烯酸为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,减压条件下直接酯化合成聚乙二醇单甲醚丙烯酸酯,采用傅立叶红外光谱表征产物结构。对反应条件进行了优化,结果表明,在温度90 ℃、压力0.06 MPa、催化剂用量为反应物总质量的2.0%、阻聚剂用量为丙烯酸质量的1.5%、丙烯酸与聚乙二醇单甲醚物质的量比3∶1和反应时间5 h条件下,酯化率可达92.6%。高效液相色谱分析证明,用饱和食盐水和乙酸乙酯萃取后的产物纯度为99.2%。     

Formation of phase structure and crystallization behavior in blends containing polystyrene–polyethylene block copolymers

The microphase separation structure in the molten state and the structure formation in crystallization from such ordered melt were investigated for the blends of polystyrene–polyethylene block copolymers (SE) with polystyrene homopolymer (PS) and polyethylene homopolymer (PE) and for the blends consisting of two kinds of SE with different copolymer compositions from each other, using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering techniques (SAXS). The copolymer compositions of SE block copolymers employed were 0.34, 0.58 and 0.73 wt. fraction of PE, and their melt morphologies were cylindrical, lamellar and lamellar, respectively. Macrophase separation or the morphology change in the melt occurred depending on the molecular weight and the blend composition, as reported so far. In crystallization from such macrophase-separated and microphase-separated melts, the melt morphology was completely kept for all the blends. Crystallization behavior was also investigated for the blends. The crystallization within the spherical and cylindrical domains surrounded by glassy PS was not observed for SE/PS blends. In the crystallization from the macrophase-separated melt, two exothermal peaks were observed in the DSC measurements, while a single peak was observed for other blends. For the blends with PS, the degree of crystallinity was depressed and the apparent activation energy of crystallization was high, compared to those for the corresponding neat SE. For SE/PE and SE/SE blends, those were changed depending on the blend composition.     

杂多酸盐催化乙二醇合成乙二醇乙醚和乙二醇双乙醚的研究

以磷钨酸、硅钨酸和磷钼酸及硝酸银、硝酸铁、硝酸铯和碳酸铯为原料,通过共沉淀法制备了系列杂多酸盐催化剂,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子能谱(EDS)、热重/差热分析仪(TG)对催化剂的晶型结构、表面元素及热重性质进行了表征。结果表明,磷钨酸银铯和磷钨酸银具有Keggin型磷钨酸结构,表面元素分布均匀,煅烧温度在20～220℃时会失去结合水,300～450℃时会失去结晶水和结构水,900℃以上则会分解。通过催化乙二醇和乙醇合成乙二醇乙醚和乙二醇双乙醚的反应考察杂多酸及杂多酸盐催化性能。考察了阳离子种类、取代度和不同煅烧温度对杂多酸盐催化性能的影响,结果表明,磷钨酸及其盐系列催化剂效果最好。通过考察阳离子种类和磷钨酸氢离子的取代度,结果表明,Cs_(0.66)Ag_(0.33)H_2PW_(12)O_(40)催化效果最好。在该催化剂存在下,n_(乙二醇)∶n_(乙醇)为1∶4,反应时间4 h,反应温度200℃,乙二醇转化率为98.16%,乙二醇乙醚选择性为49.25%,乙二醇双乙醚选择性为48.59%,乙二醇醚的总产率为96.04%。     

杂多酸盐催化乙二醇合成乙二醇乙醚和乙二醇双乙醚的研究

以磷钨酸、硅钨酸和磷钼酸及硝酸银、硝酸铁、硝酸铯和碳酸铯为原料,通过共沉淀法制备了系列杂多酸盐催化剂,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子能谱(EDS)、热重/差热分析仪(TG)对催化剂的晶型结构、表面元素及热重性质进行了表征。结果表明,磷钨酸银铯和磷钨酸银具有Keggin型磷钨酸结构,表面元素分布均匀,煅烧温度在20～220℃时会失去结合水,300～450℃时会失去结晶水和结构水,900℃以上则会分解。通过催化乙二醇和乙醇合成乙二醇乙醚和乙二醇双乙醚的反应考察杂多酸及杂多酸盐催化性能。考察了阳离子种类、取代度和不同煅烧温度对杂多酸盐催化性能的影响,结果表明,磷钨酸及其盐系列催化剂效果最好。通过考察阳离子种类和磷钨酸氢离子的取代度,结果表明,Cs_(0.66)Ag_(0.33)H_2PW_(12)O_(40)催化效果最好。在该催化剂存在下,n_(乙二醇)∶n_(乙醇)为1∶4,反应时间4 h,反应温度200℃,乙二醇转化率为98.16%,乙二醇乙醚选择性为49.25%,乙二醇双乙醚选择性为48.59%,乙二醇醚的总产率为96.04%。     

12‐crown‐4–ether and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethyl–ether plasma‐coated stainless steel surfaces and their ability to reduce bacterial biofilm deposition

It has been demonstrated that surfaces coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are capable of reducing protein adsorption, bacterial attachment, and biofilm formation. In this communication cold‐plasma–enhanced processes were employed for the deposition of PEG‐like structures onto stainless steel surfaces. Stainless steel samples were coated under 1,4,7,10‐tetraoxacyclododecane (12‐crown‐4)–ether and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (triglyme)–radio frequency (RF)–plasma conditions. The chemistry and characteristics of plasma‐coated samples and biofilms were investigated using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and water contact angle analysis. ESCA analysis indicated that the plasma modification resulted in the deposition of PEG‐like structures, built up mainly of –CH₂? CH₂? O– linkages. Plasma‐coated stainless steel surfaces were more hydrophilic and had lower surface roughness values compared to those of unmodified substrates. Compared to the unmodified surfaces, they not only significantly reduced bacterial attachment and biofilm formation in the presence of a mixed culture of Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens but also influenced the chemical characteristics of the biofilm. Thus, plasma deposition of PEG‐like structures will be of use to the food‐processing and medical industries searching for new technologies to reduce bacterial contamination. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3425–3438, 2001     

Compatibility studies of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)–poly(ether imide)–polycarbonate ternary blends

Binary blends of the sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK)–poly(ether imide) (PEI) and SPEEK–polycarbonate (PC), and ternary blends of the SPEEK–PEI–PC, were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. SPEEK was obtained by sulfonation of poly(ether ether ketone) using 95% sulfuric acid. From the thermal analysis of the SPEEK–PEI blends, single glass transition temperature (T_g) was observed at all the blend composition. For the SPEEK–PC blends, double T_gs were observed. From the results of thermal analysis, it is suggested that the SPEEK–PEI blends are miscible and the SPEEK–PC blends are immiscible. Polymer–polymer interaction parameter (χ₁₂) of the SPEEK–PEI blends was calculated from the modified Lu and Weiss equation, and found to range from −0.011 to −0.825 with the blend composition. For the SPEEK–PC blends, the χ₁₂ values were calculated from the modified Flory–Huggins equation, and found to range from 0.191 to 0.272 with the blend composition. For the SPEEK–PEI–PC ternary blends, phase separation regions that showed two T_gs were found to be consistent with the spinodal curves calculated from the χ₁₂ values of the three binary blends. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 2488–2494, 2000