中低温煤焦油中粗酚的萃取及其组分分析

针对如何提取中低温煤焦油中丰富的酚类化合物、提高其综合利用价值，采用甲醇与石油醚双溶剂法对中低温煤焦油进行萃取分离，有针对性的富集其中的酚类化合物并得到粗酚产品，并研究了其组成分布。结果表明：中低温煤焦油的GC/MS分析可检测到108种化合物，主要有酚类化合物、烃类化合物、萘类化合物、苯类化合物、蒽菲类化合物。当煤焦油与甲醇、石油醚的混合比例为0.25∶1∶2时对煤焦油中的粗酚萃取效果较好，酚类物质主要集中在甲醇萃取相中。     

低温煤焦油萃取-热解神府煤耦合新工艺研究

以煤的衍生溶剂——低温干馏煤焦油为萃取剂,对神府煤进行溶剂萃取-热解处理,考察了溶剂体系、萃取温度、溶煤比和时间4个因素对神府煤总转化率的影响。结果表明:以低温煤焦油的200℃~360℃馏分作萃取溶剂、在萃取温度200℃、溶煤质量比4:1、萃取时间30 min的工艺条件下,可以使神府煤的总转化率达到35%左右。     

溶剂萃取分离煤焦油中高附加值化合物研究进展

综述了近年来液-液萃取、酸/碱萃取、超临界流体萃取、离子液体萃取、低共融溶剂萃取在分离煤焦油中高附加值化合物中的应用新进展。探讨了不同萃取方法的分离效果和分离机理。最后对溶剂萃取分离煤焦油中高附加值化合物目前所面临的问题和未来研究方向进行了展望。     

萃取工艺条件对多聚羟基烷酸中内毒素含量的影响

研究了氯仿萃取条件对新型生物材料多聚羟基烷酸（PHAs）发酵产品中内毒紊含量的影响。通过正交试验优化萃取条件，建立了一种能降低产品中内毒紊含量的萃取工艺。结果表明：将干细胞加入50倍体积氯仿中，在30℃的条件下，120min反复氯仿溶解乙醇沉淀4次，以离心的方式进行固液分离，得到PHAs产品的内毒素含量显著降低。     

降低煤焦油中灰分和喹啉不溶物的研究

为提升煤焦油的利用价值,降低其灰分和喹啉不溶物(QI)含量,系统比较了静置法、离心法和溶剂处理法对煤焦油中灰分和QI脱除的效果。通过实验得出了不同方法的最佳操作条件:静置法最佳条件为静置温度90℃,静置时间30min,蒸馏温度210℃;加热离心法最佳条件为离心转速4 000r/min,离心时间12min,盐酸浓度0.05mol/L;溶剂法煤焦油与混合溶剂最佳比例1:0.3。     

淮南中温煤焦油的分离及GC/MS分析

采用超声辐射和索氏萃取相结合的方法,利用不同溶剂对淮南中温煤焦油进行分级萃取,并利用GC/MS测定分析各级萃取物的化学组成。结果表明,两级石油醚萃取物(E1和E2)中共检测到242种组分,主要成分是2～4环芳烃及含氧化合物,且含氧化合物中含有较多的酚类物质。甲醇和乙醇萃取物(E3和E4)中没有检测出任何化合物,说明利用分级萃取的手段可以有效的对焦油中族组分起到粗分离作用。     

影响煤焦油沥青质测定量的工艺参数

煤焦油通过溶剂分析可定量分离为三部分：甲苯不溶物、沥青质和油相。本文主要研究了煤焦油在此分离过程中芳烃溶剂类型、萃取方法、甲苯溶液浓缩量、烷烃溶剂类型和正庚烷溶剂与甲苯溶液浓缩量的添加比例对煤焦油沥青质沉淀量的影响。结果表明,甲苯溶液浓缩量、正庚烷与甲苯溶液浓缩量的添加比例对沥青质沉淀量的影响较大,萃取方法次之,将苯替换成甲苯影响最小。当选择甲苯溶解煤焦油,超声萃取3h,甲苯溶液浓缩量9mL,正庚烷与甲苯溶液浓缩液的添加比例为20∶1时,煤焦油沥青质的沉淀量为13.4%。本实验表明煤焦油的分离工艺会影响沥青质沉淀量,故在研究煤焦油沥青质性质和结构时需注明沥青质的沉淀分离条件。     

丙三醇水溶液提取煤焦油中酚类化合物试验研究

通过筛选有机溶剂,确定丙三醇水溶液为萃取剂提取中低温煤焦油中的酚类化合物。精馏切取中低温煤焦油170~240℃馏分作为萃取原料,通过单因素考察以及正交实验得出结论:丙三醇添加量对萃取结果影响最大,其次是停留时间。水添加量和温度对萃取结果影响最小。最佳萃取条件为:丙三醇和原料目标馏分质量比3∶1,丙三醇含水5%,温度30℃,混合时间30 min。丙三醇单级萃取率即达到92%以上。     

甲醇-碳酸二甲酯二元共沸物的分离

分别用共沸精馏法和萃取精馏法对甲醇一碳酸二甲酯（DMC）二元共沸体系进行了分离，通过正交实验分别得到了最佳分离工艺条件。实验结果表明，共沸精馏法的最佳分离工艺条件：共沸剂正己烷用量为总质量（共沸剂＋甲醇）的76％，回流比控制在3：1，馏出速率为6mL／min；萃取精馏法的分离最佳工艺条件：以糠醛为萃取剂，回流比控制在3：1，萃取剂滴加速率为3mL／min，萃取剂配比为4：1。并分别从装置和纯度方面对两种方法进行比较，结果表明萃取精馏法占优。     

提高煤焦油萃取率的探讨

开发出了煤焦油低温分离的新工艺路线和煤焦油分离设备,为提高煤焦油萃取率,从溶剂质量、煤焦油特性、操作温度等几方面进行分析,并采取优化措施,提高了煤焦油萃取率。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。