Irrigation, Productivity and Poverty Linkages in Irrigation Systems in Java, Indonesia

This paper analyzes irrigation-poverty linkages, and determines how and to what extent irrigation contributes to poverty alleviation, and whether there are any spatial patterns in poverty in irrigation systems. It also identifies conditions under which irrigation has greater anti-poverty impacts. The analysis is based on primary data collected during the 2000--2001 agricultural year, from four selected irrigation systems and rainfed areas in Java. The results indicate that irrigation has significant poverty reducing impacts. Poverty varies across irrigation systems and across locations within the systems. In general, crop productivity is relatively higher and poverty is lower in middle parts of the systems compared to head and tail parts. Further, locational differences in poverty are more pronounced in larger systems where locational inequities in water distribution and productivity differences are also high. Crop productivity, the size of landholdings and location of households are important determinants of poverty, in addition to demographic factors such as family size. The smaller the systems with well managed infrastructure, relatively equitable water distribution and diversified cropping patterns supported with market infrastructure, the greater the poverty reducing impacts of irrigation. Overall, the study findings suggest that improving the performance of irrigation systems by enhancing land and water productivity, diversifying cropping patterns and improving water distribution across locations would help reduce poverty in presently low productivity-high poverty parts of the systems.     

东江流域水资源承载能力评价

根据东江流域水资源系统与社会经济系统、生态环境系统之间的相互影响与作用,建立东江流域水资源承载能力评价体系,运用模糊综合评判法对东江流域水资源承载能力进行评价。评价结果表明,东江流域水资源承载能力呈现中上游高、下游低的分布趋势。     

小型农田水利工程运行管护中的主要问题和建议

近年,国家对小型农田水利工程建设的投入逐年增多,如何保证工程建后的正常运行与管护并持续发挥工程效益,已经成为当前亟待研究解决的问题。在分析当前小型农田水利工程管护中存在问题的基础上,提出了相应的建议。     

MB80在大型抽水蓄能电站计算机监控系统的应用

讨论了大型抽水蓄能电站监控系统的现状,分析了现有系统的优缺点;介绍了国网南京自动化研究院自主创新、具有完全知识产权的MB80型智能可编程控制器;针对大型抽水蓄能电站控制的特点,讨论了国产化系统需研究的关键技术;最后介绍了以MB80为核心控制平台的大型抽水蓄能电站计算机监控系统.     

Sustainability of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Rural Catchment of Sub-Saharan Africa

Sustainability of rainwater harvesting in enhancing water productivity in various biophysical and socioeconomic conditions of SSA is a key in large scale livelihood improvement. A study was undertaken in Makanya catchment of rural Tanzania to assess sustainability of storage type of rainwater harvesting systems including microdam, dug out pond, sub-surface runoff harvesting tank and rooftop rainwater harvesting system. The increasing population in upstream areas of the catchment has forced use of RWH systems for streams and river water abstraction. The agricultural intensification in hillslopes has affected the water availability for downstream uses. Rainfall variability, runoff quality and quantity, local skills and investment capacity, labour availability and institutional support influence sustainability of rainwater harvesting systems.     

Technology selection and comparative performance of source-separating wastewater management systems in Sweden and The Netherlands.

The research described in this paper has evaluated five demonstration projects with source-separating sanitation at neighbourhood scale, 10 years or more after their establishment. It presents the results of two systems with local grey water treatment in The Netherlands and three sites with urine separation in Sweden. The study has focused on (1) the drivers and barriers of the stakeholders that were responsible for project implementation and (2) the comparative performance of the source separation systems after their establishment. In The Netherlands the main drivers were water use reduction, combating sewer overflows and reduction of emissions. For the Swedish cases the main drivers of the involved actors were nutrient recycling, emission reduction and an active policy of the local government. The main barriers in all cases were higher investment costs and low experience with new sanitation approaches systems compared with the conventional system. Three of the sites showed a lower performance with respect to public health because effluent monitoring protocols for the grey water treatment systems were not in place or people could have direct contact with faeces. Lack of operation and maintenance is a cause of occasional failure for the grey water treatment systems, while the dominant failure reason for the urine separation systems was pipe clogging. The inventory showed that source-separating sanitation systems have a high potential to save or recover resources (water and nutrients).     

三峡工程砂石系统的规划、建设与管理

三峡工程混凝土浇筑量大，强度高且持续时间长，砂石骨料的生产必须满足混凝土浇筑的要求。由于参建各方的努力，7年来三峡工程砂石料在数量、质量上基本上满足了工程建设的需要，得到了三峡工程质量检查专家组的肯定。回顾几年的工作，可得出以下几点，科学的规划、良好的设计是前提；选择有良好资质和实力的总承包单位是基础；先进的生产设备是保证；业主的科学管理是关键；参建各方的共同努力是确保工程顺利实施的根本保证。     

Environmental assessment and cost estimation of drinking water and wastewater systems for transition areas in Sweden

In the Stockholm region there are around 90,000 households with single systems. These households cause larger phosphorus flows to the Baltic Sea than the 1.8 million people connected to four advanced large-scale treatment plants in the same region. According to city plans, some of these areas with on-site systems in transition to permanent living shall be connected to central systems. The problem is however that this sewer system will take decades to complete. It is also not ensured whether or not all peripheral areas with on-site systems could be connected to the central systems. To help support environmental decisions for the selection of wastewater systems for these areas, an Excel-based model has been developed where the cost for the systems can be assessed and evaluated in relation to their environmental impact. The model deals with two types of environmental issues: substance flow analysis and energy analysis. The cost part considers investigations, investments, design, operation, maintenance and supervision, and calculates total annual cost for the water and wastewater system per person.     

Integrated real-time control for a sequencing batch reactor plant and a combined sewer system.

Integrated real-time control (RTC) concepts, which are trying to operate drainage systems and WWTPs depending on the current capacities of both systems, are becoming more and more important. While almost all publications in this field have been concentrating on continuous flow systems, this paper will present a project which has been initiated to realise an integrated RTC strategy for a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) plant in simulation as well as in full-scale. The results of the simulation are that SBR plants can handle high hydraulic loads. The cost-benefit analysis shows that an integrated operation is reasonable concerning environmental and economic aspects. In order to verify the simulation results, full-scale operation has been started in January 2004. The first results seem to confirm the results of the simulation study.     

序批式生物膜法除磷技术研究现状

该文详述了序批式生物膜法(SBBR)的工作原理与技术特点,介绍了除磷的生化机理、工艺选择、影响因素,探讨了国内外生物膜法除磷技术的发展状况,为污水生物除磷提供了新的选择.     

基于元数据的异构环境物联网管理研究

环境物联网(Environmental Internet of Things,EIo T)已经广泛地应用于环境监测,在各个地区部署不同类型的EIo T系统是一个长期演进的过程。为了对分布于各地的大规模异构EIo T系统进行统一、有效的管理,通过分析环境监测的特点,并进一步分析了基于EIo T的环境监测系统的感知层、传输层与应用层的特点,提取出了各个环境物联网系统中多种类型的、可用于系统管理的元数据。基于这些环境物联网相关的元数据,构建了一个环境物联网系统统一管理框架。该管理框架通过实时感知应用层中数据存储层中的数据异常状态,可以屏蔽不同EIo T子系统中感知层与传输层的差异,这在一定程度上解决了异构性所带来的问题,可以对大规模、分布式部署的多个不同类型的EIo T子系统进行有效管理。     

Artificial Life Algorithm for Management of Multi-reservoir River Systems

The design and operation of civil engineering systems, particularly water resources systems, has been pursued from the perspective of minimizing costs and related negative impacts, maximizing benefits, or a combination thereof. Due to the complex, nonlinear nature of the majority of systems, together with an increase in digital computing capabilities, global search algorithms are becoming a common means of meeting these objectives. This paper employs an artificial life algorithm, derived from the artificial life paradigm. The algorithm is evaluated using standard optimization test functions and is subsequently applied to determine optimal dam operations in multi-reservoir river systems. The optimal dam operation scheme is that which indirectly minimizes environmental impacts caused by short-term water level fluctuations. Optimal releases are sought by coupling an artificial life algorithm with FLDWAV, a one-dimensional, steady flow simulation model. The resulting multi-reservoir management model is successfully applied to a portion of the Illinois River Waterway.     

水情自动测报系统在乌江渡区间流域的应用

乌江渡水电站建立的区间流域水情自动测报系统，为保证电站的安全运行发挥了重要作用，具有显著的效益，对推动我省水情自动测报系统的建立具有积极的作用。     

利用Web Service提高水信息系统共享能力的研究

由于各地水信息系统建设时期不同,目标不同,各地系统之间存在较大差异,导致很多系统的数据共享性差,功能扩展难度大,专业性高,形成信息孤岛,难以适应水文行业"立足水利、全面服务"的新思路的要求。利用Web Service技术,可以屏蔽信息孤岛之间操作系统、应用软件的不兼容性,并在原有系统基础上,构建新的水信息系统的系统模型。新的系统模型开放性好、耦合度低、交互性强、容易扩展,大幅度提高了水信息系统之间的信息共享能力和水信息系统服务社会的能力。     

On-site wastewater management system design and landslide risk assessment.

On-site wastewater management system design and performance is significant in assessing landslide risk in areas with potential for slope instability. Much of the development in Pittwater, NSW, local government area is on steep coastal land which has a history of slope instability. Concern over cases of poorly performing or failing on-site wastewater systems and the recognition that these and newly designed systems could be contributory to slope instability has been a factor in Pittwater Council, NSW, requiring that landslide risk assessment be undertaken for new and amended on-site wastewater management systems in potentially unstable areas. This paper describes the wastewater management system design and landslide risk assessment undertaken at Pittwater Youth Hostel in accordance with the Australian Geomechanics Society's Geotechnical Risk Management procedure to comply with the Pittwater Policy. The work completed illustrates both necessary and effective interaction of the wastewater and geotechnical professions to achieve a successful outcome for the client. It is likely that this professional interaction will be increasingly common along the NSW coast and elsewhere.     

德国GW-Base地下水管理系统的应用研究

2002年以来,山西省陆续安装了一批地下水动态自动监测设备,且配套管理软件,但配套管理软件对地下水监测站网（包括人工站）的管理、地下水数据的整理分析及各种报告的制作略有欠缺。为更好地解决这些缺陷,引进了德国地下水监测设备及配套的GW-Base地下水管理系统软件。为利用此系统强大的资料管理和丰富的分析功能,需将这2个管理系统进行整合。在介绍管理系统结构功能基础上,分析了2者关系,进而详细分析了整合过程。应用研究证明对2个管理系统进行整合具有重要的意义。     

Is It Possible to Shift to Hydrological Boundaries? The Ferghana Valley Meshed System

The management of water resources according to hydrological boundaries at different implementation levels (river basin, irrigation system, or water user association) is promoted internationally. This approach to water management, especially for the basin, is starting to be challenged from different perspectives: representation within basins, appropriateness for basins in the south, and the challenges of merging boundaries for surface and groundwater sources. It has been challenged only recently in relation to its appropriateness for indigenously constructed (informal) irrigation systems. To these critiques, this paper adds the historical development and originally intended purpose of engineered irrigation systems and therefore calls into question whether it is always possible to introduce hydrological boundary management in the formal systems in Central Asia.     

Oxygen transfer in activated sludge--new insights and potentials for cost saving

The alpha-factor has the greatest impact on the calculation of the required standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) in activated sludge systems equipped with submerged aeration systems. Knowing the dependencies of the alpha-factor leads to a better design of the aeration devices and, consequently, to a more efficient use of aeration energy. Applying the current state of knowledge about oxygen transfer leads to the conclusion that, in contrast to current opinion, simultaneous aerobic stabilization requires the same SOTR as conventional activated sludge systems with advanced nutrient removal, even though a higher organic load is degraded.     

Water markets as coupled infrastructure systems: comparing the development of water rights and water markets in Heihe,Shiyang and Yellow Rivers

ABSTRACT

A Coupled Infrastructure Systems perspective is applied to three cases in north-western China to explain how and why water rights systems and water markets have changed since 1949. The evolution of water rights systems has been shaped by periods of water-supply projects and periods that emphasized regulatory and institutional measures to manage water resources. We argue that water supply infrastructure and water markets have been developed not in sequence but in parallel. The development of water diversion projects and nationwide market-oriented water allocation reform programmes will continue to co-evolve in the future as part of complex coupled infrastructure systems.     

A review of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens spawning sites in the Lower St. Lawrence and Ottawa river systems

Knowledge concerning critical habitats such as spawning sites is crucial to the preservation of vulnerable fish species like sturgeons. For lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens populations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Ottawa river systems, knowledge about spawning sites has been documented primarily in the grey literature, unpublished reports, or notes, with very little published in peer-reviewed literature. Here, we reviewed over 100 reports, articles, and unpublished observations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Ottawa river systems to synthesize available information concerning the location of lake sturgeon spawning sites, the level of spawning activity, and the methodologies used for assessments. In this review, 38 lake sturgeon spawning sites were identified. Of these sites, 11 were enhanced or artificially created for lake sturgeon. In the Lower St. Lawrence River, 68% of known spawning sites were located downstream from a dam compared to 47% in the Ottawa River. The use of the two artificially created spawning sites in the Lower St. Lawrence River has not yet been confirmed, while one site established in the Ottawa River has had confirmed spawning activity, although the spawning run size is unknown. In contrast, spawning has been confirmed for the seven natural spawning sites that have been artificially expanded in these systems, and two of these sites have large spawning runs. Information revealed by this review suggests that lake sturgeon populations in these large river systems rely on multiple spawning sites and that expanding natural spawning grounds may be more effective than creating new ones.