42CrMo铸坯环件热辗扩有限元模拟与分析

基于ABAQUS软件平台,建立了42CrMo大型环形铸坯热辗扩三维热力耦合有限元模型,模拟了铸坯热辗扩过程中应变场和温度场,研究了初始辗扩温度对辗扩力的影响规律.模拟结果表明在环形铸坯热辗扩过程中：①铸坯等效应变呈阶梯状上升,内外表面应变大于中间层应变;在稳定成形阶段,沿环件径向方向,由于导向辊与芯辊直径差异,导致环件最大平均等效应变可能出现在环件内表面也可能出现在环件外表面;②初始阶段,变形区与成形辊接触处温度降低较快,非变形区温度变化不是很明显;随着辗扩的进行,芯部温度逐渐上升,边缘温度低,温度分布不均匀;③随着铸坯初始辗扩温度升高,平均辗扩力明显下降,但随时间变化趋势保持一致.     

基于铸坯的42CrMo环件辗扩成形工艺热力耦合分析

以42CrMo钢为研究对象,对铸态坯料的环形零件辗扩成形过程进行了热力耦合分析。通过铸态42CrMo材料的热压缩实验,建立了两段式流变应力模型;对环形铸坯热辗扩成形过程进行了数值模拟,得出了基于铸坯的环件热辗扩成形过程等效应变、温度场及载荷的分布情况与演变规律,分析了辗扩工艺参数对成形过程中应力、应变和温度变化的影响。结合工业性铸坯环件辗扩成形试验,对改善和提高辗扩成形零件的组织和性能提出了建议和措施。所得结果对于完善环形零件铸辗复合成形新工艺具有指导意义。     

外台阶截面环形铸坯热辗扩成形工艺有限元模拟

基于DEFORM软件,建立了外台阶截面环件热辗扩有限元模型,模拟分析了材质为42CrMo钢的环形铸坯热辗扩过程.结果表明:在选定的热辗扩工艺参数下,辗扩后环件表面平整光滑,无凹坑缺陷,成圆规整;与成形辊接触的环件内外层金属的流动速度大于芯部的流动速度;与成形辊接触的环件内外层金属等效应变较芯部大;在辗扩过程中,环件芯部的温度下降始终较内外层平缓,内外层金属的温度呈锯齿状下降趋势.本文的研究对外台阶截面环形铸坯热辗扩成形工艺的设计、环件质量预测与控制具有指导意义.     

GCr15铸环热辗扩孔洞形状演变预测模型研究

环件铸辗复合成形是利用铸造环坯热辗扩成形环件的一种短流程成形新工艺。然而铸造环坯中存在的夹杂、缩松、缩孔等孔洞类缺陷能影响到热辗扩成形环件的最终质量。基于ABAQUS平台建立了GCr15铸环孔洞热辗扩三维热力耦合模型,通过热轧实验验证了模型的可靠性,并研究了GCr15铸态环件不同径向位置孔洞缺陷在热辗过程中的演变规律,提出了一种铸环热辗过程中孔洞形状演变的预测模型。模拟结果表明,孔洞各向尺寸变化与孔洞位置密切相关,孔洞距离内径越近,其各向尺寸变化越大;根据初始铸坯的几何参数、相关热辗扩工艺参数和初始孔洞尺寸可以预测该孔洞在热辗扩过程中的形状演变情况。     

基于铸坯的环件热辗扩过程微观组织演变研究

根据建立的环形铸坯热辗扩成形刚塑性有限元模型和铸态42CrMo钢动态再结晶数学模型,基于DEFORM-3D软件平台,综合考虑了变形、传热和微观组织演变等因素,对辗扩过程中的变形和动态再结晶行为进行宏微观耦合模拟.结果表明:在环形铸坯热辗扩成形过程中,动态再结晶程度较低,等效应变和晶粒尺寸呈现环带状分布,环件的内外层等效...     

基于铸坯的25Mn钢环件热辗扩成形力学性能分析

环形铸坯辗扩成形是一个多场耦合、局部加载和连续成形过程,与传统辗扩工艺相比,缩短工艺流程,减少加热次数,节材、降能耗,具有重要的研究价值与推广应用前景。辗扩过程中,不仅要控制环形铸坯辗扩后的成形精度,还应通过高温塑性变形获得所需微观组织,提高综合力学性能,实现成形/成性一体化调控。根据环件轧制技术及基于铸坯的辗扩成形基础理论,通过对25Mn钢环形铸坯进行辗扩,分析辗扩成形环件不同部位微观组织的变化及力学性能,并借助扫描电镜观察,揭示其拉伸与冲击断口的断裂机理。结果表明:辗扩后环件的外形好,宽展小,椭圆度为0.4;组织内部平均晶粒尺寸小,环件各个区域的力学性能均较高,且中层的略低于内层和外层;拉伸与冲击断裂形式主要为准解理,并伴有韧窝断裂。可见,基于铸坯的25Mn钢环件热辗扩"成形"/"成性"质量较高,为其进一步研究以及实际生产提供了理论指导价值。     

环件铸辗复合成形工艺中毛坯尺寸的确定方法

毛坯尺寸设计作为大型环件径轴向辗扩工艺中的重要环节,直接影响着辗扩过程的稳定实现及工件的成形质量.本文对环件铸辗复合成形新工艺中毛坯尺寸的确定进行了研究,获得了辗扩比、毛坯内径分别与环件锻件内径的关系;结果表明：通过给定任一环件尺寸,该方法能快速而准确地获得辗扩比的值和毛坯内径的值,具有设计效率高、准确可靠的优点,在适用于大型特大型环件的生产方面优势明显;同时,本文的设计方法为环件铸辗复合成形新工艺中辗扩过程的稳定实现及辗扩工艺参数的优化设计提供了科学合理的依据.     

基于铸辗复合成形工艺的Q235B环形铸坯

短流程铸辗复合成形工艺利用铸造环坯直接辗扩成形,具有节能、节材和缩短工艺流程等优点。在这种新工艺中,冶炼、铸造工艺对铸坯质量、组织、力学性能有很大的影响。以法兰常用的Q235B碳素钢为研究对象,设计了冶炼铸造工艺,应用ProCAST有限元分析软件对环件的砂型铸造工艺过程进行数值模拟,得到了铸坯不同位置的微观组织,并对缩孔缩松进行了预测;采用砂型铸造工艺对环件铸坯进行工业实验,分析了铸坯的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合;采用该铸造工艺得到的环件铸坯具有较好的力学性能,为后续辗扩工艺的顺利进行提供了有力保障。     

内法兰环件辗扩成形尺寸控制方法

尺寸控制是辗扩工艺应用于生产实际所必须解决的一个关键问题。对内法兰环件辗扩过程中的尺寸变化规律进行了研究，指出了现有辗扩设备中尺寸控制方法的不完善之处，建立了内法兰环件精辗位置在线预测的计算公式，给出了径向辗扩成形工件尺寸的控制方法。     

进给速度控制方法对铸环坯辗扩微观组织的影响

径轴向进给速度是铸环坯热辗扩成形中重要的工艺参数,直接影响环件的"成形"和"成性"质量。本文以铸态25Mn环坯为研究对象,基于Simufact.forming软件平台,对比分析和研究了两种不同的速度控制方法对成形环件微观组织质量的影响规律。研究结果表明:通过调整进给速度来控制整个辗扩过程和通过调整环件直径增长速度来控制辗扩进给量都能达到"成形"的要求,但后者在改善铸态材料的微观组织、细化晶粒尺寸等"成性"方面比前者具有更加明显的优势。该研究为基于铸环坯的铸辗复合成形工艺中进给速度的控制方法提供了一定的理论指导。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.