A rationale for using local and regional point rainfall data for design and analysis of urban storm drainage systems

The Danish measuring network for high-resolution rainfall data consists of approximately 70 tipping bucket rain gauges of which 41 have been operated for more than 10 years. The gauges are separated by one to 300 km and cover an area of 43,000 km2. Significant geographical variations of extreme rainfall characteristics have been observed. Part of these variations can be explained by correlation with the mean annual rainfall and the existence of a metropolitan effect in the Greater Copenhagen area. The remaining variation may be attributed to sampling errors and small-scale spatial variations close to the gauges. Engineering methodologies all require rain data of some kind, ranging from design storms based on idf-curves for use in simple calculations to high-resolution time series for use in detailed simulation studies. A comprehensive regional analysis was carried out to account for the geographical variation and to improve estimation for large return periods exceeding the actual length of the measured time series. Ideally, rainfall data used as input to urban drainage calculations should always be based on regional rain information. Regional design storms can be made readily available based on theory developed in this study. However, a satisfactory framework for generating synthetic rain series from regional rain information is not yet available. Thus, there will still be a need for using historical rain series in the near future. To improve the basis for choosing representative historical rain series all the Danish gauges have been classified according to their deviations from the regional distribution.     

优化Z—R关系及其在北京地区面雨量估测中的应用

运用最优化方法,选取北京市新一代天气雷达2007年5场降雨的基数据资料与对应的地面雨量计资料进行Z—R关系研究,对比由雨量计观测值和雷达估测值插值得到的面雨量分布情况。结果表明：采用缺省的Z—R关系估算出的区域面雨量普遍偏小很多,优化后雷达估测的雨强分布与雨量站点测量的雨强分布更接近,且雷达定量估测区域面雨量的精度有了...     

基准降水对GPM数据精度的影响——以南京“20170610”极端降水事件为例

现有文献多采用两种途径生成评价GPM等卫星遥感反演降水数据精度的基准资料：站点基准降水和插值基准降水，然而，关于基准资料生成方法对卫星降水数据精度的影响以及应优先采纳哪种基准资料尚缺乏深入研究。因此，本文以南京“20170610”极端降水事件为例，利用地面稠密雨量站的观测资料，设计了不同地表雨量站点密度下的随机抽取试验，解析了不同地表基准降水条件下IMERG Early、IMERG Late和GSMaP NOW三种GPM数据的精度特征。结果发现，基准降水对GPM数据精度的影响与雨量要素、数据类型、指标类型、站点密度有关。进一步以高超密度站点插值降水作为“真实”降水，量化了不同站点密度条件下两种基准降水的误差，发现对于24 h累积雨量和逐小时降水过程，存在一定的雨量站点平均密度临界值。若雨量站点密度高于该临界值，以插值降水为基准评价GPM数据的精度更合理，否则采用插值降水和站点降水为基准均可。本文研究深化了对GPM降水数据误差特性的认识，可为合理选取评估卫星降水数据的地表基准数据生成方法提供参考。     

The effect of climate change on urban drainage: an evaluation based on regional climate model simulation.

That we are in a period of extraordinary rates of climate change is today evident. These climate changes are likely to impact local weather conditions with direct impacts on precipitation patterns and urban drainage. In recent years several studies have focused on revealing the nature, extent and consequences of climate change on urban drainage and urban runoff pollution issues. This study uses predictions from a regional climate model to look at the effects of climate change on extreme precipitation events. Results are presented in terms of point rainfall extremes. The analysis involves three steps: Firstly, hourly rainfall intensities from 16 point rain gauges are averaged to create a rain gauge equivalent intensity for a 25 x 25 km square corresponding to one grid cell in the climate model. Secondly, the differences between present and future in the climate model is used to project the hourly extreme statistics of the rain gauge surface into the future. Thirdly, the future extremes of the square surface area are downscaled to give point rainfall extremes of the future. The results and conclusions rely heavily on the regional model's suitability in describing extremes at timescales relevant to urban drainage. However, in spite of these uncertainties, and others raised in the discussion, the tendency is clear: extreme precipitation events effecting urban drainage and causing flooding will become more frequent as a result of climate change.     

分布式水文模型结合雷达测雨用于三峡区间的洪水预报

长江三峡区间因暴雨形成的洪水峰高量大, 对三峡水库防洪安全和运行调度的影响不容忽视。依据三峡地区的地形地貌特征,采用基于 GIS的分布式水文模型来模拟区间洪水过程,以尽量减小洪水预报中的不确定性。研究表明 ,降雨信息缺失是洪水预报不确定性的主要来源,尤其是在雨量站稀疏的山区,雨量站观测 的降雨信息难以充分表征降雨空间变化。为此,进一步尝试利用雷达测雨数据作为分布式水 文模型的输入,通过对2个小流域的示例研究,结果表明雷达测雨能捕获降雨的空间分布, 它与分布式水文模型相结合,是提高洪水预报精度的有效途径之一。     

雨量站网分布对雨量插值算法及径流响应的影响

为比较雨量站网密度及分布对不同空间插值算法的影响,选取6种雨量站密度的不同分布,采用4种空间插值算法对研究区2006—2014年的日降雨进行插值,并将面均雨量作为新安江模型的输入,分析和比较其降雨径流响应。结果表明:①雨量站网空间分布越均匀,降雨插值误差越小,其径流模拟的精度也越高;②在雨量站网均匀布置的情况下,各空间插值算法的插值结果差异较小;雨量站网布置不均匀时,站点数目越少各空间插值算法插值结果差异越大;③计算点雨量时,考虑空间变量的克里金法能更准确地计算日降雨的结果;计算面雨量时,不同插值算法间差异较小,建议选用计算简便的插值算法,比如泰森多边形、反距离权重法。     

Roman water law in rural Africa: the unfinished business of colonial dispossession

This study reviews combined rainfall observation using both radar and rain gauges. Sampling error theory is introduced and applied to an evaluation of the rain gauge network of the upstream region of the Imjin River Basin in North Korea. Under the assumption that the Ganghwa Radar is properly calibrated, an additional 13 rain gauges (including the eight that are currently in operation) is deemed sufficient to secure the quality of rainfall observation with 37 rain gauges without radar.     

旧州水文站自动测报与人工观测降水量对比分析

介绍了翻斗式雨量计和普通式雨量计使用原理,主要就自动测报系统降水量与人工观测降水量进行对比分析,从仪器本身误差、人为误差、安装位置等不同方面对降水存在的误差进行分析,以利于更好发挥系统作用。     

水利行业地下水监测系统水位埋深数据质量评估与对比

目前,我国水利行业有人工报送(人工站)和自动传输(自动站)两套地下水监测数据.地下水监测数据对展现地下水动态分布特征和提供超采治理依据起着重要作用,因此,对地下水水位埋深监测数据进行质量评估与对比具有重要意义.基于2800个人工站和10298个自动站的2018年同期地下水水位埋深资料,采用统计学方法,从完整性、合理性、...     

基于雨滴谱仪的降雨雨滴特征分析

利用雨滴谱仪对2019年5—10月和2020年6—7月的雨滴特性进行分析,并与实验场内0.1mm和0.5mm分辨率的雨量计观测数据对比,得到雨滴到达地面时的尾速、直径及其两者之间的关系特征,并探究不同雨强范围雨滴直径的分布情况.结果表明:2019年5—10月出现频率最高的是0.5 mm左右直径雨滴,占比超过20％,0....     

Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Variability of Rainfall in a Mountainous Basin in the Himalayan Region

The average distribution of precipitation provides essential input for understanding the hydrological process. The role of complex topography in mountainous basins makes the spatial distribution of precipitation different than the plain areas. Besides the rugged topography, the Himalayan basins also face the problem of limited physical accessibility and data availability. In this study, seasonal and annual distribution of rainfall with elevation and distance from the lower most station (Akhnoor) has been studied for the Chenab basin (western Himalayas). The study basin covers all the three ranges i.e. outer, middle and greater Himalayas. The rainfall stations are grouped into windward and leeward categories. The trends of spatial distribution of rainfall are discussed in detail. Attempts are also made to investigate the impact of reduced network on the mean annual rainfall of the Chenab basin. A reduction in rain gauges from 42 to 19 has resulted in an increase in the estimate of mean annual rainfall by 14% with respect to the estimate obtained using 42 stations network.     

Empirical and theoretical assessment of the wind induced error of rain measurement

The computational fluid dynamics and the simulation of precipitation trajectories was applied to assess the wind induced error of precipitation measurements using the Hellmann gauge. The results agree well with the empirical correction formula for the same gauge type derived from field data obtained from inter comparison measurements of paired Hellmann elevated and pit gauges in Les Avants (982m asl), Switzerland. This means that correction procedures can be derived for any type of gauge using the theoretical approach instead of the empirical one. The computational and empirical results fit a model which uses the intensity of rain as an independent variable and produces a set of one parameter curves (wind speed) with increasing threshold value of intensity for increasing wind speed. Below the threshold values the wind-induced error increases quickly with decreasing intensity of precipitation; above it the increase is slow.     

念青唐古拉山南坡夏季降水梯度观测

利用在念青唐古拉山脉西段南坡沿海拔架设的10个翻斗式自记雨量计2006年至2008年的夏季风降水记录,分析了不同海拔降水的年际年内和日变化特征.结果表明该地区夏季降水的海拔梯度效应明显,高海拔降水日过程和低海拔差异显著,最大降水高度位于山坡上部的5 100 m附近.     

中国融合降水产品在太行山区的质量评估

山区地形复杂,气象站点稀少导致降水实测资料匮乏,卫星降水产品是实测资料的有效补充。以太行山区为研究区,采用国家气象站点观测降水为基准数据,通过连续评价指标(R、RMSE、RB)和分类统计指标(POD、FAR、CSI)对国家气象信息中心研制的中国区融合降水产品进行质量评估,并探讨海拔、坡度和坡向与产品表现的关系。结果表明:融合降水产品与地面实测数据之间有着良好的相关性(R>0.7),但相比原始产品相对偏差和均方根误差仍较大。在降水探测能力上,融合产品提升明显,全序列站点日降水命中率达到0.65,误报率为0.33,特别是对夏季降水的探测精度更高(POD=0.76,FAR=0.32,CSI=0.56)。海拔对融合前后的产品精度有显著(p<0.05)的影响,回归分析显示,在20°~30°的坡度范围存在产品表现的拐点,融合前后降水产品均在南坡表现较差。融合降水产品在经过地面观测数据的校正之后,降水产品精度和降水捕捉能力都有显著的提升,能够较为准确地反映太行山区的降水分布特征。     

中等排放情景下中国未来不同强度降雨变化及其对总降雨贡献的预估(2006—2100 年)

为探究中国整体和不同区域的不同强度降雨雨量及其对总降雨雨量贡献率的变化趋势,采用ＲCP6. 0 中等排放情景下 2006—2100 年 WＲF 30 km × 30 km 日值降水数据,根据中国气象局颁布的降水强度等级划分标准进行研究。结果表明: ( 1) 在降雨雨量上,中等排放情景下 2006—2100 年中国小雨减少,强降雨增加。在降雨雨量贡献率上,小雨和中雨对总降雨的贡献率呈减少趋势,其他五种强降雨对总降雨的贡献率在增加,说明强降雨增加,降雨朝着极端化方向发展。暴雨对总暴雨的贡献率呈增加趋势,而大暴雨和特大暴雨对总暴雨的贡献率呈减少趋势,总暴雨对总降雨贡献率的增加是由于暴雨的增加起了关键作用。( 2) 在不同分区上,北方、东北和西藏地区不同强度降雨均呈增加趋势; 东南和西南地区除小雨外均呈增加趋势; 西北东部地区仅小雨、大暴雨和特大暴雨呈增加趋势;西北西部地区仅小雨、中雨和总降雨呈增加趋势。在降雨雨量贡献率上,北方和西藏地区除小雨外均呈增加趋势; 东北、东南和西南地区除小雨和中雨外均呈增加趋势; 西北东部地区仅小雨呈增加趋势; 西北西部地区仅小雨和中雨呈增加趋势。( 3) 在不同强度暴雨对总暴雨贡献率上,七大分区中的特大暴雨对总暴雨的贡献率除西北西部变化趋势不显著外,其他分区均呈不同程度的增加趋势。所得成果为类似研究提供参考。     

Quantifying the Uncertainty Interaction Between the Model Input and Structure on Hydrological Processes

Input error is one of the main sources of uncertainty in hydrological models. It mainly comes from the uncertainty of precipitation data, which is caused by inaccurate measurement at the point scale and imperfect representation at the regional scale. The structural error of the hydrological model is dependent on the input, and the uncertainty interaction between the model input and structural will increase the cumulative error of the hydrological process. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of the uncertainties of rain gauge station input levels and hydrological models on flows with different magnitudes by setting nine input levels of rain gauge stations using three hydrological models (i.e., HyMod, XAJ and HBV). The variance decomposition method based on subsampling was used to dynamically quantify the contribution rates of rain gauge station input levels, hydrological models, and their interaction to the runoff simulation uncertainty. The results show that different rain gauge station input levels and hydrological models dynamically affected the hydrological simulation due to an uneven spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation. Moreover, the simulation accuracy was poor at low flow but better at high flow. Increasing the number of rainfall stations input under a certain threshold could significantly improve the hydrological simulation accuracy. In addition, the contributions of the uncertainties of the rain gauge station input levels and its interaction with the hydrological model to runoff were significantly enhanced in the flood season, but the contribution of the hydrological model uncertainty was still dominant. The results of this study can provide a decision-making basis and scientific guidance for the management and planning of water resources within basins under the influence of a changing environment.

     

遥测雨量站网的布设与合理性论证

遥测雨量站网的布设是水情自动测报系统建设中一项重要的工作,应使拟定的遥测站网密度恰当,分布合理。根据遥测雨量站布设原则,分析有资料和无资料流域2种情况下雨量站的布设。并根据实际经验,结合实例,分别以面雨量和以流量精度作为目标函数,对水情自动测报系统遥测雨量站网的布设及合理性进行分析论证。在实际应用中,应根据工程特点,结合流域雨洪特点、现有站网和预报模型综合确定雨量布设站网。     

Development of Design Hyetographs for Ungauged Sites Using an Approach Combining PCA,SOM and Kriging Methods

A design hyetograph represents the temporal distribution of rainfall intensity associated with a return period. The choice of the design hyetograph will have a significant influence on the shape and peak value of the hydrograph. Hence, the determination of design hyetographs is an important task in the hydrologic designs. In this paper, an approach is proposed to develop design hyetographs for ungauged sites. The proposed approach is composed of four steps: principal component analysis (PCA), self-organizing map (SOM)-based clustering, region delineation, and kriging-based construction. Firstly, PCA is applied to obtain the principal components of the design hyetographs. Then the transformed data resulting from PCA and the three geographic characters of the gauges are used as input data to the SOM, which is applied to group the rain gauges into specific clusters. Thirdly, the regions for these clusters are delineated and then the regions map is made. Finally, the design hyetographs for ungauged sites is constructed by using the kriging method. The proposed approach is applied to estimate the design hyetographs of ungauged sites in Taiwan. For comparison with the proposed approach, three other approaches are executed. Four gauges are treated as ungauged and the three approaches are used to construct the design hyetographs. The results show that accurate estimated design hyetographs can be obtained by the proposed approach. Cross-validation tests further have been performed to examine the stability and the accuracy of these approaches. Again, the results indicate that the proposed approach is more accurate and stable than the other approaches. Overall, the results demonstrate that the proposed approach is useful to develop design hyetographs for ungauged sites.     

Influence of systematic errors from tipping bucket rain gauges on recorded rainfall data

Tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR) are widely used in urban hydrology. The present study investigated the uncertainties in recorded rainfall intensity induced by the following properties of the TBR: depth resolution i.e. the bucket volume, calibration parameters, wetting and evaporation losses and the method of data recording (time between tips or tips per minute). The errors were analysed by means of a TBR simulator i.e. a simulation program that models the behaviour of a TBR. Rainfall data disaggregated to 6 seconds from measured 1-min data and randomly varied were taken as input to the simulator. Different TBR data series were produced by changing the properties of the simulated rain gauge. These data series together with the original rainfall events were used as input to a rainfall-runoff model. Computed overflow volume and peak discharge from a combined sewer overflow (CSO) weir were compared. Errors due to depth resolution (i.e. the bucket size) proved to be small. Therefore TBRs with a depth resolution up to 0.254 mm can be used in urban hydrology without inducing significant errors. Wetting and evaporation losses caused small errors. The method of data recording had also little influence. For larger bucket volumes variable time step recording induced smaller errors than tips per minute recording.     

JDZ05-1型雨量数据采集器在降雨观测中的应用

简要介绍JDZ05-1型雨量数据采集器的工作性能,对JDZ05-1型雨量数据采集器与20 cm口径的(普通雨量器和自记雨量计)对比观测的雨量资料进行了回归分析,得出了各雨量站JDZ05-1型雨量数据采集器与普通雨量器、自记雨量计收集的雨量资料之间的相关性,从而揭示相关性的换算变化规律。