AlN＋MnS inclusions in oriented electrical steels

Field emission-scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) technique was employed to observe the shape,size and distribution of AIN MnS inclusions in oriented electrical steels. Specimens used for FE-SEM observation were deeply electrolytic etched at room temperature in non-aqueous acetylacetone(AA) solution. The results indicate that the FE-SEM technique has obvious advantage in specimen preparation. Therefore, it can be easily used to identify the AIN MnS inclusions and even copper nano-particles in oriented electrical steels with the same analysis accuracy as that by TEM. This technique is a good substitute for TEM and the associated specimen preparation in the observation of inclusions in electrical steels. It will be a powerful technique for routine analysis in the production of grain oriented electrical steels.     

Effects of Modified Inclusions and Precipitates Alloyed by Rare Earth Element on Corrosion and Impact Properties in Low Alloy Steel

This study has focused on the morphology and distribution of inclusions and precipitates modified by rare earth (RE) elements, which has a decisive influence on microstructure, corrosion properties and impact behaviors in Q355 low alloy steel. Characterized by the method of electrolytic extraction and ASPEX-scanning electron microscopy (ASPEX-SEM), small-sized spherical RE inclusions have been modified to replace elongated MnS and large-sized Al₂O₃. Q355RE steel after RE alloying has lower corrosion rate and higher value of α/γ, due to the formation of stable and dense rust layers. Q355RE steel also exhibits better resistance to fracture at low temperature, owing to the presence of RE modification to inclusions and its effects on reducing crack initiation and propagation. Nano-scale RE precipitates containing sulfur and phosphorus is observed along grain boundaries by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The purification of grain boundaries by RE is beneficial to the improvement of corrosion and impact properties.     

冷却时间对Ti微合金钢焊接粗晶区组织及韧性的影响

利用光镜、金属薄膜电子显微分析技术、碳萃取复型电子显微分析技术、系列Ｃｈａｒｐｙ冲击试验等对Ｔｉ微合金钢模拟粗晶区的组织及韧性进行了研究。结果表明,随着８００－５００℃冷却时间的增加,该区域原始奥体（γ）晶粒长大并不严重;二次组织由上贝氏体为主逐渐转变为针状铁素体为主;珠光体的形态由非层片相间变为层片相间;Ｍ－Ａ组元由条状变为块状,且数量减少,因此韧性得以提高,电子衍射及ＥＤＸ分析还表明,该区域中     

CSP工艺下稀土冷轧板退火过程中第二相析出的定量研究

研究了CSP工艺下稀土冷轧板冷轧后退火过程中的第二相析出行为,模拟了某企业685 ℃×9 h退火工艺,利用光学显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析了退火前后的微观组织和宏观织构的变化;采用非水电解分离法从试验钢中提取第二相粒子,并利用X射线衍射分析了第二相析出物类型;再使用化学法对退火过程中第二相析出量的变化进行了定量分析,并结合析出动力学计算分析第二相析出规律。结果表明,经过该退火工艺后,晶粒从典型的纤维状冷轧组织演变为再结晶饼形晶粒,非{111}织构有所减弱,{111}织构有所增强;试验钢中的第二相类型主要为MnS、Fe₃C和AlN,MnS在退火过程中几乎不析出,Fe₃C主要在室温到570 ℃升温过程中析出,AlN随着退火温度的升高而不断析出,在685 ℃附近析出最快。     

稀土改性42CrMoS易切削钢中的硫化物夹杂分析

利用光学显微镜和能谱仪研究了42CrMo钢中分别添加S(0．09wt％)和S—RE元素后,钢中夹杂物的组成、形态和变形能力,并分析了硫化物夹杂对钢的力学性能的影响。结果表明,单独加S元素时,钢中主要存在MnS夹杂,MnS在高温具有强的塑性变形能力是导致锻件力学性能各向异性的重要原因;加入RE(0．076％)元素后,钢中出现的稀土硫化物具有较强的抗塑性变形能力,改善了钢的横向力学性能,其横纵向冲击韧度比值由单一加S元素的0．2提高到0．5,从而为钢的实际应用提供了理论依据。     

EFFECT OF RARE EARTH ADDITIONS ON OVERHEATING OF Cr-Ni-Mo STEELS

本文研究了几种Cr-Ni-Mo钢的过热特征,提出把断口表面出现延性沿晶小平面作为过热的判据。在高的奥氏体化温度下,某种第二相粒子可以固溶,随后在冷却过程中沿高温奥氏体晶界重新析出,因而产生各种过热现象。MnS粒子的重新析出使普通硫含量的Cr-Ni-Mo钢发生沿晶延性破断,而AlN或VC粒子在高温奥氏体晶界的重新析出也能使低硫的Cr-Ni-Mo钢过热。稀土元素对几种Cr-Ni-Mo钢的过热都有抑制作用。当RE/S达到临界比值(约为4)时,不仅使MnS夹杂物完全转变成稀土硫化物和稀土硫氧化物,而且使高温奥氏体晶粒显著细化,改善韧性。如果RE/S比值远大于4,多余的稀土元素还可能与C,N原子发生交互作用。     

稀土Y对TWIP钢力学性能的影响机理

利用GNT系万能试验机和Sigma 300场发射扫描电镜研究了稀土Y对TWIP钢(22Mn-1.5Al-0.6C)力学性能及夹杂物的影响。结果表明,添加稀土Y后,试验TWIP钢的强度和韧性均有提高,抗拉强度由725 MPa提高到752 MPa,屈服强度由290 MPa提高到312 MPa,冲击吸收能量由178.9 J提高到207.7 J,而硬度和断后伸长率则小幅降低。稀土Y细化了TWIP钢晶粒,且钢中MnS、Al₂O₃以及MnS+AlN复合夹杂改性成Y₂S₃、Y₂S₃+Y₂O₃、AlN+Y₂S₃夹杂。夹杂物分析结果显示,大部分夹杂物的数量和尺寸都有明显的减小,有利于试验钢综合力学性能的提高。     

无取向硅钢夹杂物分布及对带钢性能一致性的影响研究

针对无取向硅钢的典型牌号，在带钢长度上的夹杂物和析出物的种类、形貌和分布做了系统的检测和分析对比。 1 μm以上的夹杂物主要为Al2O3及CaO-Al2O3夹杂，其分布在钢卷不同部位差异较小；尺寸在0.5 μm 以下的细小析出相主要为AlN、MnS以及它们的复合析出，在钢卷头部分布的数量明显较尾部多。夹杂物和析出物分布的差异造成了晶粒尺寸的差异，头尾晶粒尺寸差异达到20%左右，进而造成了头尾磁性能的差异。     

Prediction model of austenite growth and the role of MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel

The austenite growth behavior of non-quenched and tempered steels (casted by continuous casting and molding casting processes) was studied. The austenite grain size of steel B casted by continuous casting process is smaller than that of steel A casted by molding casting process at the same heating parameters. The abnormal austenite growth temperature of the steels A and B are 950 °C and 1000 °C, respectively. Based on the results, the models for the austenite grain growth below and above the abnormal austenite growth temperature of the investigated steels were established. The dispersedly distributed fine particles MnS in steel B is the key factor refining the austenite grain by pinning the migration of austenite grain boundary. The elongated inclusions MnS are ineffective in preventing the austenite grain growth at high heating temperature. For the non-quenched and tempered steel, the continuous casting process should be adopted and the inclusion MnS should be elliptical, smaller in size and distributed uniformly in order to refine the final microstructure and also improve the mechanical properties.     

In-situ microscopy study of grain refinement in the simulated heat-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steel by TiN particle

High-strength low-alloy steels subjected to high heat input welding are susceptible to failure due to low toughness caused by grain coarsening. The effect of TiN on grain refinement in the simulated heat-affected zone (HAZ) was investigated. Because of small amount of Ti addition, abundant dispersed nanoscale TiN precipitates were formed. The TiN precipitates tended to be stable at high temperature and effectively retarded the austenite grain growth by refining the grain size during thermal cycle. Furthermore, the TiN also covered on the surface of Al–Ti complex oxide with MnS and caused low interface energy with ferrite. The acicular ferrite grains nucleated on complex inclusion in austenite grains at intermediate temperature and induced the austenite grain transform to the fine-grained mixed microstructure of acicular ferrite and bainite. The crystallographic grain size became small in the simulated HAZ due to the effective pinning effect and acicular ferrite formation.     

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 在RH真空处理后喂入钡镁锆钙复合包芯线对28Cr2Mo钢进行了夹杂物变性处理,发现夹杂物由片层状MnS夹杂变为颗粒状含有Ca、Mg、Zr的复合硫化物夹杂,夹杂物大小减小,分布形态由原长链状分布变为弥散分布。钢板横向冲击韧性大大提高,各向异性得到较大改善。     

微合金元素对X70管线钢韧性的影响

研究了4种含不同微合金元素的X70管线钢的韧性,采用夏比冲击试验和落锤撕裂试验,借助金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)与背散射电子衍射技术(EBSD)等手段,分析了微观组织、晶粒尺寸、晶粒取向及取向差和夹杂物等因素对X70管线钢韧性的影响。结果表明,含Mo、Ni元素的管线钢夏比冲击韧性和落锤性能都较好,含Cr元素的管线钢落锤性能偏低,大角度晶界比率越高,晶粒尺寸越细小,夹杂物含量越少的管线钢具有更高的韧性。     

On the microstructure and properties of 100Cr6 steel processed in the semi-solid state

After semi-solid treatment and rapid quenching, bearing steel 100Cr6 exhibits a martensitic structure with a large amount of retained austenite along the grain boundaries. The toughness values are significantly lower than after conventional hardening, even when the alloys are post-processed by an additional heat treatment step. Slow cooling from the freezing range results in a reduced amount of retained austenite and improved toughness properties. The low impact toughness values of the rapidly cooled conditions are associated with the appearance of intergranular fracture, while the slowly cooled condition fails in a transgranular manner. The structural development and the mechanical behaviour are explained by severe segregation of the main alloying elements during solidification, but also by sulphur enrichment in the remaining liquid phase. Chain-like precipitates of MnS are formed along the grain boundaries, similar to the well-known ‘burning’ phenomenon of low-alloyed steels.     

GOST-2车轮钢低温冲击韧性研究

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜等对GOST-2钢-60℃低温冲击韧性不合格车轮进行检验分析,结果表明：其主要原因是磷含量高、MnS夹杂多、存在带状组织,且晶粒尺寸较大。在生产中通过加入铝钒元素细化晶粒,并采用低氧钢、低磷钢及超低硫钢冶炼工艺和钙处理等措施,消除了钢中的条状夹杂物,改善了车轮的低温冲击韧性,显著提高了产品的合格...     

Grain refinement in coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Al–Ti–Mg complex deoxidised steel

The particles and microstructure characteristics of coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) in Al–Ti–Mg killed steels with different Al contents were investigated. The results show that inclusion in high Al steel consists of Al–Mg oxide surrounded with a layer of MnS. However, inclusion in low Al steel is Al–Ti–Mg oxide covered with a layer of MnS, effectively promoting the formation of acicular ferrite. The precipitates of both steels are (Ti, Nb)N, the finer and more dispersed inclusions and precipitates in low Al steel can effectively inhibit austenite grain growth by grain boundary pinning during the thermal cycle. The fine-grained microstructure is obtained in CGHAZ of the low Al steel due to the pinning effect of finer particles and the high density of acicular ferrite.     

Precipitation behavior of MnS on oxide inclusions in Si/Mn deoxidized steel

The precipitation behavior of the MnS phase of MnO-SiO₂ oxides in Si/Mn deoxidized steels was examined. MnS phase formation in the oxide phase was clearly identified, and the Mn content in both phases increased with isothermal holding at 1,200°C. With increased cooling rate, both the size of inclusions and the precipitation ratio of the MnS phase in the oxides decreased. More than 90% of MnO-SiO₂ oxides contain MnS phases and MnS precipitation is accompanied by an Mn-depleted zone around the oxides. This zone was created not just around the MnS, but around the whole oxide inclusion. One can tentatively conclude that the majority of the MnS islands after isothermal holding are formed by the diffusion of Mn and S from the matrix into the inclusions.     

S含量对高速车轮钢断裂韧性影响的研究

研究了S含量对高速车轮钢断裂韧性的影响.结果显示,适当提高车轮钢中的S含量,可以有效提高断裂韧性.对夹杂物的分析表明,S含量为0.001％(质量分数)的车轮钢中Al2O3和Al2O3+(Ca,Mg)O的氧化物夹杂相对较多,而MnS夹杂物较少.在相近的O含量水平下,将S含量从0.001％提高到0.006％,车轮钢中夹杂物...     

Influence of nonmetallic inclusion characteristics on the mechanical properties of rail steel

An extensive investigation has been carried out on six commercial heats of pearlitic rail steel to study the influence of nonmetallic inclusion characteristics on the tensile, fatigue, and fracture toughness properties. The steels investigated were made through the basic oxygen furnace (BOF)-continuous casting route and rolled in the rail and structural mill into 90 kg/mm² ultimate tensile strength (UTS) grade rails. While tensile properties (yield strength [YS], UTS, and elongation) of the rail steels investigated were found to be insensitive to inclusion type and volume fraction at their present level (0.23 to 0.45%), the fracture toughness and high-cycle fatigue properties were found to be inclusion sensitive. The fracture toughness values of the steels were found to range between 42.33 and 49.88 MPa √m; higher values, in general, were obtained in heats exhibiting lower volume fractions (0.15 to 0.19%) of sulfide inclusions. The high-cycle fatigue limit, i.e., stress corresponding to 10⁷ cycles, was found to be higher in cleaner steels, particularly in those with lower volume fractions of oxide inclusions. This phenomenon was corroborated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of fracture surfaces, where oxide inclusions in particular were found to be instrumental in crack initiation. Although fatigue life did not show any direct correlation with the volume fraction of sulfides, elongated MnS inclusions were sometimes observed at crack initiation sites of fatigue-tested specimens.     

Effect of Inclusions and Microstructural Characteristics on the Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior of a High- Strength Low- Alloy Steel

The strength and toughness properties of hot- rolled plates from three commercial heats of a highstrength low-alloy steel were investigated with respect to their intrinsic microstructural and inclusion characteristics. One heat was argon purged and contained relatively higher carbon and sulfur, whereas the other two heats, with lower carbon and sulfur levels, were sulfide shape controlled. The study revealed that although yield and tensile strengths specific to a heat were unaffected by testing direction, the anisotropy in tensile ductility was greater in steels with stringered sulfides. Despite similar grain sizes in all the steels, Charpy shelf energy and impact transition temperature were significantly affected by pearlite content and sulfide morphology and to a lesser extent by pearlite banding. The modification of stringer sulfides to tiny lenticular/globular oxysulfides resulted in considerably higher shelf energies, lowering of impact transition temperatures, and minimal anisotropy of impact properties. The macroscopic appearance of splitting on the fracture surfaces of transverse Charpy specimens associated with low impact energies confirmed failure by a low- energy mode. The presence of pancake- shaped ferrite grains and fractographic evidence of inclusion stringers inside furrows identified their role in accentuating the splitting phenomenon.     

不同温度下X100管线钢的冲击韧性

通过对X100管线钢试件冲击示波曲线、冲击断口形貌的观察,对比分析了在温度20℃、-60℃及-80℃条件下试件的冲击性能,研究了冲击过程中裂纹的形核和扩展规律。结果表明,裂纹启裂及扩展功所表现出的韧脆特性与总冲击功不同。随试验温度降低,断口分层现象明显,断口分层小平台可提高试验钢的断裂韧性,片状夹杂物则促进了脆性断口的产生;随温度降低,裂纹的扩展路径呈直线化,且尖角状裂纹较多。