Prediction of hydraulic load for urban storm control of a municipal WWT plant

Three different methodologies are assessed which provide predictions of the hydraulic load to the treatment plant one hour ahead. The three models represent three different levels of complexity ranging from a simple regression model over an adaptive grey-box model to a complex hydrological and full dynamical wave model (Chow et al., 1988). The simple regression model is estimated as a transfer function model of rainfall intensity to influent flow. It also provides a model for the base flow. The grey-box model is a state space model which incorporates adaptation to the dry weather flow as well as the rainfall runoff. The full dynamical flow model is a distributed deterministic model with many parameters, which has been calibrated based on extensive measurement campaigns in the sewer system. The three models are compared by the ability to predict the hydraulic load one hour ahead. Five rain events in a test period are used for evaluating the three different methods. The predictions are compared to the actual measured flow at the plant one hour later. The results show that the simple regression model and the adaptive grey-box model which are identified and estimated on measured data perform significantly better than the hydrological and full dynamical flow model which is not identifiable and needs calibration by hand. For frontal rains no significant difference in the prediction performance between the simple regression model and the adaptive grey-box model is observed. This is due to a rather uniform distribution of frontal rains. A single convective rain justifies the adaptivity of the grey-box model for non-uniformly distributed rain, i.e. the predictions of the grey-box model were significantly better than the predictions of the simple regression model for this rain event. In general, models for model-based predictive control should be kept simple and identifiable from measured data.     

A Life Cycle Oriented Multi‑objective Optimal Maintenance of Water Distribution: Model and Application

Aiming at trading off several conflicting criteria in practical maintenance in a deteriorating water distribution network, a life cycle oriented multi-objective optimization model of water distribution network maintenance is developed, which is composed of seven interrelated sub-models with different functions. This model can provide decision support for preventive maintenance decision, including identifying the pipeline that needs to be maintained, judging the time point for maintenance, determining the type of maintenance technology, calculating the economic cost of maintenance, and presenting the impact under different maintenance strategies. Based on the life cycle of each pipeline, multiple effects in the water distribution can be dynamically evaluated, such as pipeline age, failure rate, hydraulic reliability health level etc. Based on special design of chromosome gene encoding, the algorithm of elitist Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) is incorporated to achieve multi-objective optimization solution effectively. With application of a county in Zhejiang province in China, three strategies including empirical decision single-objective optimization decision and multi-objective optimization decision are evaluated and compared to the baseline systematically. Although the annual maintenance cost of strategy III is not the lowest among those three strategies, the pipeline age, failure rate, hydraulic reliability, and health level of the water distribution network under the strategy are at the best level. With multiple objectives considered simultaneously, the results of strategy III are recommended as the optimal maintenance implementation arrangements. This model can promote to find an optimal maintenance strategy, and provide a technical support for the planning, design and implementation of maintenance arrangements of water distribution network in a long-term period.

     

Modelling and control strategy testing of biological and chemical phosphorus removal at Aved?re WWTP.

The biological phosphorus removal process is often implemented at plants by the construction of an anaerobic bio-p tank in front of the traditional N removing plant configuration. However, biological phosphorus removal is also observed in plant configurations constructed only for nitrogen removal and simultaneous or post-precipitation. The operational experience with this "accidental" biological phosphorus removal is often mixed with quite a lot of frustration, as the process seems to come and go and hence behaves quite uncontrollably. The aim of this work is to develop ways of intentionally exploiting the biological phosphorus process by the use of instrumentation, control and automation to reduce the consumption of precipitants. Means to this end are first to calibrate a modified ASM2d model to a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), including both biological and chemical phosphorus removal and a model of the sedimentation process. Second, based on the calibrated model a benchmark model is developed and various control strategies for biological phosphorus removal are tested. Experiences and knowledge gained from the strategies presented and discussed in this paper are vital inputs for the full-scale implementation of a control strategy for biological phosphorus removal at Aved?re WWTP, which is described in another paper. The two papers hence show a way to bridge the gap from model to full implementation.     

浅水湖泊水生态数学模型研究及应用

该文针对珠三角感潮浅水湖泊水环境模拟问题,在二维水流-污染物输移耦合数学模型基础上,结合WASP(water quality analysis simulation program)水生态数学模型原理,考虑溶解氧、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、有机氮、无机磷、有机磷、碳生化需氧量和叶绿素a等8个水质变量及其相互作用的溶解氧平衡子系统、氮循环子系统、磷循环子系统和浮游植物动力学子系统,建立了浅水湖泊水生态数学模型。通过室内实验系统模拟了珠三角某典型感潮人工湖泊外江来水营养条件对蓝藻生长的影响,确定了蓝藻生长速率等关键模型参数,并模拟了湖泊不同换水方案下叶绿素a的时空分布规律,为控制湖泊水体富营养化、预防蓝藻水华爆发提供科学依据。     

Implementation of sustainable sanitation in existing urban areas: long-term strategies for an optimised solution.

If technologies for decentralised sanitation and reuse (DESAR) and for natural stormwater management should at least partially replace existing systems, then intensive reconstruction work becomes essential. A conversion can only be realised successively over a long period due to high construction and financial expenses and requires new strategies. This paper presents the development and practical implementation of a mathematical tool to find an optimised strategy for the realisation of alternative and more decentralised drainage and sanitation concepts in existing urban areas. The succession of construction measures (e.g. the implementation of decentralised greywater recycling) for the whole period of consideration is determined based upon a mathematical optimisation model on the condition that the favoured future state is known. The model describes the complex interdependencies of the urban water and nutrient cycle and enables the minimisation of both financial efforts and ecological impacts on the way toward the future state. The results of the implementation for a rural area in Germany show that the mathematical optimisation is an adequate instrument to support decision-making processes in finding strategies for the realisation of sustainable urban water management.     

Towards a simulation-benchmark for evaluating respirometry-based control strategies

Many respirometry-based control strategies have been proposed in the literature but few successful practical implementations or even simulation-based evaluations have been reported. The state-of-the-art provides insufficient justification for the development of a how-to-do procedure for such control strategies in full scale. It is, therefore, expected that carefully conducted simulation studies will greatly support the evaluation of proposed strategies and, eventually, the implementation in practice. These studies should be based on a rigorous methodology including simulation model, plant layout, controller and test procedure. This paper describes the development of such a methodology, termed “benchmark”. The benchmark is evaluated on the basis of a respirometry-based control strategy from the literature. Some simulation results are shown and modifications to the strategy imperative to the implementation in the benchmark are discussed. It is concluded that the benchmark provides a convenient means to perform a number of tests with the implemented control strategy. The benchmark should be further developed and tested.     

Effects of feeding strategies on the performance of an anaerobic discontinuous reactor containing immobilized biomass with circulation system for liquid-phase mixing.

Data on the influence of feeding strategy on the performance of a fed-batch anaerobic sequencing reactor containing biomass immobilized on polyurethane foam and subjected to liquid phase circulation are presented and discussed. Six-hour cycles, temperature of 30 degrees C and circulation flow rate of 6 L/h were used. During each cycle 890 mL of synthetic domestic wastewater, with organic matter concentration of 500 mgCOD/L were fed to the reactor. The feeding strategies were implemented using fill times of 6 min (batch mode), 60, 120, 240 (fed-batch/batch mode) and 360 min (fed-batch mode). The system attained high efficiency and stability for all the operating conditions, and the substrate removal efficiency based on filtered samples presented a slight decrease from 85% to 81% when fill time was increased from 6 min to 360 min. A model considering a first-order kinetic equation was fitted to the experimental data. The apparent kinetic parameters for both batch and fed-batch phases were estimated, thus permitting evaluation of the influence of the feeding strategy on the reactor performance. The current system may be considered flexible in terms of the operating conditions it is subjected to.     

Significance of denitrifying enzyme dynamics in biological nitrogen removal processes: a simulation study.

Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1) was extended to include the enzyme kinetics of denitrifying bacteria switching between oxygen and nitrate as electron acceptors. The extended ASM1 (eASM1) model was applied to two different periodic process configurations, fed-batch and Biodenipho, commonly used for nitrogen removal from wastewater. Predictions of optimal unaerated volume fraction (UVF) by eASM1 were similar to those by ASM1 for both the fed-batch and Biodenipho processes. However, eASM1 predicted substantially longer optimal cycle lengths than ASM1 for both processes. Predictions of optimal UVF and cycle length for the Biodenipho process by eASM1 were closer to current operational values for the University of Florida Biodenipho process than predictions by ASM1.     

变化环境下我国干旱灾害的综合应对

干旱是我国主要自然灾害之一,发生频率大,影响范围广,其不仅具有普遍性、季节性、连续性和地域性等多样特征,同时还影响着我国的粮食安全,以及水循环及其伴生水环境、水生态和水沙过程。因此,系统识别干旱成因,综合应对变化环境下的干旱,已成为我国经济社会发展过程中亟待解决的关键问题之一。我国干旱既受到全球气候变化的影响,也受到经济社会发展过程中非理性水土资源开发活动影响;同时,强调自然成因和以"危机管理"为主要范式的干旱应对方略也未能有效减缓干旱危害。进一步提出我国干旱综合应对在从"危机管理"向"风险管理"转变的同时,还应构建物理机制统一的水资源及伴生过程模拟平台和干旱风险评价指标体系,进而做出相应的应对策略。     

长江大保护工程建设主体策略选择演化博弈研究

长江大保护工程建设与城市运行交织,企业、政府、社会三方利益关系复杂,已有的主体策略选择研究未考虑社会方对工程建设的影响,难以准确反映各方的协同关系,针对此问题,以演化博弈理论及复制动态方法为基础,构建了三方演化博弈模型,并结合仿真计算分析了协同成本和协同效应对策略选择的影响。结果表明：企业、政府、社会三方的策略选择具有趋同性,只有各方策略保持一致时,才能保持稳定;三方的策略选择受协同成本和协同效应的影响,协同成本越低、协同效应越强,则两种策略下的利益差越大,系统越容易演化为选择积极策略;企业和政府对社会的协同效应增加时,会缩小企业、政府各自不同策略选择的利益差,使两者收敛速度有所减慢。     

Alternate anoxic/aerobic operation for nitrogen removal in a membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment

A large pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) with a conventional denitrification/nitrification scheme for municipal wastewater treatment has been run for one year under two different aeration strategies in the oxidation/nitrification compartment. During the first five months air supply was provided according to the dissolved-oxygen set-point and the system run as a conventional predenitrification MBR; then, an intermittent aeration strategy based on effluent ammonia nitrogen was adopted in the aerobic compartment in order to assess the impact on process performances in terms of N and P removal, energy consumption and sludge reduction. The experimental inferences show a significant improvement of the effluent quality as COD and total nitrogen, both due to a better utilization of the denitrification potential which is a function of the available electron donor (biodegradable COD) and electron acceptor (nitric nitrogen); particularly, nitrogen removal increased from 67% to 75%. At the same time, a more effective biological phosphorus removal was observed as a consequence of better selection of denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (dPAO). The longer duration of anoxic phases also reflected in a lower excess sludge production (12% decrease) compared with the standard pre-denitrification operation and in a decrease of energy consumption for oxygen supply (about 50%).     

A DYNAMIC MIXED MODEL WITH NITROGEN LEACHING LOSSES FROM THE PONDED PADDY RICE FIELD UNDER SITUATION OF BURIED PIPE DRAINAGE

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＤｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｇｒｏｗｔｈｏｆｒｉｃｅ ,ｔｈｅｐｏｎｄｅｄｐａｄｄｙｆｉｅｌｄｉｓｄｒｏｗｎｅｄｕｎｄｅｒｗａｔｅｒｓｕｒｆａｃｅｆｏｒａｌｏｎｇｐｅ ｒｉｏｄ .Ｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅａｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｕｎｄｅｒｇｒｏｕｎｄｄｒａｉｎａｇｅｉｎｆｉｅｌｄｓ,ｔｈｅｓｅｅｐａｇｅｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅｉｓｓｈｏｒｔｅｎｅｄ ,ｔｈｅｐｅｒ ｃｏｌａｔｉｏｎｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｙ ,ｔｈｅｒｕｎｏｆｆ ｑｕａｎｔｉｔｙｏｆｕｎｄｅｒ ｇｒｏｕｎｄｄｒａｉｎａｇｅａｎｄｔｈｅｌｅａｃｈｉｎｇｌｏｓ…     

The Greenhouse Effect,Yes or No? A Scientific Evaluation

The concept of limited predictability is reviewed followed by simple examples illustrating the sensitivity to small changes in the initial state and/or the forcing of a nonlinear system. Limited predictability applies to almost all nonlinear systems, and the concept is therefore important to geophysical systems governed by nonlinear model equations. The limited predictability determines the upper limit to operational weather forecasts, but it will also be demonstrated that it has an impact on the determination of the effect of changes in the forcing of the system. The general strategy applied by researchers to estimate the atmospheric greenhouse effect is reviewed. It will be demonstrated that the adopted strategy, due to prescribed changes in the forcing of the climate system, is also influenced by limited predictability in the sense that predicted changes are much larger than observed changes in the temperatures at the surface of the Earth. It is therefore very unlikely that the predictions are reliable. The inclusion of the sulphuraerosol effect is also discussed with the conclusion that although these cooling agents reduce greenhouse warming, they do not behave as expected in the sulphurrich and sulphurpoor regions.     

An hybrid RANS/LES model for simulation of complex turbulent flow

A non-linear eddy viscosity model(NLEVM) and a scalable hybrid Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes/ large eddy simulation(RANS/LES) strategy are developed to improve the capability of the eddy viscosity model(EVM) to simulate complex flows featuring separations and unsteady motions. To study the performance of the NLEVM, numerical simulations around S809 airfoil are carried out and the results show that the NLEVM performs much better when a large separation occurs. Calculated results of the flow around a triangular cylinder show that the NLEVM can improve the precision of the flow fields to some extents, but the error is still considerable, and the small turbulence structures can not be clearly captured as the EVM. Whereas the scalable hybrid RANS/LES model based on the NLEVM is fairly effective on resolving the turbulent structures and can give more satisfactory predictions of the flow fields.     

The effect of nitrogen loading on on-site system design: a model for determining land application area size.

Designers of on-site wastewater management systems have six opportunities to remove pollutants of concern from the aqueous waste stream before it reaches ground or surface waters. These opportunities occur at source, at point of collection (primary treatment), secondary treatment, tertiary treatment, land application and buffers. This paper presents a computer based model for the sizing of on-site system land application areas applicable to the Lismore area in Northern New South Wales, a region of high rainfall. Inputs to the model include daily climatic data, soil type, number of people loading the system and size of housing allotment. Constraints include allowable phosphorus export, nitrogen export and hydraulic percolation. In the Lismore area nitrogen is the nutrient of most concern. In areas close to environmentally sensitive waterways, and in dense developments, the allowable annual nitrogen export becomes the main factor determining the land application area size. The model offers system designers the opportunity to test various combinations of nitrogen attenuation strategies (source control, secondary treatment) in order to create a solution which offers an acceptable nitrogen export rate while meeting the client's household and financial needs. The model runs on an Excel spreadsheet and has been developed by Lismore City Council.     

Performance evaluation of SBR treatment for nitrogen removal from tannery wastewater.

Performance of SBR treatment for nitrogen removal from tannery is evaluated for a wide range of wastewater temperature between 7 and 30 degrees C. A pilot-scale SBR unit fed with plain-settled wastewater is operated on site for this purpose. Effective nitrogen removal is sustained by adjustment of the sludge age from 28 to 5 days. Concentration profiles of nitrogen compounds within a selected complete SBR cycle during the steady state operation at different wastewater temperatures and sludge ages are evaluated by model simulation. System performance is also interpreted in terms of modeling and stoichiometric calculation. Additional nitrate loss was observed during aerobic period when the aeration intensity was reduced by the factor of 50%.     

模糊综合评价法在余姚江水质评价中的应用

水体质量受到多种因素的影响,水质分类与评价标准具有复杂模糊性,因此,从众多影响因素中选取溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮、总磷、五日生化需氧量6个组分作为评价因子,构造综合评判模糊数学模型.对余姚江的开丰桥、蜀山大桥、丈亭、姚江大西坝、姚江大闸5个典型监测站的水质进行监测与综合分析评价.结果表明:丈亭、姚江大西坝、姚江大闸监测站的水质基本达到地表水环境质量标准,但其他监测站的水质评价结果不容乐观.该模型操作方法简单、结果可靠.通过水质评价为其合理使用提供指导,可以有针对性的制定江河水质的治理方案.     

贝叶斯网络在水电机组状态检修中的应用

讨论了水电机组状态检修系统的一般结构，利用贝叶斯网络的理论与建模方法，将水电机组的故障诊断与维修决策相结合，实现了诊断为维修服务。基于效用理论，结合贝叶斯网络模型，提出了维修与试验的优化策略，并通过一个简单模型的建模与计算，表明了基于贝叶斯网络的水电机组状态检修系统所具有的独特优点。最后分析了其存在的不足和需要改进的方面，提出了今后的研究重点。     

Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change Using a Reservoir Management Tool to a Northern Watershed: Application to Lièvre River Watershed,Quebec, Canada

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of climate change (CC) on the management of the three reservoirs in the Lièvre River watershed and to investigate adaptation strategies to CC. To accomplish this objective, a reservoir management tool was developed. The tool integrates: hydrological ensemble streamflow predictions; a stochastic optimization model; a neural network model; and a water balance model. Five climate projections from a regional climate model, under current (1961–2000) and future (2041–2070) climate scenarios, were used. Adjustments to the reservoirs operating rules were used as an adaptation strategy to limit flooding in the watershed and also in the Montreal Archipelago located downstream of the watershed. A number of constraints in the reservoirs of the Lièvre watershed are related to summer recreational activities, which would start earlier in future climate. Modifications of these constraints were simulated to take into account socio-economic impacts of climate change on reservoirs operation. Results show that greater quantities of water would have to be stored in the Lièvre River watershed in the future, to decrease the risk of flooding in the Montreal Archipelago. The reservoir located at the downstream end of the watershed would be more vulnerable and its reliability may decrease in the future. Adaptation measures reduced the inter-annual variability of the reservoir level under future climate conditions. The reservoir management tool is an example of a no-regrets strategy, as it will contribute to improve the tools currently available to manage the reservoirs of the Lièvre River watershed.     

Efficiency of a turbidity-based, real-time control strategy applied to a retention tank: a simulation study

This paper compares several real-time control (RTC) strategies for a generic configuration consisting of a storage tank with two overflow facilities. Two of the strategies only make use of flow rate data, while the third also introduces turbidity data in order to exercise dynamic control between two overflow locations. The efficiency of each strategy is compared over a wide range of system setups, described by two parameters. This assessment is performed by simulating the application of control strategies to actual measurements time series recorded on two sites. Adding turbidity measurements into an RTC strategy leads to a significant reduction in the annual overflow pollutant load. The pollutant spills spared by such a control strategy strongly depend on the site and on the flow rate based strategy considered as a reference. With the datasets used in this study, values ranging from 5 to 50% were obtained.