吉林市排污河底泥的污染状况及其生态风险评价

以吉林市排污河中底泥为主要研究对象,布置12个监测断面35个代表性采样点,采集并分析了河道内底泥样品中8种重金属及16种USEPA优先控制的多环芳烃的含量,并分别采用地质累积指数法(I_(geo))、潜在生态风险评价法(PERI)、沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)对排污河底泥中污染物进行了生态风险评价。结果表明,该排污河底泥中重金属及多环芳烃均不同程度超过松花江水系沉积物背景值,其中Hg、Pb、Cu、As、NAP、ANT超标倍数分别为87.5、10.2、6.18、5.90、115.6和228.5;I_(geo)显示Hg的生态风险最大,I_(geo)达到了5.82,而Cd和Ni的风险较小,这与PERI中Hg风险最大的结果一致;SQGs评价结果表明由重金属及多环芳烃引起的污染会产生生物毒性,且不利生物毒性将频繁发生;(3)以上结果说明,该排污河呈现以Hg为主要风险因子的重金属与多环芳烃复合污染现象,在今后应加强底泥监测和定期清淤,从而推动区域生态环境的治理与恢复。     

巢湖表层沉积物与环棱螺重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

以巢湖优势种淡水贝类——环棱螺与表层沉积物为研究对象,采用HNO_3-HF-HClO_4全消解法消解,然后使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)对二者重金属(Cd,Cr,Cu和Pb)的总量分布进行研究,同时运用潜在生态风险指数法及单因子污染指数法与均方根综合指数评价二者重金属风险。结果表明:巢湖沉积物均已受到了一定程度的重金属Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb污染,其中以Cd的潜在生态风险最大,而环棱螺中则以Pb和Cr为高风险元素;重金属的分布特征和相关性分析显示,巢湖沉积物中的重金属来源具有相似性,而环棱螺对重金属的积累因多种环境因素的综合作用,使得环棱螺体内的重金属来源不同。因此,在未来的巢湖环境治理过程中,可着重考虑对重金属Cd,Cr,Pb的治理,同时应加大对贝类等生物监测措施的应用。     

大燕河沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险分析

为了解大燕河表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险,对大燕河干流和支流沉积物重金属污染物进行了分析,并采用Hakanson生态危害指数法进行评价。结果表明,大燕河干流沉积物重金属含量明显高于支流,重金属含量高于广东省土壤背景值,Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg超出了土壤环境质量Ⅰ级标准。沉积物中重金属Cu、Cd的富集系数明显高于其他重金属,不同采样点重金属超出背景值的程度具有明显的差异性,呈现干流高于支流,下游高于上游的特征。沉积物中重金属具有极强的生态危害,各种重金属造成的平均生态危害程度由大到小依次为:CdHgCuAsPbZnNiCr,其潜在生态风险应引起足够的重视。     

河蚬扰动对不同质地沉积物中重金属生物有效性与毒性的影响

为探讨河蚬扰动对沉积物中重金属生物有效性与毒性的影响,制作重金属污染的不同质地沉积物(不同有机质含量和不同砂质含量)样品,采用室内模拟并借助间隙水平衡(Peeper)和薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)原位测定手段,试验研究了河蚬扰动作用下沉积物中重金属生物有效性以及毒性的变化特征。结果表明:河蚬扰动促进沉积物中重金属离子向上覆水释放,使上覆水中的Cd质量浓度增大了2%～12%,As增大了2%～198%;河蚬扰动使Cd、As的活性增大,在砂质沉积物中的活性大于有机质沉积物中的活性;河蚬扰动可促使沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物的含量降低,进而改变其对沉积物中亲硫金属的结合能力,增强了沉积物中重金属的毒性。     

竺山湖及太湖西沿岸北段的重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

对竺山湖及太湖西沿岸北段底泥沉积物中6种重金属Cd、As、Cr、Hg、Pb和Cu的质量比进行分析,结果表明,底泥沉积物中Cd、As、Cr、Hg、Pb和Cu的平均质量比分别为1.23 mg/kg、10.28 mg/kg、82.98 mg/kg、0.074 mg/kg、35.27 mg/kg和33.9 mg/kg,分别是各自背景值的4.6倍、1.1倍、1.0倍、0.7倍、2.2倍和1.8倍;底泥沉积物中重金属的垂向分布特点是:随底泥沉积物深度的增加,重金属质量比逐渐降低,并在底泥沉积物50 cm深处表现出明显的重金属质量比降低拐点。利用潜在生态风险指数法对竺山湖及太湖西沿岸北段的重金属生态风险进行评价,结果表明,该区域重金属生态风险值范围为34～444,平均值为117,太湖西沿岸大浦口区域的生态风险较大,Cd是生态风险的主要贡献元素。建议对竺山湖以及太湖西沿岸区大浦口区域Cd的污染进行必要的疏浚控制,疏浚深度在底泥50 cm深处,以有效去除该区域的Cd污染。     

Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Long-Term Polluted Sediments with Heavy Metals in Small Hydropower Cascade

The identification of contamination level and ecological risks, associated with heavy metal pollution of sediments in small hydropower cascade was done on the base of index analyses approach. The concentration of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, total organic carbon and percentage of fines were determined in sediments of two habitats in cascade sequence – river and dam. Correlation and multivariate analyses suggest that As, Cu, Pb and Zn are associated with similar anthropogenic source. Cadmium and mercury originate from different source and have specific moving. Based on the contamination and background indices the sediments in Middle Iskar cascade are moderate contaminated at least and are subject of intensive hydrological and technological mixing. The potential ecological risk index (PERI) classifies the sediments in dam site with the higher risk level. Suitable indicators for express assessment of metal pollution in “river” sediments are contamination/enrichment indices which are more sensitive for local concentration increase of less toxic metals. In “dam” sites the process of sedimentation affects strongly the degree of metals accumulation and differences in toxicity are clearly presented – PER/PERI in combination with content of fine sediment fractions and TOC have a potential for rapid identification of sediment-associated risks.     

海河流域中部表层沉积物中重金属分布特征及污染评价

为了解海河流域中部表层沉积物中重金属分布特征和污染现状,分别测定了17个采样点表层沉积物中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb共8种重金属元素质量比,并采用相关性分析法、富集系数法、地累积指数法分析其同源性、污染来源及污染程度。结果表明：海河流域中部表层沉积物中重金属质量比整体上较历史水平有所下降,8种重金属元素的污染系数从高到低依次为Cd（1-98）、Hg（1-80）、Cu（1-37）、Zn（1-18）、Pb（1-12）、Ni（1-07）、Cr（1-02）、As（0-77）,Cd污染相对严重;Cd和Hg的富集系数平均值均高于1-5,污染来源以人为输入为主,其余6种重金属元素则主要以自然来源为主;海河流域中部重金属总体上污染较轻,个别点位污染等级达到中度污染。     

长寿湖水库沉积物中重金属来源及生态风险评价

水库作为生活饮用水水源地,受人类活动影响较大,且污染物种类多、来源广、危害大。目前,关于水库沉积物中重金属污染状况分析的研究较少。以三峡库区长寿湖水库沉积物为研究对象,利用地累积指数(I_(geo))和潜在生态风险指数法,结合沉积年代学序列,对沉积物中重金属Co,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb和Zn的垂直变化特征、重金属来源及生态风险评价进行了分析。地累积指数分析表明:表层沉积物中重金属累积顺序为CdCoZnNiPbCuCr,其中Cd和Zn累积较明显,属于轻度污染。潜在生态风险系数评价结果表明:沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险指数RI值大多数低于150,说明潜在生态风险整体较轻,但自1889年以来,RI值一直大于150,应当引起重视。应用主成分析法分析长寿湖水库沉积物中重金属来源,结果表明:水库沉积物中重金属主要来源于流域土壤的自然风化和土壤侵蚀,同时也受到龙溪河流域城市化、工业化发展导致的工业废水和生活污水排放的影响。     

黄土高原北洛河沉积物生态风险解析

以黄土高原的典型工业污染河流北洛河为研究对象,测定其干支流17个采样点沉积物中的8种重金属(Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn)质量分数,结合描述性统计结果对重金属的空间分布特征进行分析。进一步利用地累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法分析重金属的污染程度与生态风险,利用PMF模型和相关性分析进行来源解析。结果表明：北洛河上游沉积物中重金属的平均质量分数高于中下游,As、Cd和Zn的均值分别为背景值的1.26、1.28和1.41倍,Zn、Hg、Cd、Pb、As和Cu的变异系数大于30%,为高度变异水平。地累积指数法与内梅罗综合污染指数法显示,北洛河上游B₁处和下游B₁₃处沉积物中重金属污染处于中高水平;潜在生态风险指数法显示,单一元素污染危害程度依次为Cd>Hg>As>Cu>Ni>Pb>Zn>Cr,整体来看,Cd和Hg的潜在生态危害较大,中游B₁₀和下游B₁₃存在中等生态风险,其余点位均为轻微生态风险。来源解析表明,北洛河沉积物中...     

北京市中心城河流表层沉积物重金属污染评价

为了解北京市中心城河流表层沉积物中重金属污染现状,采用地累积指数法、主成分分析法、潜在生态风险指数法评价和分析了沉积物中汞、砷、铅、铬、镉、锰、铜7种重金属的污染程度、污染来源及潜在生态风险。结果表明,重金属平均含量为Hg 0.670 mg/kg,As 6.01 mg/kg,Pb 31.1 mg/kg,Cr 63 mg/kg,Cd 0.29 mg/kg,Mn 277mg/kg,Cu 45mg/kg;平均地累积指数排序为Hg(1.49)Cr(0.34)Cu(0.24)Cd(0.14)Pb(-0.77)As(-1.41)Mn(-2.30),沉积物主要受Hg、Cr、Cu、Cd的污染,Hg处于中等污染程度,Cr、Cu、Cd处于轻度-中等污染程度,污染主要来源于三方面:交通、汽配(修)及供暖燃煤。重金属平均潜在生态风险系数排序为Hg(357)Cd(80)Cu(13)As(9)Pb(7)Cr(4)Mn(2),中心城沉积物潜在生态风险指数平均值为472,总体上具有较强生态危害。     

Persistent pollutants urban rivers sediment survey: implications for pollution control.

The impacts of diffuse urban sources of pollution on watercourses are quantified. A survey of nine urban streams in Scotland for persistent pollutants in stream sediments is described, together with sediments from SUDS ponds. Determinands reported are: PAHs, total hydrocarbons, and toxic metals (As, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd). Results highlight hydrocarbons as a major urban pollutant, and show significant sediment contamination by toxic metals. The metals that occurred in the highest concentrations varied across the nine streams, but Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn and Cu most frequently present exceeded sediment quality standards. The pattern of contamination by PAHs suggested that pyrolytic sources were more ubiquitous and present in greater quantities than oil spill sources in these urban catchments. Exceptions were the sites below industrial estates. The findings indicate that four levels of activity will be needed to control urban diffuse sources of pollution: reductions in quantities of toxic pollutants used by manufacturers in the motor and construction industries; housekeeping measures to minimise storage and handling risks for oil and chemicals; public engagement to minimise polluting activities such as dumping oil and chemicals, and private car use; use of SUDS technology, including retro-fits in the worst affected urban areas.     

Evaluation of heavy metal inhibition of activated sludge by TTC and INT-electron transport system activity tests.

TTC and INT-electron transport system activity tests were compared for assessing heavy metal inhibition of activated sludge. The median inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Ag+ measured via TTC test were lower than those measured via INT test, which indicates that the INT-electron transport system activity test was less sensitive to heavy metal toxicity than the TTC test. Tested heavy metals brought about similar decrease in TTC-electron transport system activity and COD removal rate, but less decrease in INT-electron transport system activity than COD removal rate, which suggests that the TTC-electron transport system activity is a better parameter for reflecting heavy metal inhibition of activated sludge than INT-electron transport system activity. The ranking of tested heavy metals in order of decreasing toxicity based on TTC test was Hg2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+, and the ranking based on INT test was Hg2+, Ag+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+.     

长江源区主要河流表层沉积物及沿岸土壤重金属分布特征及来源

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和原子荧光分光光度计测定了长江源区主要河流沉积物及周边土壤中14种重金属的含量,并采用富集因子法评价了长江源区主要河流沉积物及土壤中重金属富集程度,同时分析了河流沉积物及沿岸土壤中重金属分布特征及来源。研究结果表明:长江源区主要河流表层沉积物中,除Ni、Pb、Cd、Hg四种重金属外,其他元素含量均低于中国沉积物的平均含量;沉积物中Hg、Ni和Cd存在一定富集;与长江源区其他河流沉积物中重金属相比,沱沱河Cd含量相对较高,楚玛尔河重金属含量均相对较低,而通天河Hg和Fe含量相对较高;沉积物中重金属主要受自然因素影响。土壤中Ni、Pb、Cd、Ti略高于青海省土壤背景值,但重金属富集程度均较低;与长江源区其他河流沿岸土壤中重金属相比,当曲Cr、Ni、Cu含量相对较高,沱沱河Pb、Cd、Sb和Tl含量相对较高,而通天河V含量相对较高;重金属主要受自然因素影响,但部分重金属可能受交通因素影响。研究成果可为长江源区生态环境保护提供基础支撑。     

武汉市湖泊中重金属污染状况

鉴于重金属元素的生理毒害作用,选择武汉市区、近郊、远郊六个代表性湖泊水体研究其水、沉积物、鱼样品中主要毒害重金属元素Hg,Cd,As,Pb,Cu,Cr,Ni,Zn的污染状况。采用原子荧光测试样品中Hg含量,其他元素用ICP-MS测试。结果表明:市区湖泊水、沉积物及鱼中重金属含量多数明显高于郊区湖泊,其中水及沉积物中重金属含量与研究区相应环境背景值对比有显著富集,但湖泊水中重金属含量大多可满足GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水质要求,鱼中重金属含量也可满足相应GB 2736—1994《淡水鱼卫生标准》。市区湖泊与郊区湖泊样品重金属污染程度对比而言,市区湖泊明显表现出受到一定人为污染影响。     

Application of ionic liquids for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater and activated sludge

This paper presents the results of adsorption studies on the removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn) from standard solutions, real wastewater samples and activated sewage sludge using a new technique of liquid-liquid extraction using quaternary ammonium and phosphonium ionic liquids (ILs). Batch sorption experiments were conducted using the ILs [PR4][TS], [PR4][MTBA], [A336][TS] and [A336][MTBA]. Removal of these heavy metals from standard solutions were not effective, however removal of heavy metals from the industrial effluents/wastewater treatment plants were satisfactory, indicating that the removal depends mainly on the composition of the wastewater and cannot be predicted with standard solutions. Removal of heavy metals from activated sludge proved to be more successful than conventional methods such as incineration, acid extraction, thermal treatment, etc. For the heavy metals Cu, Ni and Zn, ≥90% removal was achieved.     

The use of flux-corer experiments in the determination of heavy metal re-distribution in and of potential leaching from the sediments

Metal dynamics between sediments, interstitial water and overlying water are particularly complex. The movement of metals, their availability, and possible toxicity are influenced by various chemical and physical reactions and factors such as oxygen/redox gradients, pH, grain size, etc. To study the impact of oxygen on the release from and the re-distribution of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu in sediments, flux-corer experiments have been optimised and performed.The flux experiment was carried out using 3 identical sediment cores. The first (control) sediment core was completely characterised before, the two other cores after the experiment. Pore water extractions and sequential extractions were performed on 2 cm depth intervals throughout the 20 cm long sediment cores.In the flux experiment, the sediment cores were exposed to a small volume of overlying water, which was continuously renewed. The change of trace metal mobility was assessed by following concentration-changes in the outflow. It has been found by the use of the flux-corer experiment, that the Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations in the outflow are at least 3–6 times higher during oxic conditions. Flux-corer experiments can be useful tools to facilitate the study of the change of heavy metal mobility and distribution in the sediment induced by the change in surface water policy.     

引滦入津工程黎河河道表层沉积物重金属形态及风险分析

对引滦入津工程黎河段表层沉积物和两岸尾矿中重金属特征进行研究。结果表明:受两岸尾矿砂影响,黎河河道表层沉积物的矿物组成及重金属特征与尾矿砂相一致,重金属含量依次为FeMnZnPbCuCd。重金属形态分析表明:Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn残渣态占绝对优势,Pb以可交换态和残渣态为主,Cd仅有可交换态和碳酸盐结合态。采用风险评价准则法(RAC)和平均沉积物质量基准系数法(SQG-Q)评价,结果均表明表层沉积物中Pb和Cd对环境具有非常高风险,其潜在的毒性风险应引起重视。     

武汉东湖水生植物重金属分布现状研究

在武汉东湖采集9种水生植物及其对应水样、根区沉积物样,采用微波消解—ICP-MS(Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,电感耦合等离子体质谱)测定其重金属(Cd ,Zn, As,Cu ,Co ,Pb, Mn, Cr, Ni)的含量,分析了9种重金属在植物体内的分布现状及各部位对重金属的富集能力。结果表明水生植物对各种重金属的吸收状况呈Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>As>Co>Cd的一致性,不同植物各部位对重金属的富集能力表现为根>茎>叶。水生植物对重金属的富集能力表现为沉水植物>浮水植物>挺水植物。金鱼藻、青萍和水葫芦对重金属富集系数较大,可作为水体修复植物,净化被重金属Mn,Zn,Cd复合污染的水体。     

石臼湖表层沉积物营养盐与重金属分布及污染评价

为揭示石臼湖表层沉积物营养盐和重金属的污染特征,于2018年2月采集表层沉积物,分析了石臼湖营养盐和重金属的含量、空间分布特征。结果表明:全湖有机质、TP和TN的平均质量比分别为30.25 mg/kg、585 mg/kg和776 mg/kg,TP为无污染风险级别,有机质和TN处于低污染风险级别;重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb平均质量比分别为94.92 mg/kg、41.25 mg/kg、38.42 mg/kg、124.33 mg/kg、16.48 mg/kg、0.17 mg/kg、0.05 mg/kg和35.92 mg/kg,均超过了江苏省的土壤重金属背景值,Hg和Cd污染相对较重,全湖为中等危害等级;在空间分布上,东部区域的采样点8、9营养盐质量比较高,重金属污染较重。     

Hydrocarbons and heavy metals fixed to the lift station sediment of the Paris combined sewer network.

This work aims to characterise the pollutant loads fixed to the Lift Station (LS) sediments. Firstly, levels of n-alkanes, PAH and heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) of LS sediments were assessed, and were found of the same order of magnitude as those reported for street runoff. In addition, investigations on LS sediment reveal that n-alkane distributions reflect the combination of biologic and petrogenic inputs, while PAH distributions indicate a major pyrolytic origin with traces of petrogenic contaminations. The metallic fingerprints also attest to the important contribution of road traffic emissions. Secondly, a comparison between LS sediment and the Gross Bed Sediment (GBS) pollutant contamination was established in order to optimize the in-sewer deposits management. For hydrocarbons, a similar contamination between both sediments is found. For the heavy metals, this comparison indicates a similar Fe and Zn content, while Pb, Cu and Cd contents differ. Indeed, LS sediment shows a higher Cu content, linked to the occurrence of intensive brake lining abrasion, compared with GBS, which reflects a higher Pb and Cd content, owing to the contribution of roof runoff. This result reveals the impact of specific inputs such as road traffic or roof runoff on the in-sewer sediments contamination, and provides a complete overview of the LS sediment contamination. This database could be used by the municipality to optimize their contaminated in-sewer sediment management.