基于网络控制的中央空调运行管理、控制与分户计费系统

本文提出了一种新的中央空调系统分户冷量计费的计算模式,并采用网络控制技术和中央空调末端设备智能控制器,开发了一种具有运行管理、末端设备控制和分户冷量计费功能的中央空调运行管理系统,为中央空调系统运行管理提供了一种可行的技术手段,可有效降低空调系统运行能耗.     

关于供暖及中央空调系统分户计费方案的探讨

介绍了供暖及中央空调系统分户计费原理及现状，并结合国情，提出了改进方案及相关系统结构。     

中央空调计费系统的理论和实践

在建筑节能越来越被重视的今天，中央空调的计费问题也越来越受关注。中央空调按建筑面积平摊收费的传统方法明显不合理，推广中央空调系统能量分户计量收费的技术势在必行。采用中央空调分户计量会促使用户节约使用空调．提高人们的节能意识，减少能源的浪费现象。有数据表明，采用中央空调分户计量后可节约能源20％～30％．     

基于BACnet的VRF空调分户计费系统

针对VRF空调系统的特点,研究了其能耗计量和计费的方式及特点,提出了VRF空调分户计费系统的体系架构,开发了基于BACnet标准的VRF空调分户计费系统。这种计费系统具有成本低、计量科学、计费公正合理的特点,并且可以通过Web页面和BACnet标准接口分别实现远程访问和与楼宇管理系统(BMS)集成。     

适合分户计量的热计费方案的研究

结合工程实例 ,提出了适合分户计量的热计费方案     

谈分户采暖按热量收费计算方法的实施

为解决分户采暖按热量收费中存在着的户间热传递和公用耗热量等难题,首先要解决按热量收费的前题条件,然后解决具体的计算方法。对围护结构耗热量与售房价格的关系、围护结构耗热量与分户计量的规律性进行分析与探讨,提出按热量表计量值计算各套房的计费耗热量方法。若采用这种计费方法,能够促进用户的节能意识。     

地源热泵分户计量计费系统在商品房住宅中的设计与应用

本文介绍了地源热泵分户计量计费系统的技术设计内容,提出了在商品房住宅中应用地源热泵分户计量计费系统的优点,并列举工程应用实例进行个案分析。     

既有公共建筑的VRV中央空调系统计费方法研究

中央空调分户计费是建筑节能减排的一个有效措施。本文简单介绍了中央空调的几种计费方法及其特点,并以既有建筑——东南大学李文正科技楼的VRV中央空调系统为例,比较了时间型、能量型等几种计费方法的优缺点,提出了一种相对简单的既有公共建筑中央空调计费方法——改进电计量法。     

中央空调系统分户计费的研究

介绍了中央空调系统分户计费原理及现状,并结合国情,提出了改进方案及相关系统结构.     

变风量空调分户计费方法探讨

"低碳行动,建筑先行",建筑能耗大户——中央空调系统已成为节能领域的关注热点,而分户计费,即按用户用热(冷)量多少收费,是促使用户自觉节能,进而提高节能积极性,实现能源合理利用的重要环节。本文以西安建筑科技大学智能建筑与楼宇自动化实验室变风量空调系统为研究对象,针对当前建筑空调计量问题,结合电表计量和热量计量方式的优势,提出了一种变风量空调分户计费解决方案,以期对楼宇中央空调系统提供借鉴。     

居住建筑供暖热费的分摊问题

供暖用热计量不必每户计量热量,关键是规定相对合理、可供大家共同遵守的热费分摊规则,解决热费的公平问题。探讨了供暖热计量收费的模式和分摊规则,介绍了供暖热费的分摊方法及实现的条件。     

Allocation of economic costs in trigeneration systems at variable load conditions

This paper presents a thermoeconomic analysis of a trigeneration system interacting with the economic environment. The aim is to determine the energy and total costs of internal flows and final energy services (electricity, cooling and heat). One of the main difficulties in calculating these costs in trigeneration plants within buildings is the continuous variation of energy supply services. Fuel prices and purchase/sale electricity tariffs can also vary. As a consequence there are different operation conditions that combine the possibilities of purchasing or selling electricity, consuming heat from auxiliary boilers, and wasting the excess of cogenerated heat. A novel cost allocation method valid for all possible operation conditions of the trigeneration system is proposed. The heat produced by cogeneration modules is disaggregated into three fractions: heat that meets the heat demand directly, heat utilized to drive absorption chillers (producing cooling), and heat dissipated to the environment. Cost allocation to all cogeneration co-products is determined by applying the principle of avoided expenditures. The cost allocation proposal is applied to a trigeneration system providing energy services to a hospital with 500 beds located in Zaragoza (Spain), encouraging rational and efficient energy services production and consumption.     

时间面积通断法进行热计量探讨

时间面积通断法作为一种有效的热计量手段已经逐渐被接受,其热计量的公平性已比其他热计量方法改进不少,但仍有值得改进的地方。本文根据典型住宅户间传热的模拟计算,认为完全以用热量为计量标准,不能完全反映出热量的实际使用情况,同时根据计算情况,给出了按住房面积分摊热费和以实际用热量分摊热费的比例。     

对基于分栋热计量的末端通断调节与热分摊技术的探讨

提出一种集计量和调节于一体的末端通断调节系统,不仅改善调节,而且通过楼栋分栋计量促进建筑保温。采用各用户累计阀门开启时间对供暖面积加权的分摊方式,有效解决位于建筑物不利位置住户热费缴纳、邻室传热、用户开窗等目前热计量方式中存在的诸多问题,同时成本较低,方便实现用户的公平用热、合理分摊,为推动供热计量改革提供了一种新的途径和措施。     

热价分摊比例对建筑节能改造经济性的影响

针对既有居住建筑，指出在外墙保温改造后，通过用户端的自主间歇供热调节，可以满足建筑热负荷的降低。实行计量收费以后，节能改造投资可通过节省的热费回收。讨论了间歇供热调节的时间分布及热价分摊比例对节能投资回收期的影响。     

区域供冷节能计费系统设计与实现

针对广州大学城区域供冷建筑内部按用冷面积分摊用冷费用,造成收费不合理、收费困难的现状,提出了一种节能因子计费法,即根据用户室内温度和用冷时间计算实时用冷费用,并按时段分摊系统的固定运行成本.在广州大学城的应用表明,该方法计费合理,系统运行效果良好.     

Key technologies on heating/cooling cost allocation in multifamily housing

Heating/cooling cost allocation is of growing concern in many countries because it contributes much to the energy conservation of central air-conditioning system. This paper intends to summarize the current studies and techniques on the heating/cooling cost allocation and discuss about the key problems to them. The contents mainly include the following parts: (1) probing into the methods of heating/cooling measurement; (2) establishing the calculation model for thermal billing; (3) presenting several typical systems for heating/cooling cost allocation. The significance of the paper is to help the engineers in this field have a good idea of the current development of heating/cooling cost allocation and promote the application of the relevant technologies to practice.     

既有居住建筑节能改造及热价探讨

本文针对既有居住建筑，分析了在外墙保温后用户端采用间歇调节时的采暖时间分布，并讨论了不同热价及其分摊比例对节能改造费用回收年限的影响。     

住宅供热计量收费软件的开发

根据热平衡原理建立了线性热平衡方程组,考虑位置补偿和户间传热量修正,开发了住宅供热计量收费软件。该软件通过将热量表计量热量转换成住户的平衡室温进行计量收费。     

Dynamic modeling of the quantitative risk allocation in construction projects

Allocation of construction risks between owners and their contractors has a significant impact on the total construction costs. This research presents an integrated fuzzy-system dynamics approach for quantitative risk allocation. All the factors affecting the risk allocation process are modeled using system dynamics approach. Fuzzy logic is integrated into system dynamics modeling structure to account for the existing uncertainties. The values of different factors that have an uncertain nature are determined by fuzzy numbers. The application of Zadeh's extension principle and interval arithmetic is proposed for the system dynamics to enable the system outcomes to be presented considering uncertainties in the input variables. Using the proposed integrated fuzzy-SD model, the project cost is simulated at different percentages of risk allocation. The optimum percentage of risk allocation is determined as a point in which the project cost is minimized. The performance of the proposed method is assessed by employing the method in a tunneling project.