太子河沉积物重金属污染地积累指数法评价

沿太子河布置34个采样断面,取沉积物样品对其重金属（Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd）含量进行检测和分析,并应用地积累指数法对太子河沉积物重金属污染进行了评价。结果表明：太子河上游断面（本溪市区段和葠窝水库部分断面）沉积物中重金属含量较高;Cd的污染偏重,Cu和Pb其次,Zn无污染;与10年前相比,太子河本溪市区段重金属污染程度有所缓解。     

Accumulation of Contaminant Metals in the Amphipod Diporeia spp. in Western Lake Ontario

Sediment and amphipods (Diporeia spp.) were collected in areas in western Lake Ontario suspected of containing a range of sediment metal contents. The total metal contents (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Fe, V, and Zn) of depurated Diporeia tissues were measured and compared to the total metal contents of the surrounding sediment. The fractional bioavailability of As, Cu, Fe, and Zn was determined in those same sediments using a sequential chemical extraction (SCE) procedure and correlated with depurated Diporeia tissue metal contents. Results of these analyses were then used to assess the ability of Diporeia to accumulate sediment metal contamination. A comparison of metal biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) and sediment metal enrichment factors (EFs) for each metal yielded separate metal groups showing different behavior for tissue accumulation. Aluminum, Cr, Fe, Ni, and V were not enriched in the sediments and were not accumulated in Diporeia tissues, while As, Cd, Cu, and Zn were enriched in the sediments and accumulated in Diporeia tissues. SCE results showed that Cu (3.2 to 8.4 %) and Zn (13 to 19 %) contents in the easily extractable sediment fractions (MgCl₂ and Na-acetate) were significantly correlated with Cu (r = 0.86; P<0.01) and Zn (r = 0.69; P<0.05) contents in depurated Diporeia tissue. In addition, Cu and Zn in Diporeia tissues are also correlated to the total sediment metal content for each respective metal (Cu: r = 0.67, P < 0.05; Zn: r = 0.66, P < 0.05). The high BSAFs for Cu and Zn, in combination with the association of tissue metal contents with easily extracted sediment metal fractions, suggest that Diporeia may be a potential bioindicator for Cu and Zn contamination in sediments.     

灌河口水域水文泥沙与环境生态研究

灌河口自然条件的复杂性及大型整治工程的实施导致该河口海洋水文与海洋环境生态要素发生了一定的时空变化，相关研究时间跨度亦比较大。对1980年以来灌河及其邻近海域的工程环境海洋学和环境生态学领域的研究成果进行了较为系统的整理归纳，并结合2007年的实测水文资料对研究区域内的一些问题进行了探讨。结果表明，在潮差沿程变化、潮流流速的大小潮变化、河口锋面、整治工程导致的泥沙输移、污染物入海量及口外水环境容量、环境生态动力学、沉积物重金属含量和浮游生物的时空变化及其与口外大型整治工程的关系等多个领域尚需进一步研究。     

Contamination and toxicity trends for sediments — Case of the Elbe river

The paper deals with sediment studies in the Upper and Middle Elbe between 1991 and 1996. Hydrological and seasonal factors are discussed with respect to trends in sediment contamination. An investigation programme is described including periodical measurements of inorganic and organic pollutants at monitoring stations as well as in-depth case studies. In these studies reference sites represent background conditions. Heavily contaminated reaches are taken as the worst case scenario. An integrated approach is applied combining chemical and ecotoxicological investigations. Factors are defined which must be taken into account in order to draw reliable conclusions for sediment quality. Contamination trends and trends in sediment toxicity are derived for the river Elbe.     

Assessment of sediment quality and pore water ecotoxicity in Kebir Rhumel basin (NE-Algeria): a combined approach

The objectives of this study are to use different approaches to assess the current pollution status in the wadis of the Kebir Rhumel basin. First, sediment trace metal contents were measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Then, sediment quality was assessed on the basis of contamination assessment indexes such as: Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination factor (C(f)), Contamination degree (C(d)), Sediment Pollution Index (SPI) and SEQ guidelines (Consensus Sediment Quality Guidelines). In addition, several toxicity tests (Daphnia magna mobility inhibition acute test-48 h, Aliivibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition acute test - 15/30 mn and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata growth inhibition chronic test - 72 h) were conducted to assess sediment pore water ecotoxicity. Trace metal concentrations followed the order: Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. Indexes used indicate varying degrees of sediment quality. Igeo, C(f), C(d) and SPI reveal a polymetallic contamination dominated by two or more elements in which Cd, Cu and Pb are of greatest concern. SEQ guidelines showed that biological effects on fauna would likely be observed occasionally and/or frequently for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn contents. Test organisms exposed to sediment pore water showed that the algal P. subcapitata test was more sensitive than the D. magna and A. fischeri tests. Hence, algal growth inhibition proved to be the most sensitive response to contaminants present in sediment extracts but a significant relationship with trace metal contents was not demonstrated.     

Monitoring and assessment of oil pollution in the Danube River during the transnational Joint Danube Survey.

An extensive river basin monitoring exercise of 2581 km of the river Danube was carried out in 2001 under of the aegis of the transnational Joint Danube Survey (JDS). Water, suspended and bottom sediment, and biota samples were collected from 76 cross-sections in the Danube main stream and 22 major tributaries during the 39-day cruise, and analysed for chemical and biological variables. During the JDS, oil pollution was characterised with GC-FID and fluorescence measurements. Fluorescence fingerprints of the cyclohexane extracts of water, suspended and bottom sediment samples allowed characterization and quantification of the type and level of oil pollution. The results revealed that the oil pollution in the water varied in the range 1-300 microg/l. Gasoline type contamination was found at the higher concentration levels and diesel oil type in the lower concentrations. Oil contamination was similar in the suspended and bottom sediment (the less than 63 microm grain-size fraction) and varied between 2-140 mg/kg. A higher contamination level was found along the middle Danube reach. The highest concentrations were observed in the suspended sediment upstream of the Danube delta. Weathered crude oil characteristics were observed in the upper Danube basin, whereas between crude and diesel oil characteristics were dominant along most of the middle and the lower Danube reaches.     

Baseline assessment of metals and hydrocarbons in the sediments of Lake Mulwala, Australia

An assessment of hydrocarbon and metal/metalloids (arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, zinc) contamination in sediments from Lake Mulwala, Australia, was undertaken. The objectives of the study were: (i) to determine the extent of contamination in the lake sediments, compared to Australian and international sediment quality guidelines, and (ii) to attempt to identify the contaminant sources to the lake. With the exception of a few samples containing elevated levels of arsenic and/or mercury, the levels of all contaminants in the sediment samples taken from the lake were below the ‘lower trigger’ of the Australian Sediment Quality Guidelines that would warrant further investigation. High molecular weight hydrocarbons (up to 700 mg kg⁻¹) were found in most sediment samples. Non‐metric statistical analysis indicated that the contaminant distribution was different in different parts of the lake, with the lowest concentrations generally found at the influent to the lake. No definitive source(s) of contamination could be identified for either metalloids or hydrocarbons.     

The Elbe flood in August 2002--occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and dioxin-like PCB in suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediment and fish.

As a result of extreme precipitation in August 2002 major flooding occurred in the catchment area of the rivers Elbe, Vltava (Moldau) and Mulde. Pollutants from industrial sites and from municipal sewage treatment works (STW) entered the Elbe and led to a serious pollution problem in the river. PCDD/F concentrations (in pg WHO-TEQ/g dw) in SPM ranged from 7-150, in sediments from 3-140; the "safe sediment value" of 20 was exceeded in 46% of the samples. 24 eels showed a wide concentration variation for these contaminants. The WHO-PCDD/F+PCB-TEQ values lay in the range from 11-56 pg/g ww, whereby the WHO-PCB-TEQ values were several times higher than the WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ values. The maximum permitted value of 4 pg WHO-PCDD/F/g ww (EU Directive No. 2375/2001) was reached or exceeded in 54% of the individuals. A statistical analysis using data from SPM and sediment samples showed that in the Czech river section the flooding activated a contamination source in the vicinity of the Spolana works. The influence of the tributary Mulde could be clearly demonstrated. Only a major clean-up of the contaminated sites in Bitterfeld can lead to a mid to long term improvement in respect of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB input into the Elbe.     

Enrichment and geoaccumulation of metals in the superficial sediments of Lake Chivero,Zimbabwe

Sediments act as a sink, being an integrator and an amplifier for metals in rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Thus, sediment quality has been recognized as an important indicator of aquatic pollution. The concentrations of aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and sodium (Na) were studied in the surface sediments of Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe, to determine metal accumulation, distribution, pollution status and to distinguish natural background metal levels from human pollution sources. Sediment samples were collected from 17 locations during a two‐year (2014–2015) monitoring period during the hot–dry, hot–wet and cool–dry seasons. The overall mean metal concentrations exhibited the following decreasing order: Fe > Al>Mn > Ca>K > Mg>Na. The Mn levels for all sites and seasons were above the severe effect level (SEL). The highest metal and enrichment factor (EF) values were observed for the hot–wet season, indicating the period when the reservoir received the highest metal pollution from its catchment. The Geochemical index (I_geo) values for Mn for all seasons indicated moderately to strong contamination in sediments. The pollution load index (PLI) for all seasons indicated low pollution levels. Sediment contamination was attributed to natural sources for Al, Na and K and anthropogenic sources for Fe, Ca, Mg and Mn. The levels of studied metals in the Lake Chivero sediments are comparable to other eutrophic lentic systems. The results of the present study provide baseline information necessary for developing future metal pollution control strategies for Lake Chivero and its catchment.     

Sediment Contamination in Lake Erie: A 25-Year Retrospective Analysis

Lake Erie sediment surveys were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to characterize spatial and temporal trends in contamination and for comparison with historical levels to assess the degree of improvement in environmental quality since the advent of measures to reduce impacts from sources. These surveys were also designed to assist in identification of possible sources of contamination and areas where contamination exceeded Canadian sediment quality guidelines for protection of aquatic biota. Encouragingly, lakewide contaminant concentrations were found to have significantly decreased from levels observed in samples collected in 1971 in previous Environment Canada surveys. The lakewide average polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) sediment concentrations decreased from 136 ng/g in 1971 to 43 ng/g in 1997. This decreasing temporal trend was also evidenced by contaminant profiles of core samples from all three major basins. There was a lakewide spatial trend in increasing sediment contamination from the eastern basin to the western basin, and from the north-central basin to the south-central basin. Sediments in many areas of Lake Erie still exceeded Canadian Federal and Provincial sediment quality guidelines. However, exceedences of sediment guidelines describing contaminated environments in 1997/98 were largely restricted to the western basin and the southern portion of the central basin. Exceedences of Canadian Sediment Quality probable effects guidelines were most numerous for dioxins and furans (40%) followed by mercury (6%). The Canadian threshold effects guideline for PCBs (34.1 ng/g) and the Provincial lowest effect guideline (70 ng/g) were exceeded at 52% and 22% of the sites, respectively. Mercury, PCBs and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans are responsible for fish consumption advisories in Lake Erie.     

包头市地下水重金属污染分布特征及来源分析

为了查明包头市地下水质量与污染状况,在包头市采集地下水样品33组、地表水样品4组,对其重金属Cr、Cd、Hg、Pb和As等指标进行了测试分析。据此,运用水化学、环境地球化学、环境质量评价和污染评价等理论和方法,分析了该区地下水重金属含量分布、污染程度及来源。结果表明,包头市四区地下水均受到不同程度重金属的污染,其中东河区地下水重金属元素检出、超标点均为最多,污染程度最大;5种重金属元素检出率由高到低依次为Pb>As>Cd>Cr6+,按污染程度由高到低依次为Pb>Cr6+>As>Cd。通过对涉重企业废水排放资料、土壤重金属和地表水(污水)测试结果分析可得,工业废水排放是地下水重金属污染主要物质来源。相关性分析结果表明地下水中Cd与Pb存在显著相关性,二者可能具有同源性。     

ASTER卫星影像在太湖水质空间分异分析中的应用

利用ASTER卫星影像针对太湖的部分水域水质进行研究,首先根据夏季与影像同期太湖水体主要为竺山湖水域和梅梁湖水域中的水质实测数据,进行聚类分析和主成分分析,发现太湖水体主要受到悬浮物和藻类物质的污染,其他污染指标与它们之间存在着紧密的联系,所以针对水质的遥感分析也以这两类污染指标为主。对太湖的部分水域水质的遥感影像进行处理,用水体指数掩膜将水体从背景中分离,监督分类将水体按污染物成分与含量不同分成6类:近岸水(相对干净水体)、泥沙污染(泥沙较多)、泥沙和藻类混合、混沙水(泥沙少量)、混藻水(藻类少量)和藻类污染(藻类较多)。分类的总精度为84.796 5%,Kappa系数为0.817 4,统计出各污染类型水域的面积,发现太湖的污染物主要为泥沙类,其次为藻类。在太湖沿岸水域受泥沙污染较严重,且具有一定的扩散趋势;太湖中、东部受藻类的污染较严重。用NDVI提取藻类污染区,结果与监督分类的相符。最后结合遥感图像水体周围状况以及实际统计资料对太湖水质的污染成因作了分析。     

Dioxin,dioxin-like PCBs and organotin compounds in the river Elbe and the Hamburg harbour: Identification of sources

Using neural networks (in this case the Kohonen network) and a multivariate statistical method - the hierarchical cluster analysis -, a classification of dioxin data has been carried out. A principal conclusion, which can be drawn, is that a significant source of dioxin in the river Elbe, Hamburg harbour, the soils of the flood plains of the river Elbe and in soils originating from dredging materials, has been shown to originate from the dioxin contaminated region of Bitterfeld. The results indicate that the dioxin contamination in the Bitterfeld region was caused partly by metallurgy processes, not just by chemical production. Furthermore, the results show that a main dioxin source responsible for the contamination of Hamburg surface waters, not influenced by the river Elbe, is of “thermal origin”. The river Elbe shows a characteristic butyltin pattern. The cause is probably a plant in Bitterfeld. The precise sources of the dioxin-like PCB are still unknown.     

Effect of bed roughness on grain-size distribution in an open channel flow

Grain-size distributions of suspended load were studied in a laboratory flume over five sediment beds having different values of bed roughness at three different flow velocities. The experiments had been performed to investigate the influence of bed roughness, flow velocity and suspension height on the grain-size distribution in suspension. This study focuses on the determination of the proportionality parameter β_n in suspension which is the ratio of sediment diffusion coefficient to the momentum diffusion coefficient of the nth grain-size class. An empirical equation for β_n has been proposed which is valid for a wide range of normalizing settling velocity of sediment particles and bed roughness. Also, the bed roughness effect is studied on the parameter β for total concentration in suspension and on the reference concentration, which is very important in suspension studies. The Rouse equation with modified β_n and β was surveyed to know the grain-size distribution and total concentration in suspension that agreed well when compared with the experimental data.     

Assessing Contamination in Great Lakes Sediments Using Benthic Invertebrate Communities and the Sediment Quality Triad Approach

Sediments in many Great Lakes harbors and tributary rivers are contaminated. As part of the USEPA's Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediment (ARCS) program, a number of studies were conducted to determine the nature and extent of sediment contamination in Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOC). This paper describes the composition of benthic invertebrate communities in contaminated sediments and is one in a series of papers describing studies conducted to evaluate sediment toxicity from three AOC's (Buffalo River, NY; Indiana Harbor, IN; Saginaw River, MI), as part of the ARCS Program. Oligochaeta (worms) and Chironomidae (midge) comprised over 90% of the benthic invertebrate numbers in samples collected from depositional areas. Worms and midge consisted of taxa identified as primarily contaminant tolerant organisms. Structural deformities of mouthparts in midge larvae were pronounced in many of the samples. Good concurrence was evident between measures of laboratory toxicity, sediment contaminant concentration, and benthic invertebrate community composition in extremely contaminated samples. However, in moderately contaminated samples, less concordance was observed between the benthos community composition and either laboratory toxicity test results or sediment contaminant concentration. Laboratory sediment toxicity tests may better identify chemical contamination in sediments than many commonly used measures of benthic invertebrate community composition. Benthic measures may also reflect other factors such as habitat alteration. Evaluation of non-contaminant factors are needed to better interpret the response of benthic invertebrates to sediment contamination.     

泥沙的分形表面和分形吸附模型

天然水体中泥沙对污染物的吸附过程对水质影响很大，己成为环境水力学研究领域中的热点问题之一。尽管采用分形理论分析泥沙颗粒表面现象方面取得了许多进展，但泥沙颗粒的分 维与污染物的吸附解吸的热力学和动力学特征之间的关系尚不清楚。针对这一问题，本文首 先介绍了分形几何学的基本概念、分形维数的定义以及分形表面的维数测定方法。并应用分形几何原理，从理论上推导出具有分形表面泥沙的分形吸附方程。这一方程与Freundlich等温吸附方程和Langmuir等温吸附方程相比更具有普遍意义。     

长江入海悬移质泥沙粒度与流量、含沙量的关系

以大通站为例,用回归分析的方法研究了长江入海悬移质泥沙的粒度特征。结果表明,无论是各年年内变化、多年平均的年内变化、还是历年变化,入海悬移质泥沙粒度均随流量增加而变粗,表明水动力条件对长江入海悬移质泥沙粒度特性具有明显的控制作用。入海悬移质泥沙粒度随含沙量的变化多数年份随含沙量增加而先增后减,少数年份随含沙量增加而增大,年内变化的总趋势是随含沙量增加而先增后减;历年变化则随含沙量增加而先减后增,这些变化行为与水动力条件和泥沙供应有关。     

长江口南支边滩悬沙级配的现场与室内观测结果的比较分析

根据2005年6月在长江口南支边滩的现场悬沙级配观测数据和悬沙水样的室内粒度分析数据,对分散状态与未分散状态下的悬沙级配的时空分布特征、絮团对悬沙级配的影响及其现场含量等进行了研究。室内粒度分析结果表明,在颗粒分散条件下,悬沙组成较细,以粉砂和粘土为主,悬沙级配的时间和空间变化较小;悬沙级配有明显的垂向分布规律,平均粒径等在垂向上呈线性分布。现场观测结果显示,在颗粒未分散条件下,悬沙组成较粗,粒径大于63μm和4~63μm的颗粒是悬沙的主要成分,悬沙级配在潮周期内变化显著。对比表明,悬沙级配的现场与室内观测结果差异显著,前者明显粗于后者,絮凝作用是造成差异的主因,絮团在现场悬沙中的含量估计超过60%,絮凝作用能够使参加和不参加絮凝作用的泥沙颗粒在絮凝前、后的体积含量发生明显改变。絮团与流速和悬沙浓度的关系复杂,在潮周期内的部分时段里,悬沙平均粒径与流速和悬沙浓度存在较好的线性关系。     

水动力作用下太湖底泥的再悬浮通量

对太湖梅梁湾水体开展了两次野外实验,利用沉积物捕获器收集沉积物,研究了太湖悬浮物的沉降特征,计算了悬浮物的沉降通量和再悬浮通量,并建立了其与风速的关系。结果表明：太湖无机颗粒沉降是悬浮物沉降的主要形式。太湖平均风速在8m/s以内时,总悬浮物、有机物颗粒和无机物颗粒的沉降通量和再悬浮通量均呈现随风速增大而增大的特性,风速大小直接影响悬浮物在垂向的分布及垂向的沉降通量分布,并且相关性较好。该结论说明Gansith公式法适合于计算太湖再悬浮通量。     

Enzymatic biodegradation of high molecular weight polymers in the sediment–water interface in the coastal river estuary

The level of activity of eight extracellular hydrolytic enzymes responsible for biodegradation of high molecular weight polymers in the water–sediment interface in the coastal river estuary was determined. The ranking order of the mean enzyme activity rates in the sediment–water interface was as follows: lipase > aminopeptidase > phosphatase > β‐glucosidase > α‐glucosidase > xylanase > chitinase > cellulase. The activity of the studied enzymes differed between various parts of the estuary. Each enzyme had its characteristic horizontal activity profile. Extracellular enzymatic activities were strongly influenced by the season. As a rule, tested enzymes showed their maximum hydrolytic activity during the vegetation period.