溶胶-凝胶法包埋生物活性分子

溶胶 凝胶法以其温和的反应条件、广泛的适用性、高的生物分子结构和活性维持率等突出优点成为生物活性分子包埋的高效方法。围绕溶胶 凝胶法包埋生物活性分子基本过程、原理特点、主要影响因素等方面对该领域的应用和研究现状进行了评述 ,并对未来发展趋势进行了简要预测     

溶胶-凝胶法固定化α-淀粉酶的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶过程,以正硅酸乙酯为前驱物,对α-淀粉酶进行了固定化。考察了两种水解催化剂盐酸、醋酸对固定化酶活性的影响,并对固定化酶的耐热性、重复使用次数等进行了测试。     

溶胶-凝胶法固定化α-淀粉酶及其固定床运行研究

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源、醋酸为水解催化剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法,室温下制得包埋α-淀粉酶的二氧化硅凝胶颗粒.模拟固定床的条件,测定了固定化α-淀粉酶的重复使用回收活性及米氏常数,结果表明其重复使用40次后仍保留30%以上的初始活性.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米二氧化硅

本文通过溶胶一凝胶法制备纳米SiO2。考察了不同温度、pH值、催化剂对制备纳米SiO2的影响。并运用了TEN表征了纳米SiO2的粒径大小、分散度以及粒子性状，得出了制备纳米SiO2较好的工艺条件。     

溶胶-凝胶法固定化Candida sp.99-125脂肪酶

利用正硅酸甲酯(TMOS)和丙基三甲氧基硅烷(PTMS)为复合硅源,以PEG(MW=20000)为稳定剂,以HCl为催化剂,经过溶胶-凝胶过程包埋假丝酵母99-125脂肪酶. 研究得到最适的固定化条件为：PTMS与TMOS的摩尔比4: 1, R值(水与硅源的摩尔比)20, 给酶量(酶占硅源的质量百分数)3.71%, PEG与酶的质量比(1~1.5):1, 硅源水解时间35 min. 在该条件下,固定化脂肪酶的最高酯化活力是游离酶最高酯化活力的2.02倍. 固定化脂肪酶在100℃保温2 h后酶活仍维持为59.1%,固定化酶催化特定酯化反应,经过8批连续反应96 h后酶活维持不变.     

溶胶-凝胶法固定化木瓜蛋白酶的活性保护

选择糖和脂质体作为溶胶-凝胶法固定木瓜蛋白酶(Papain)过程中的保护剂. 研究了蔗糖、葡萄糖、海藻糖、木糖、麦芽糖及构成脂质体的正癸烷溶液中胆固醇含量、卵/胆比等因素对固定化酶活性的影响. 结果表明,80 mL 20 mg/mL Papain溶液与15 mg木糖、500 mL正癸烷溶液[溶有1.5%(w)胆固醇,卵磷脂/胆固醇质量比为4.5:1]充分混合后制备的固定化酶活性最高. 在优化条件下制备的固定化酶包封率为42.0%,活力回收率为61.2%. SEM分析表明,固定化酶形态呈球状且大小均匀,内孔分布呈蜂窝状. 破膜剂对固定化酶活性发挥的影响研究表明,TritonX-100的效果最好.     

糖对溶胶-凝胶法固定化脂肪酶CALB的影响

选择糖类物质作为sol-gel法固定脂肪酶Candida antarctic lipase B,CALB）过程的保护剂,研究了蔗糖、葡萄糖、海藻糖、木糖、麦芽糖、乳糖等糖分子对固定化酶活的影响,结果显示：添加木糖、海藻糖、葡萄糖进行固定化后CALB的活性较高,其中加入木糖的作用最为显著,CALB的活性最高。并借助红外分析、热分析研究了木糖对CALB脂肪酶的作用机理。认为木糖对CALB的保护作用为：木糖分子的羟基同酶的酰胺基形成了氢键,而且木糖分子与酶分子之间还发生了其它相互作用,糖分子能够紧密地包裹在酶分子周围, 使酶分子得到很好的保护,脂肪酶CALB的活性和热稳定性均有所提高。     

溶胶-凝胶法固定脂肪酶的方法研究

采用溶胶-凝胶技术,以正硅酸乙酯为前驱物,制备了S iO2微粒,以3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷作偶联剂对S iO2微粒进行表面改性,制备了一种功能化载体3-氨基丙基硅胶。以甲醛为偶联剂,将脂肪酶固定于3-氨基丙基硅胶上。用红外光谱对产物结构进行表征,同时研究了固定化酶的性质。结果表明,氨基化硅胶交联固定化脂肪酶具有可行性,固定化酶的最适反应温度在30℃附近,且在碱性范围内其稳定性比自然酶高;当pH=7.5,其它条件相同时,自然酶的活力大于固定化酶的活力。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米二氧化硅溶胶和多孔二氧化硅薄膜

稀Na2SiO3溶液经过阳离子交换树脂除去Na^ 离子后，经碱化浓缩制成质量分数约为25％－30％的二氧化硅溶胶，添加化学添加剂丙三醇后加入乙酸乙酯，搅拌水解使溶解的pH值适当降低，聚乙烯醇能使二氧化硅溶胶具有网状结构，易于成膜。薄膜在750－850℃下热处理后孔径分布在100－300nm之间。二氧化硅薄膜在热处理过程中的微结构衍化过程可通过调节二氧化硅溶胶的pH值，添加化学添加剂和热处理温度加以控制。讨论了纳米二氧化硅胶粒溶胶的形成和形成的二氧化硅溶胶先体的成膜化学机理，并对制备的多孔二氧化硅薄膜的微结构，形貌变化和相关的物理性能进行了表征。     

常压溶胶-凝胶法合成SiO2气凝胶的研究

本文以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,在常压溶胶-凝胶法中引入新的表面改性技术,合成了疏水性SiO2气凝胶.对样品分别进行了傅立叶转换红外线光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面(BET)表征.结果表明,产品粒径约为13 nm,孔径分布在2～110 nm,密度为110 kg/m3和比表面高达827.56 m2/g,并具有优良的疏水性能,属于由均匀球状粒子构成的具有连续网络结构的低密度多孔疏水性SiO2气凝胶.     

sol-gel法制备微孔SiO2分离膜的研究进展

微孔SiO2分离膜在气体分离、催化、膜反应器等领域有着巨大的应用潜力。本文首先简要介绍了获得微孔的两种途径，然后重点对sol—gel法制备微孔SiO2分离膜的研究进展进行综述。     

用溶胶—凝胶法原位生成SiO2增强橡胶

介绍了用溶胶－产法原位生成ＳｉＯ２纳米粒子增强橡胶的技术,以及该技术的３种不同方法：（１）在硫化胶中生成原位ＳｉＯ２;（２）在非硫化胶中生成原位ＳｉＯ２;（３）在硫化反应中生成原位ＳｉＯ２。同时对溶胶－凝胶技术的反应原理和影响因素作的探讨。总结了原位ＳｉＯ２增强橡胶复合材料的结构特征（粒径及其分布、分散性、界面状态）主由此导致的物理机械性能。分析了这种技术的优缺点及其在橡胶工业中的应用前景。     

酶定向固定化方法及应用的研究进展

传统固定化方法常会导致酶活性大幅度下降,回收率较低,而酶定向固定由于固定化后可完全暴露其活性部位,因而可以保持较高的酶活回收率。本文主要综述了定向固定化酶的两种方法,分别为共价定向固定和非共价定向固定。其中非共价定向固定化主要是抗体与抗原、亲和素/链霉亲和素和生物素以及组氨酸标签与Co2+/Ni2+之间的亲和作用;共价定向固定化主要是通过半胱氨酸残基上的巯基与载体作用。简述了其在生物传感器、分子识别、酶生物燃料电池及酶纯化方面的应用。最后指出今后的主要研究方向为探索新的定向固定化标签以降低对酶活性部位的影响,应用新的载体以提高固定化酶酶活回收率,优化固定化过程及简化固定化步骤等。     

A polyamide-silica composite prepared by the sol-gel process

Summary A new kind of organic-inorganic hybrid composite was prepared by means of the sol-gel process. The polymer employed was a mixed-isomer aromatic polyamide having good solubility and thermal stability. The silica constituting the inorganic phase was produced by the hydrolysis and condensation of tetramethoxysilane. The bonding between the phases involved aminophenyl-trimethoxysilane, in which the amino group can react with the phthaloyl chloride end-capped polymer, and the methoxysilane groups undergo hydrolysis. The composition of these composites was varied by changing the linear polymer chain length and relative amount of tetramethoxysilane. The gelation time was found to range from a few minutes to several days. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that decomposition starts at approximately 450 °C. Thin films cast from materials having a relatively high silica content were opaque and rigid, but those with low silica content were flexible and transparent.     

溶胶-凝胶法由菱镁矿制备氧化镁晶须的工艺研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以菱镁矿、盐酸和尿素为原料,加入成胶剂柠檬酸并烘干,生成前驱体后利用程序升温在高温下煅烧得到氧化镁晶须。结果表明,制备氧化镁晶须的最佳条件为:反应体系温度100℃,溶液pH值为6,并分别加入MXC-2及DXC-3晶形控制剂。晶须长径比为20³0∶1,长度为30μm,并具有良好的结晶状态。     

Thermodynamics of the encapsulation by cyclodextrins

Molecular encapsulation on a molecular basis can be performed by cyclodextrins. The inclusion of organic molecules into the interior changes the properties of these molecules, which may be used for a broad variety of applications. The affinity of guest molecules for the cavities of various cyclodextrins depends on the stereochemistry and on the interaction forces of the molecules involved. Calculations of the thermodynamic parameters show that the reaction entropy is highly important for the inclusion reaction. Completely different reaction mechanisms are observed for various types of cyclodextrins as some of these reactions show enthalpy–entropy compensation. Others are supported by the reaction entropy or are even entropically controlled. Protonation and deprotonation reactions contribute significantly to the inclusion reaction, as first of all the solubility of the compounds in water is strongly influenced by the acidity of the solution, and, moreover, all tautomeric forms of the compounds show different affinities to various cyclodextrins. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

"绿色"电器灌封材料的研制

本文的目的是研究一种低挥发性、绿色环保型灌封材料,经测试灌封材料的性能为材料沸点192℃;拉伸剪切强度18.4MPa、冲击强度(无缺口)12.8kJ·m-2、弯曲强度82.7MPa;线性膨胀系数2.98×10-5℃-1;体积电阻率4.7×1016Ωcm;灌封元件经-50～l50℃3次温度循环后树脂本身不开裂、树脂与元件粘结处不开裂.     

Flow injection analysis with immobilized enzymes for process control of pullulan production by fermentation

A flow injection system is described for the parallel determination of pullulan and glucose during a fermentation of the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. The polysaccharide was hydrolyzed by pullulanase and amyloglucosidase, immobilized to controlled-pore glass (CPG). The glucose produced was oxidized by glucose dehydrogenase and the NADH formed determined photometrically. The pullulan concentration was calculated from the difference to the response obtained for free glucose. The calibration curves for monomer and polymer were both linear between 2 mg dm^?3 and 20 mg dm^?3. Analysis of one sample for the determination of glucose and pullulan took about 10 min.     

A polyacrylic acid as a carrier for immobilization of penicillin acylase

A copolymer of acrylic acid with divinylbenzene was synthesized by suspension polymerization. This polymer is an effective carrier. Penicillin acylase was immobilized on this carrier to convert benzylpenicillin to 6‐aminopenicillanic acid, which may be employed in the manufacture of semisynthetic penicillins. Factors that affect the activity of immobilized penicillin acrylase, such as temperature, pH, and amount of native enzyme, were studied. Under suitable conditions, the activity and activity recovery of the immobilized enzyme were 3100 U/g (dry carrier, p‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde method) and 59.7%, respectively. The immobilized penicillin acylase shows a remarkable increase in stability. At 40°C and pH 8.0 the value of the kinetic Michaelis–Menten constant (K_m) of the immobilized enzyme is 2.8 × 10^?3 mol/L, and the value of activation energy of enzyme catalysis is 71.5 kJ/mol. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2067–2069, 2002