Effect of adding different silane coupling agents on metal friction and wear in mixing process

The function of silane coupling agent in rubber mixing field is to combine inorganic matrix with rubber organic matrix. Silica is commonly used in the rubber mixing field to strengthen rubber. The size and amount of silica aggregates in the mixing process are important factors affecting the wear of the mixing chamber. The wear of the mixing chamber would lead to a increasing gap between the mixer chamber and the rotor, which caused the mixing efficiency reducing. It also affected the dispersion effect, then affected the mechanical and physical properties of the vulcanized rubber. In this paper, the effects of rubber compound on metal friction and wear were studied by using four silane coupling agents commonly used in rubber mixing field. The experiment was carried out at 15°C, and the attention should be paid to drying during sample preparation to avoid the deviation of the experiment caused by hydrolysis of silane coupling agent. The results showed that silanization reaction occured between silica and silane coupling agent in the mixing process. The mixing temperature was usually maintained at 145 to 155°C for 1 min in the mixer, and the silanization reaction rate was the fastest during this time. We took this rubber compound as the research object and studied the friction and wear of the rubber compound on the mixing chamber in the mixing process. The products of the silylation reaction are alcohol and water. This paper studies the corrosion and abrasion of the mixing chamber by water at high temperatures. In the mixing process, abrasive wear was the main wear form, but the corrosion wear caused by high temperature steam still occupied a large proportion.     

4WS型转子密炼机气液两相流场分析

采用瞬态计算方法与滑移网格技术,对4WS型密炼机流场全填充条件与气液两相条件进行对比分析。结果表明,全填充条件下,流场的最大速度以及最大剪切速率均位于转子棱顶位置,压力最大正压位于转子推进区,最大负压出现在背压区,转子棱顶掠过部位具有较高的混合指数,背压区混合指数最低;气液两相条件下,胶料流出两侧密炼室时几乎没有扩散流动,速度与剪切速率最大位置不仅位于转子棱顶,还存在于两侧密炼室内胶料相与空气相交界面处,左右密炼室胶料群内具有较高的混合指数,且没有明显分布规律。     

HF串联密炼机炼胶工艺技术研究

串联密炼机在能源消耗与胶料性能改善方面有突出优点,它采用啮合型转子结构对胶料进行剪切混炼,混炼效果好,冷却效果良好,适合白炭黑混炼的热履历炼胶控制、转子转数控制等。本文对HF串联密烁机的产量、胶料的性能和动态粘弹性能进行了实验研究,并与普通密炼机进行了对比,结果表明：HF串联密炼机炭黑宏观分散度高,微观分散效果也比一般密炼机好,混炼的胶料扯断强度和扯断伸长率高,胶料在60℃时的动态滞后损失要低于F370混炼的胶料,因此,HF串联密炼机适合绿色环保轮胎高混炼的要求。     

A comparison of the effects of traditional and wet mixing processes of rubber on metal friction and wear

Prolonged operations of mixers cause wear of mixer rotors and chamber walls and affect the clearances between the rotors and chamber walls, which reduce the mixing effect, weaken the dispersion of the packing, and affect the quality of rubber products. In this study, the effects of traditional mixing and wet mixing on the friction and wear of the chamber, and the properties of rubber were compared by using 60 phr of a silica natural rubber formulation system. The results show that a silanization reaction occurs between silica and the silane coupling agent during the mixing process and that the reaction rate is fastest when the temperature of the mixing chamber is maintained between 145 and 155°C for 1 min during the mixing process. The products of silanization reaction are ethanol and water; the water vapor that forms at high temperatures corrodes the mixing chamber of the internal mixer and aggravates wear and tear. Due to the high dispersion of silica during wet mixing, the silanization reaction is more complete and water vapor is produced at a high temperature. Hence, the rubber compound obtained by wet mixing has more significant wear on the mixing chamber.     

串联密炼机组的研发和应用概况

介绍串联密炼机组的研发和应用概况。串联密炼机组由带压砣的上位机与不带压砣的大容量下位机组成,上位机采用低温转子,下位机采用啮合型转子。串联密炼机组可以实现从原材料投入到终炼胶产出连续一步完成,尤其适用于白炭黑用量大的胶料混炼,可提高混炼质量和生产效率,降低混炼能耗。大连橡胶塑料机械股份有限公司串联密炼机组的结构设计重点:密炼室和转子、传动系统、液压式压砣、冷却系统和过渡翻板门等;系统控制要点:密炼室温度和冷却效果、转子无级调速和压砣位置无级调整等。     

Hydrodynamic analysis of a banbury mixer 2-D flow simulations for the entire mixing chamber

Banbury mixers are widely used in polymer processing. The mechanics of flow in the chamber of an internal mixer are complex and difficult to analyze due to the complicated geometry and the highly transient character of the flow. For this work, a fluid dynamics analysis package—FIDAP, using the finite element method, was implemented to simulate the flow patterns for a Banbury B mixer. A 2-D flow analysis was carried out for the whole mixing chamber with two counter-rotating rotors. A power-law model fluid was used to characterize the rheological behavior of the mixture. 18 different geometries were selected to represent the relative position of the two rotors during their revolution. Streamlines and pressure contours were plotted for each geometry. Transient pressure profiles at fixed locations in the chamber wall were compared with experimental data. The comparison shows good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental observations.     

双转子连续混炼机混炼过程和原理的研究

研究了双转子连续混炼机的混炼过程和混炼原理,并建立了混合过程的数学和物理模型。研究结果表明,转子组合（螺棱交汇区的长度）、转子转速、螺棱顶部与混炼腔内壁之间的间隙、嵌入块形状和卸料门开启度是影响混合过程的主要参数。     

0.3L密炼机混炼工艺的实验研究

为了研究0.3L密炼机的混炼工艺参数对混炼胶性能的影响,本文采用半钢子午胎配方0°转子相位和90°转子相位下分别设置不同的工艺参数进行混炼。由混炼胶的流动性能和硫化胶的机械性能确定最佳工艺参数为:填充系数0.65、混炼时长300 s、转子转速80 r/min。     

Thermally induced crosslinking between polyacrylic acid and epoxidized natural rubber. III. Effect of carbon black filler and mixer rotor speed

High-temperature molding of Brabender-mixed blend of polyacrylic acid (PAA) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) causes thermally induced crosslinking between PAA and ENR. Studies on Monsanto rheometry of the blend and physical properties, solvent swelling, and dynamic mechanical properties of the molded blend show that both mixer rotor speed and carbon black filler influence the crosslinking between the component polymers. For example, the extent of crosslinking for the 50–50 PAA–ENR blend was found maximum when the component polymers were mixed at 40 rpm, but the same blend filled with 30 phr HAF carbon black filler showed maximum crosslinking when mixing was carried out at 120 rpm. The results have been explained on the basis of formation of network on the filler surface, which in turn depends on two competing factors: increase in bound rubber formation with increase in filler loading at a fixed rotor speed and enhanced degradation of ENR at higher mixer rotor speed at a fixed filler loading. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

双转子连续混炼机混合过程物理模型的建立

建立了双转子连续混炼混合过程的物理模型，分析了影响其混炼段融体输送过程和混合过程的主要因素，并提出：转子混炼段融体输送量与转子螺棱几何形状，物料粘度，混炼段融体压降等有关；转子对物料的混合过程与转子组合（螺棱交汇区长度）转子螺棱几何形状，转子转速等因素有关。     

填充系数对同步转子密炼机混炼性能的影响

试验研究在同步转子密炼机上顶栓压力、冷却水温度和转子转速一定的条件下,改变填充系数对六棱同步转子密炼机混炼性能的影响,表明六棱同步转子有很强的吃胶能力,填充系数（β）存在最佳值。     

The mastication characteristics of powdered carbon black filled natural rubber during internal mixing

Powdered carbon black filled natural rubber, P(NR/HAF), is a premixture of natural rubber and carbon black in powdered form with good carbon black dispersion throughout the rubber matrix. In this study, the mastication properties of P(NR/HAF) were observed under a wide temperature range (50–110°C) and rotor speed (30–100 rpm) range, using a mixing head attached to Brabender Plasticorder. It was found that P(NR/HAF) showed different mastication characteristic, compared to the traditional internal mastication theories of natural rubber; poor masticating properties of P(NR/HAF) are observed with low rotor speed and high temperature and a ‘‘stable zone’’ with middle rotor speed and lower temperature. The Mooney viscosity of rubber batch under different rotor speed and temperature was almost the same, and mastication properties were unsatisfactory. It was considered that the higher temperature build‐up of the mixing batch of P(NR/HAF) during the early stage of internal mixing results in the special mastication properties. A quadratic mastication model of P(NR/HAF), based on the multivariate regression analysis and stepwise regression analysis, was used to predict the mastication characters of P(NR/HAF) in internal mixer under varied temperature and rotor speed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

生胶摩擦性能对密炼机工作的影响

由微观和唯象分析建立了橡胶粘附摩擦的理论模型。通过对模型的分析和试验验证,提出了提高密炼机混炼效果的新途径;（１）密炼机温度控制采用温水冷却,使密炼机处于最佳工作状态;（２）通过合理选择密炼室和转子表面材料以改变材料表面能来增大胶料与它们之间的摩擦力;（３）在压砣压力较大的条件下,在密炼室内壁沿与转子轴线同方向加工浅的光滑槽,可明显改善混炼效果。     

炭黑填充型粉末天然橡胶的密炼机塑炼特性研究

采用实验室微型密炼机（Brabender转矩流变仪）研究了炭黑填充型粉末天然橡胶[P（NR/HAF）]的密炼机塑炼/混炼性能,即塑炼时间、塑炼温度和转速等基本工艺参数对胶料门尼粘度的影响。与传统的块状天然橡胶/炭黑（NR/HAF）的密炼机混炼相比,P（NR/HAF）在密炼机混炼时具有较高的混炼温升和较快的升温速率,使得胶料在较高的温度下被塑炼,从而表现出与传统的NR/HAF不同的密炼机混炼特性,其最佳塑炼温度有所降低。通过逐步回归分析建立的“门尼粘度-塑炼条件”模型可以较好地拟合和预测不同塑炼条件下P（NR/HAF）密炼机塑炼后胶料的门尼粘度。     

采用新型变间隙转子混炼短纤维/橡胶复合材料

分析短纤维/橡胶复合材料的混炼机理,针对短纤维胶料混炼特点设计新型变间隙六棱同步转子。转子棱峰与密炼室内壁间隙影响短纤维在胶料中的混合和分散以及混炼胶中短纤维的长度。新型六棱同步转子采用变间隙设计,大间隙有助于短纤维的混合,小间隙有助于短纤维的分散。采用新型六棱同步转子可改善短纤维/橡胶复合材料的混炼质量和性能,并能够提高生产效率。     

Taguchi‐based analysis of polyamide 6/acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber/nanoclay nanocomposites: The role of processing variables

Applying the Taguchi method of experimental design, we prepared various polyamide 6 (PA6)/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/nanoclay nanocomposites under different processing conditions by melt mixing in an internal mixer. The effects of the processing variables, including the rotor speed, chamber temperature, and mixing order on the morphology, that is, the rubber particle size and interlayer distance, and the mechanical properties, that is, the tensile modulus and impact strength, were then investigated. As demonstrated with the Taguchi approach, the lower temperature associated with higher rotor speeds improved the mechanical properties of the 90/5/5 PA6/NBR/nanoclay systems. However, it was revealed that the mixing order did not affect the mechanical properties for the assigned composition. Hence, the simultaneous mixing of all the ingredients is seemingly the simplest way of mixing to obtain the desired mechanical properties. These results were confirmed with transmission and scanning electron microscopy observations and X‐ray diffraction measurements. Image analysis corresponding to the mean particle size of the NBR constituent was also performed. The optimum processing condition to achieve the appropriate mechanical properties is ultimately predicted by the Taguchi analysis and corresponded to a chamber temperature of 230°C and a screw speed of 80 rpm. Moreover, the simultaneous mixing of all of the ingredients was suggested for convenience. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 820‐828, 2013     

啮合型转子密炼机的设计开发

啮合型转子具有温度控制能力好、炼胶品质高等突出的优点,逐渐被越来越多的橡胶制品生产企业采用。本文就大连橡胶塑料机械股份有限公司设计开发的填补国内外空白的160L啮合型转子密炼机的技术参数、工作原理、技术特点进行了介绍。     

旋转流化床粉体混合机混合效果数值模拟和实验验证

为了对旋转流化床粉体混合机进行优化设计,采用CFD-DEM联合仿真的方法,对旋转流化床粉体混合机内球形颗粒的混合过程进行数值模拟,通过Lacey指数具体评价颗粒的混合效果,研究了进气管倾斜角度、进气管布置方式、进气方式对球形颗粒混合效果的影响,并进行球形颗粒混合实验验证。结果表明,进气管最合适的倾斜角度应保证气流作用区域面积恰好为底部颗粒物料区域面积的一半。进气管水平布置时能够保证很好的混合质量及较快的混合速率。脉冲及连续方式进气均能实现均匀混合,脉冲进气方式比连续进气方式耗气量更低。颗粒混合实验有很好的混合效果,与数值模拟的结果具有较高的一致性,从而获得了一种混合效果优越的结构形式,进气管倾斜角度α=35°,水平布置。     

增强反应注射成型机混合头内流体高压高速对撞过程模拟与分析

以型号为MK?8/12UL?2K的L 形混合头为模型，运用了CFD数值模拟软件对混合头腔内两相物料流体的高压高速对撞进行了模拟分析。通过控制变量法分别探究了流量和黏度对混合结果的影响，同时为了更好地表征玻璃微珠在混合过程中的运动情况，还对整个流场进行了粒子示踪分析。结果表明，增加质量流量会导致混合腔内速度压力的提升，也就是对撞程度变高，对撞的位置会更加偏向于黏度高的物料出口侧；增加黏度会导致混合腔内物料的压力提升速度降低，同时对撞的位置会明显更加偏向于黏度高的物料出口侧，且摩擦力显著增加；粒子停留时间则随质量流量的提高而减短，随物料黏度的提高而增加；通过模拟获得的这些结果为混合头设计及工艺优化工作提供了一定的参考价值。     

Powder mixing in a horizontal batch mixer

The mixing process in a horizontal batch mixer with a twin spiral rotor has been investigated.A mixture of crushed wheat and sodium chloride was mixed in a model mixer. The concentration of sodium chloride in mixture samples was checked as a function of the mixing time and sampling place for various degrees of mixer filling. The sample composition was determined by conductometric determination of sodium chloride in water extracts of the sample. From the values obtained, the mixing degree was calculated as defined by the variation coefficient along the whole mixer, as a function of the mixing time.In analysing the data and empirical correlation between the concentration of component under study and the place and time of mixing, C/C? = f(x, t) was obtained and compared with industrial experiments using radionuclides as tracers.