Electroslag remelting of the metal wastes of nickel alloys

The electroslag remelting (ESR) of the metal wastes of nickel alloys is studied. It is shown that the chemical composition, physicomechanical properties, and service properties of the formed castings meet the requirements of the specifications for these alloys. ESR workpieces are used as a charge for remelting in a vacuum induction furnace according to a standard technology.     

Thermodynamic calculations of the effective solidification range and its relation to hot cracking of aluminum-based ternary alloys

The correlation between experimental hot cracking (HC) and the calculated effective solidification range (ESR) (obtained as the difference between the formation temperature of a definite amount (65–90 wt %) of the solid phase and the nonequilibrium solidus temperature) is investigated by the example of Al-Cu, Al-Mg, and Al-Si binary systems. It is revealed that the location of the HB peak almost coincides with the calculated ESR peak. A good convergence between the calculated and experimental ESRs is established. The correlation between the HB and calculated ESR is, in general, considerably worse in the studied Al-Cu-Mg, Al-Cu-Si, and Al-Si-Mg ternary systems. It is shown that a correlation between the HB and calculated ESR that is similar to binary systems can be obtained for the radial joins of ternary systems if all alloys compared by the HB are crystallized by identical reactions with the participation of identical phases.     

Differential effects of a reminder cue on amnesia induced by stimulation of amygdala and hippocampus.

Examined the effects of a footshock reminder (FSR) in restoring memory after discrete electrical brain stimulation in 119 male Long-Evans rats. Ss received low-level bilateral electrical stimulation of either the amygdala or the hippocampus after training in a 1-trial passive avoidance task. Ss receiving stimulation showed amnesia when tested 24 hrs after training. One hour after the retention test, Ss received an FSR. 23 hrs later in a 2nd retention test, hippocampus-stimulated Ss showed recovery of memory, while amygdala-stimulated Ss did not. Stimulated Ss that did not receive an FSR remained amnesic. In addition, the effects of amygdala and hippocampal stimulation applied after the FSR were examined. On the 2nd retention test, amygdala stimulation disrupted the FSR effect, while hippocampal stimulation had no deleterious effects. Data are interpreted from a memory-attribute point of view that suggests that the amygdala and hippocampus may be differentially involved in the processing of particular attributes of the learning task. (39 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social desirability and the frequency of social-reinforcement scale.

The Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests (American Psychological Association, 1977) recommends that the correlation coefficient between any newly developed personality scale and a general measure of the tendency to give socially desirable responses be reported. The frequency of self-reinforcement (FSR) scale developed by Heiby (1983) was found to have a substantial positive correlation with two measures of general tendency to give socially desirable responses, though Heiby (1982) reported a low relationship between the FSR and the Marlowe-Crowne scale. The discriminant validity of the FSR was seriously questioned. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

真空电渣重熔炉发展前景的探讨

真空电渣重熔炉是在真空电弧重熔炉和气体保护电渣炉的基础上发展起来的一种冶炼高性能合金的特殊真空重熔冶金装备。真空电渣重熔炉冶炼的钢种和合金有优质合金钢,高温合金,精密合金,耐蚀合金,铝、钛、银等合金。介绍了真空电渣重熔炉的工作原理,冶金特点,比较了真空电弧重熔、普通电渣重熔和真空电渣重熔的钢材的冶炼成本、冶金质量和性能,并讨论了真空电渣重熔炉的应用前景。     

Study on Factors Affecting the Structure of High SpeedSteel Ingot Produced by ESR

ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＦａｃｔｏｒｓＡｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇｔｈｅＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆＨｉｇｈＳｐｅｅｄＳｔｅｅｌＩｎｇｏｔＰｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｂｙＥＳＲＬｉＺｈｅｎｇｂａｎｇ；ＣｈｅＸｉａｎｇｑｉａｎＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｈｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｅｔａｌｐ...     

ROC comparison of visualization of hand fractures using digital and conventional techniques

PURPOSE: To compare the accuracy of digital luminescence radiography (DLR) and conventional film-screen radiography (FSR) in diagnosing fractures. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Both conventional and digital radiographs were acquired from a consecutive series of 57 patients with suspected wrist or hand fractures. The digital images were obtained with a 30% dose reduction. A ROC-analysis (receiver-operating characteristics) was performed. RESULTS: The area under the curve was 0.89 for conventional FSR, 0.93 for DLR, "gray scale" and 0.94 for DLR, "edge enhanced". CONCLUSIONS: Although its spatial resolution is lower, DLR provided better results than conventional FSR, when contrast processing algorithms were optimised for the specific clinical question. The edge-enhanced version was superior to the non-edge enhanced version. The reason for this seems to be the higher contrast resolution of DLR compared to FSR.     

Effects of Reoxidation of Liquid Steel and Slag Composition on the Chemistry Evolution of Inclusions During Electroslag Remelting

Electroslag remelting (ESR) is increasingly used to produce some varieties of special steels and alloys, mainly because of its ability to provide extreme cleanliness and an excellent solidification structure simultaneously. In the present study, the combined effects of varying SiO₂ contents in slag and reoxidation of liquid steel on the chemistry evolution of inclusions and the alloying element content in steel during ESR were investigated. The inclusions in the steel before ESR refining were found to be oxysulfides of patch-type (Ca,Mn)S adhering to a CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MgO inclusion. The oxide inclusions in both the liquid metal pool and remelted ingots are CaO-Al₂O₃-MgO and MgAl₂O₄ together with CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MgO inclusions (slightly less than 30 pct of the total inclusions), which were confirmed to originate from the reduction of SiO₂ from the original oxide inclusions by dissolved Al in liquid steel during ESR. CaO-Al₂O₃-MgO and MgAl₂O₄ are newly formed inclusions resulting from the reactions taking place inside liquid steel in the liquid metal pool caused by reoxidation of liquid steel during ESR. Increasing the SiO₂ content in slag not only considerably reduced aluminum pickup in parallel with silicon loss during ESR, but also suppressed the decrease in SiO₂ content in oxide inclusions. (Ca,Mn)S inclusions were fully removed before liquid metal droplets collected in the liquid metal pool.     

Serum lipids during parenteral nutrition with a 10% lipid emulsion with reduced phopholipid emulsifier content in premature infants

Whether dithiocarbamate-Fe(II) complexes used in the electron spin resonance (ESR) studies are specific for the detection of NO was investigated. It was found that the typical ESR signals of dithiocarbamate-Fe(II)-NO spin adducts appeared in the interaction of N-methyl-D-glucaminedithiocarbamate (MGD)-, bis(hydroxyethyl) dithiocarbamate (HED)- and diethyldithiocarbamate (DED)-Fe(II) complexes with the NO-derived nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrite ion (NO2-) in a prolonged incubation. Under the conditions of prolonged incubation, appearance of the ESR signals of the dithiocarbamate-Fe(II)-NO spin adducts may indicate the presence of not only NO but NO2 and NO2-.     

Effect of alloying additions on the structure and mechanical properties of Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>Al -1C intermetallic alloy

Effect of titanium and nickel on the structure and properties of Fe₃Al intermetallic alloy containing about 1.0wt.% C have been investigated. The composition of the alloying element was substituted for Iron. The alloys were prepared by melting commercial grade raw materials iron, aluminum, titanium or nickel in air induction furnace with flux cover (AIMFC). Further these ingots were refined by electroslag refining (ESR) process. These ingots could be successfully hot-worked using conventional hot-forging and hot-rolling techniques. The hot-worked material was sound and free from cracks. ESR hot-rolled alloys were examined using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrograph (SEM) to understand the microstructure of these alloys. The electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) studies were carried out to determine the matrix and precipitate compositions and to identify the phases present in the alloys. The base alloy and the alloy containing Ni exhibited a two-phase microstructure of Fe₃AlC_0.5 precipitates in Fe₃Al matrix. The alloy containing Ti exhibits three-phase microstructure, the additional phase being TiC precipitate. Ti addition resulted in no improvement in strength at room temperature and at 873 K whereas Ni addition has resulted in greater improvement in strength at room temperature and at 873 K and also improved the creep life significantly from 66 hrs to 111 hrs.     

酸再生排放废气粉尘含量超标问题探讨及对策

采用焙烧法处理富含氯化亚铁的盐酸,其排向大气的烟气中的Fe2O3含量一直难以控制,宝钢乃至国内诸多酸再生处理均存在粉尘含量超标的问题,文章对酸再生系统进行分析,详细介绍部分废气处理的关键设备,找出一些解决的办法.     

Behavior of ceria as an actinide surrogate in electroslag remelting and refining slags

Downsizing and decommissioning of nuclear facility operations is increasing the stockpile of various different grades of radioactive scrap iron (RSI). Disposal of this material not only represents significant resource and value lost but also necessitates long term monitoring for environmental compliance. The latter results in additional recurring expense. It is desirable to be able to decontaminate the RSI to a very low level that can be recycled or used for fabrication of containers for RSI disposal instead of using virgin metal to fabricate the container. Electroslag remelting and refining (ESR) is often used for decontaminating radioactive contaminated sources of scrap iron, such as stainless steel. Nonradioactive oxides of cerium are used to simulate the radioactive oxide contaminants of uranium and plutonium. The success of the ESR process is strongly dependent on having the right thermo-physical-and-chemical slag properties. In this article, we measured the following relevant slag properties: capacity to incorporate the radioactive contaminant (simulant), volatilization rate and volatile species, electrical conductivity, viscosity, surface tension, and slag-metal partition coefficient, as a function of temperature. The impact of these properties on the ESR decontamination process is discussed.     

The effects of experimental malnutrition on albumin metabolism and distribution in rabbits

In order to determine the extent to which the concentration of albumin in plasma is maintained at the expense of the extravascular pool during protein-energy malnutrition, the rates of exchange between albumin in plasma (IA) and the extravascular pool (EA) and consequently the distribution of albumin between intravascular and extravascular pools (expressed as EA:IA) were measured in protein-energy-depleted and control rabbits. The fractional rates of synthesis (FSR) and catabolism (FCR), the concentration of albumin and the plasma volume (PV) were also measured. In animals in which protein-energy intake was reduced by 58% the concentration of albumin in plasma remained unchanged, whereas FCR decreased by 38% and FSR by 30%. No significant changes in EA:IA or PV were found. We conclude that albumin concentration during protein-energy depletion is not maintained at the expense of extravascular albumin, but by parallel changes in the rates of catabolism and synthesis.     

Growth of ternary composites from the melt: Part I

A simple constitutional supercooling analysis is given for predicting interface stability in plane front solidification of ternary alloys containing one, two, or three phases. It is concluded that polyphase composites can be grown from ternary alloys by plane front solidification provided thermal gradient is sufficiently high, growth rate is low, convection is low and kinetic undercooling is small. Calculated examples of conditions required for stability are given for three-phase alloys from the aluminum-rich corner of the Al-Cu-Ni system. It is seen that the most stable compositions (with respect to interface breakdown) lie nearly, but not exactly, on lines of two-fold saturation. Formerly Research Assistant, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.     

Study of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

We studied the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ERS) and related factors that influence ESR in 326 patients with Pulmonary tuberculosis. The ESR tended to be higher for aged subjects and showed a difference between patients under 59 years old and patients over 60 years old. Besides, patients under 30 years old tended to present lower ESR. It is suggested that they may be under the influence of inapparent infection. For The Japanese Society for Tuberculosis Classification, a significant difference was noted in the extent, but there was no difference about the presence of cavity. A significant correlation was detected between ESE and Gaffky scale, ESR and CRP, and ESR and period until sputum culture became negative. But CRP negative cases were observed in about 28%. CRP alone was not sufficient for the evaluation of the morbid condition of Mycobacterium infection. Receiver-Operator Characteristic curve analysis confirmed that ESR is useful among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Therefore evaluation of ESR together with CRP was needed.     

Investigation of the processes of obtaining plastic treatment and electrochemical behaviour of lead alloys in their capacity as anodes during the electroextraction of zinc II. Electrochemical formation of phase layers on binary PbAg and PbCa, and ternary PbAgCa alloys in a sulphuric-acid electrolyte for zinc electroextraction

The electrochemical oxidation processes and phase formation on binary PbAg and PbCa, and ternary PbAgCa alloys during anodic treatment of the electrodes for conditions in a sulphuric acid electrolyte were investigated.The electrochemical behaviour of lead and its alloys was studied by the cyclic voltammetry method (CVA). X-ray and SEM were used for the phase composition and surface structure analysis. It was established that only the ternary plastically treated PbAg 0.5%-Ca 0.11% alloys reveal similarities to the industrially applied PbAg 1 % anodes. It may be assumed in the case of ternary alloys that the catalytic layer is composed of a dense non-conductive MnO₂ layer of crystals serving as basic sites for oxygen evolution.     

Flux Entrapment and Titanium Nitride Defects in Electroslag Remelting of INCOLOY Alloys 800 and 825

Electroslag remelted (ESR) ingots of INCOLOY alloys 800 and 825 are particularly prone to macroscale slag inclusions and microscale cleanliness issues. Formation of these structures near the ingot surface can cause significant production yield losses (~10 pct) due to the necessity of extensive surface grinding. Slag inclusions from near the outer radius of the toe end of alloy 800 and 825 ingots were found to be approximately 1 to 3 mm in size and have a multiphase microstructure consisting of CaF₂, CaTiO₃, MgAl₂O₄, MgO, and some combination of Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₂F₂ and/or Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃. These inclusions were often surrounded by fields of 1- to 10-μm cuboidal TiN particles. A large number of TiN cuboids were observed in the ESR electrode with similar size and morphology to those observed surrounding slag inclusions in the ESR ingots, suggesting that the TiN particles are relics from the ESR electrode production process. Samples taken sequentially throughout the AOD processes showed that the TiN cuboidals that are found in ESR ingots form between tapping the AOD vessel into the AOD ladle and the casting of ESR electrodes.     

The influence of iron and aluminum on the precipitation of metastable Ni3Nb phases in the Ni-Nb system

The effect of additions of aluminum and iron on the formation of transitional phases has been examined for alloys of the Ni-Nb system. It has been established that metastable phases of approximate composition Ni₃Nb will not form in binary Ni-Nb alloys under normal conditions of quenching and aging, but that iron or iron and aluminum additions promote their formation when certain size and electronic factors are satisfied. In Ni-Nb-Fe alloys containing more than ≈ 12 at. pct Nb, iron promotes the formation of a bct (DO₂₂) Ni₃Nb precipitate. Aluminum additions to these Ni-Nb-Fe alloys promote the precipitation of fcc (L1₂) Ni₃Nb γ’, initially together with the bct phase, but at higher aluminum concentrations the tetragonal phase disappears. The appearance of both precipitates followed the Hagel-Beattie requirement for interfacial mismatch of < or ～ 1 pct between the matrix and the precipitate. The presence of both precipitating phases can be predicted on the basis of the Engel-Brewer correlations. The preferrede/a ratio for the stability of the bct (DO₂₂) phase is 2.50 to 2.62. In the present investigation this phase precipitates only in the presence of iron (bcce/a ratio = 1.5), and only when the lattice constant of the matrix is greater than 3.600Å. The preferrede/a ratio for the stability of the γ’ having a fcc L1₂ structure is between ～2.75 and 3.0. Precipitation of this phase occurred only when aluminum(e/a) ratio = 3.0) was present, and when the matrix lattice constant was greater than 3.589Å.     

Visual system maldevelopment disrupts extraocular muscle-specific myosin expression

We measured hepatic albumin synthesis in five volunteers (4 men and 1 woman) at 3 and 6 h after recovery from intense exercise. A primed-constant infusion of a stable isotopic tracer of phenylalanine was used to determine hepatic fractional synthetic rate (FSR) and absolute synthetic rate (ASR) of albumin from the enrichment of phenylalanine in albumin. The infusion of the stable isotope tracer began 2 h after upright exercise or upright rest. Albumin FSR and ASR were 6.39 +/- 0.48%/day and 120 +/- 9 mg.kg body wt-1.day-1, respectively, 3-6 h after recovery from exercise; the FSR and ASR on the time control study day were 5.94 +/- 0.47%/day and 104 +/- 9 mg.kg body wt-1.day-1, respectively. The 6 and 16% increases (P < 0.05) in FSR and ASR after exercise were associated with an elevated plasma albumin content at 5 and 6 h of recovery (P < 0.05), an increased total protein content throughout recovery (P < 0.05), and a negative free water clearance (P < 0.05) at 2, 3, and 6.5 h of recovery compared with baseline values; these variables were unchanged from their baselines on the time control study day. Increased albumin content and reduced free water clearance contribute to a retention of fluid within the circulation after intense exercise. The measured increase in albumin synthesis could not account for the entire increase in albumin content at 6 h of recovery from exercise. However, we estimate that if the increased activity was maintained for the next 18 h, it could account for the expected increase in albumin content at 24 h of recovery.