数控弯管机弯曲成形芯棒的研究

数控弯管机管件弯曲成形过程中,易出现管壁压扁、破裂、折皱等问题。芯棒的设计和应用解决了这一难题。所以优化芯棒的技术是提高弯管质量的重要环节。本课题以台湾颖霖弯管机(CNC-80 Tube bender型)为对象就芯棒的设计、结构、原理进行了研究,并研究了芯棒直径、伸出量、芯头数等参数及关系公式,抽芯速度、弯曲速度对弯曲质量的影响,芯棒与管件间隙对弯曲变形产生的影响,芯棒的选择和应用等问题。芯棒的使用降低了生产成本,提高了质量,为弯管成形加工提供理论参考与实际指导。     

有芯弯管模及其芯棒磨损的预防

１引言某摩托车车体主弯管如图１所示，材料采用５４ｍｍ×３ｍｍ钢管，经弯曲加工而成。由于该管件在车体上位置特殊，故对其加工精度要求较高，在生产过程中采用反变形法有芯弯曲模具加工。管料加工的方法很多，比较常用的有模具压弯、弯管机上弯曲等，前者对工装的要求较低，但弯曲精度也较低。在实际生产中，对于一些批量大、精度要求高的管件弯曲加工通常采用专用弯管机，该件采用ＷＡ２Ｙ＿６０（ＳＭ）型弯管机生产。图１主弯管２有芯弯管模有芯弯管如图２所示，弯管模块１和夹紧模块２的作用是将管料夹住，然后使管件缠绕弯管模１…     

6061-T4薄壁铝合金管数控弯曲回弹规律(英文)

以规格为50.8mm×0.889mm(管材外径×管材壁厚)的高性能薄壁6061-T4铝合金管为对象,采用单因素实验分析和基于全过程三维有限元模拟的正交方法,获得多个弯曲成形参数对6061-T4薄壁铝合金管数控弯管回弹的影响。结果表明:1)弯管回弹角随弯曲角度的增大而总体呈线性增大;2)影响弯管回弹的显著性因素从高到低排列为:芯棒管材间隙,弯曲半径,压模管材摩擦,防皱块管材间隙,压模管材间隙,助推速度,芯模管材摩擦和芯球个数;3)显著性成形参数对回弹的影响规律与不锈钢和钛合金相似:回弹角随弯曲速度、芯棒管材间隙、相对弯曲半径、防皱模管材间隙、压力模摩擦系数、压力模相对助推速度的增大而增大,随芯棒伸出量、芯球个数和芯棒摩擦系数的增大而减小。     

拉拔式无芯弯管模型槽的改进

介绍了拉拔式无芯弯管的概念及工艺过程 ,结合生产实践 ,介绍了无芯弯管型槽的设计方法及改进过程 ,弯管模的型槽对管子弯头截面形状起着决定性的作用。     

科技动态

能自由成型和带芯棒成型的弯管机德国Rasi公司开发出1种钢管弯管机S60.6和SE60.6。该弯管机在弯管时不仅可以自由成型也可以带芯棒成型,能将弯管作业自动从左弯转到右弯,或从右弯转到左弯。S60.6和SE60.6还是一种多半径弯管机,能弯曲各种行业所需的钢管。该机能弯曲直径4.0￣42.4 mm,壁厚从2.5 mm起,弯曲半径为1倍直径及以上的钢管。该机使用多孔型的芯棒弯曲工具,能自动进行工具更换,还能自动进行从芯棒到曲线,或从芯棒到自由成型弯曲的工艺转换;在钢管弯曲前,甚至在弯曲中都能自动改变弯曲半径。该机采用四辊传动,由2个液压装置在弯曲…     

汽车骨架矩形管大角度弯曲时质量损伤的仿真研究

<正>矩形管件的绕弯成形及质量缺陷将金属薄壁矩形管坯放入弯管机中,其头部由夹块和镶块同时夹紧。管坯外部由压块、防皱块支撑,内部由芯棒和芯头支撑,管坯则以弯曲模角速度ω同步转动,绕弯到所规定的弯曲角α。为了讨论此弯管质量缺陷清楚起见,定义管件弯曲段任一横截面上的宽度扩展率λ=w₁/w₀-1;     

薄壁管数控弯曲截面畸变的实验研究

截面畸变是薄壁管小弯曲半径数控弯曲成形容易出现的成形缺陷之一。文章采用实验法,研究了芯头个数、芯棒伸出量、弯曲角度、压块润滑状态、相对弯曲半径、材料等因素对截面畸变的影响;并提出了减小截面畸变的有效措施。结果表明,增加芯头个数与芯棒伸长量都能减小弯管的截面畸变,但两者都导致弯管壁厚减薄量增大;随着弯曲角度的增加,截面畸变越严重,相对弯曲半径越小,无芯棒与芯头支撑段弯管的截面畸变愈严重;在压块无润滑情况下,弯管的截面畸变和壁厚减薄量都小,并且在同等弯曲条件下,1Cr18Ni9Ti弯管的截面畸变小于LF2M弯管。     

弯管模设计

叙述了弯管模设计中最小弯曲半径的确定 ,弯管模模槽的结构 ,芯轴的形式和安装 ,有效地防止管子变形 ,并通过实践经验给出了一些模具设计参数。     

不锈钢排气管180°弯曲工艺优化

通过对不锈钢排气管180o弯曲工艺进行分析,优化了芯棒、轮模及防皱块的工艺参数,避免了管件成形时起皱和开裂。经实践生产证明,设计的弯曲模安全可靠,排气管成形质量良好,满足生产需求,对生产不锈钢弯管具有一定的参考作用。     

薄壁管小弯曲半径数控绕弯成形芯模效用的实验研究

薄壁管数控弯曲中带芯头的柔性芯模是提高薄壁管件成形极限和成形精度的关键因素。文章建立了绕弯过程芯模(包括芯棒和芯头)的理论解析模型,包括了芯模直径d、芯棒伸出量e、芯头个数n、芯头厚度k、芯棒/芯头孔心间距p及芯棒圆角半径r等参数的选取公式的推导,获得了不同弯曲规格下的芯模参数取值范围,验证了解析模型的合理性;实验研究了芯模参数对管材失稳起皱、壁厚减薄和截面畸变的影响规律。通过分段抽芯的工艺方法,完成了38mm×1mm×38mm(1D)高难度不锈钢管件的弯曲。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.