非饱和土弹塑性应力应变特性模拟

简单地回顾了非饱和土应力应变本构模型的研究概况，就非饱和膨胀性土、黄土和击实土等的变形特性作简介。在此基础上，根据硬化塑性理论和临界状态概念，提出了一个描述非饱和土应力应变特性的一般本构理论框架。该理论框架包含了几个不同的模型，能够以统一的方式描述非饱和土性的许多基本方面     

A macro-structural constitutive model for partially saturated expansive soils

The mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils is an important factor in the design of barriers for nuclear waste disposal. Double structural constitutive models for expansive soil have been developed based on the distinction between micro-structure and macro-structure of the expansive soil. Nevertheless, the micro-parameters and the coupling function of these models are hard to determine. To eliminate the limitations of these models, the concept of a macro-structural neutral loading line was introduced by adopting a simple assumption concerning the plastic swelling potential of unsaturated expansive soil. A macro-structural volume change equation of unsaturated expansive soil was derived using a macro-structural neutral loading line. The model was based on an existing model for non-expansive unsaturated soils. Only one new macro-parameter was introduced into the constitutive model compared to the original model. Finally, a comparison between predicted results and experimental data indicates that the proposed model has a remarkable ability to reproduce the mechanical and hydraulic responses of unsaturated expansive soils.     

非饱和土的热-水力-力学本构模型及数值模拟

在CAP模型的基础上提出了一个非饱和土的热 -水力 -力学本构模型 ,着重考虑了温度对于非饱和土的水力 -力学性质的影响。基于实验结果和前人的工作 ,在模型中重现了热软化现象 ,计及了温度升高导致土壤前固结压力的降低和非饱和土吸力增加屈服线 (SI)中临界吸力值的降低。应用该模型进行了数值模拟计算 ,通过模拟结果和实验结果的比较 ,验证了模型的适用性和可靠性。     

土的基本特性、本构关系及数值模拟研究综述

按照对土的力学行为影响的程度,将土的基本特性分为三类:基本特性、亚基本特性与关联基本特性。基本特性包括三种:压硬性、剪胀性与摩擦性,它们是土区别于其他材料的最根本特性。亚基本特性包括应力历史依存性、应力路径依存性、软化特性、各向异性、结构性、蠕变特性、颗粒破碎特性以及温度特性等等,它们通过影响三种基本特性的发展演化规律而间接影响土的应力应变关系。关联基本特性包括屈服特性、正交流动性、相关联性、共轴特性以及临界状态特性等等,它们是考虑建立土的弹塑性本构模型过程中需要关注的基本概念或基本假定。在详细论述土的基本特性及其相互关系后,又通过对非线性弹性的Duncan-Chang模型、弹塑性的Cam-clay模型及其系列UH模型、Asaoka模型、Li-Dafalias模型、Yin-Graham EVP模型以及大陆学者的诸多模型进行深入剖析,具体阐述怎样对土的基本特性进行抽象概括建立本构模型、各本构模型能分别反映哪些特性以及是通过怎样的途径实现对土的基本特性的反映。随后,又探讨了将本构模型应用于数值模拟中的诸多思考以及土工计算方面的个人体会。分别讨论了土工数值模拟的精度以及影响因素,数值模拟中本构模型的选取及参数的获得,变形计算分析中土体初始状态的考虑方法,土体破坏过程模拟分析中对应变局部化的处理,以及在土与结构的接触特性分析中解决二者位移不连续问题的建议。     

膨胀性非饱和土水力和力学性质的弹塑性模拟

Alonso等人提出的非饱和土弹塑性本构模型(BBM),不能用于预测膨胀性非饱和土的力学性质。现有的膨胀性非饱和土的弹塑性模型(BExM),其微观参数及微宏观变形的转换关系确定非常困难。从宏观角度,在已有的非膨胀性非饱和土水力特性和力学性质耦合的弹塑性本构模型的基础上,发展和建立了一个可预测非饱和膨胀土的水力特性和力学特性的弹塑性本构模型。模型引入不同形状的等孔隙比线与屈服线,并考虑了变形对土水特性的影响。对已公开发表的非饱和膨胀土的试验结果进行预测,包括常净应力的吸湿试验,吸力不变的等向压缩试验及三轴剪切试验。预测结果表明该模型能够定量的描述膨胀性非饱和土的水力和力学特性。     

A Multilaminate Model with Destructuration Considering Anisotropic Strength and Anisotropic Bonding

Many constitutive models have been developed to describe the behaviour of soils, but only more recently a limited number of them have paid attention to include effects of structure and consequently destructuration due to volumetric and/or deviatoric straining. Most of them consider isotropic behaviour for strength and structure of soil. In this paper a multilaminate type of constitutive model is presented in which anisotropic strength and anisotropic structure are taken into account. According to the mathematical formulation of the multilaminate framework, this kind of model is capable of taking into account induced anisotropy intrinsically. Inherent anisotropy can be introduced to the model by varying the model properties over sampling planes using a so-called microstructure tensor. Only mechanical destructuration, namely degradation of structure with deformation is considered in this paper. The proposed model is capable to consider anisotropy in bonding and preconsolidation pressure as well as inherent anisotropy in strength thus the hardening of the yield surface and strength parameters can be considered direction dependent. In this paper the drained and undrained behaviour of natural clays is simulated and the effect of different assumptions with respect to structure degradation and anisotropy is evaluated.     

A viscoplastic degradation model for rocks

In this paper a viscoplastic constitutive model for rocks is proposed in which both yield stress and viscosity undergo variation during the deformation process. The model is initially formulated for a uniaxial stress state; its extension to a general stress state has been also presented. Our model is capable to sufficiently well predict both the pre-peak hardening and post-peak softening response of rock material in compression providing good simulation of material response in both stable and post-critical stages of deformation. Such behaviour can be obtained for both low and high strain rates. In our examples, model parameters are determined from uniaxial compression tests performed on sandstone at different strain rates.     

非饱和土耦合本构模型的三维化

非饱和土本构关系模型通常是建立在修正剑桥模型的基础上,并采用了广义的von Mises准则,以描述非饱和土在一般应力状态下的本构行为。该准则假设在π平面上屈服面是个圆形,高估了土体除三轴压缩以外的强度,在平面应变中也会错误估计中主应力比。空间滑动面破坏准则（SMP）考虑了第三应力不变量的影响,屈服面在π平面上为曲边三角形,可以较好地描述一般应力状态下土体的剪切屈服和破坏特性。采用变换应力方法,将SMP准则应用到最近建立的非饱和土耦合本构模型中使其合理的三维化,能够有效地将模型从轴对称应力状态扩展至一般应力状态。根据与试验结果对比表明,改进后的模型在不增加任何参数的情况下,能够较好地模拟非饱和土在三轴伸长等一般应力状态下的行为特性。     

Effect of temperature on the soil–water retention characteristics in unsaturated soils: Analytical and experimental approaches

In unsaturated soil mechanics, the soil–water retention curve (SWRC) continues to play an important role, since it provides the necessary links between the properties and behaviour of unsaturated soils with a variety of engineering challenges. The temperature has been identified as the main factor influencing SWRC as compared to a variety of other parameters. The goal of this research is to describe theoretical and experimental aspects of the temperature effect on unsaturated soil water retention phenomena. Theoretically, a brief review of the constitutive laws governing the thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) behaviour of unsaturated soils is presented, along with links between variations in suction with water content, temperature, and void ratio. It also provides a broad framework that would to be well adapted to describing many specific circumstances. Through a closed-form predictive relationship that is developed in this framework, the effect of temperature is examined. By using this relationship, the soil–water retention curve at arbitrary temperature could be determined from one at a reference temperature, therefore significantly decreasing the number of tests necessary to describe the thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of a soil. Besides, the SWRC of kaolinite clay was also measured at three different temperatures in an experimental program. The test findings reveal that when the temperature rises, the SWRC decreases significantly. The experimental results were then integrated with sixteen other available data sets covering a wide range of soil types, densities, and suction to create a complete verification program for analytical models. The proposed model has a good performance and reliability in forecasting the fluctuation of non-isothermal SWRC than any existing model, according to statistical assessment results. The analytical model can be used to examine the thermo-hydro-mechanical characteristics of unsaturated soils in numerical simulations.     

基于Lade-Duncan和SMP两种强度准则的岩石残余应力研究

 首先利用平面强度理论推导出基于Lade-Duncan和SMP两种准则的强度统一表达式,并结合岩石材料峰后应变软化的力学特性,以峰后内摩擦角?为中间变量,用残余应变 ? 来表示峰后非线性弹性模量E,最后建立岩石峰后残余应力的统一非线性本构方程(即峰后本构模型)。结合小官庄铁矿东区典型破裂岩闪长玢石的三轴试验,对该试验结果进行不同围岩下峰后应力–应变关系的模拟计算。结果表明,建立的峰后本构关系能较好地模拟试验结果,从而验证该模型的合理性,为研究岩石峰后力学规律提供新的途径。     

饱和砂土弹塑性动力本构模型研究

利用土体的塑性流动理论,提出了基于SMP破坏准则的土体弹塑性动力本构模型,用于描述饱和砂土的动力反应性质。土体总的变形由3个部分组成:弹性应变、与体积屈服机制相关的塑性应变和与剪切屈服机制相关的塑性应变。土体在初始加载与卸载和重新加载阶段性质的差别通过采用不同的模型参数加以反映。通过将应用该模型模拟计算的结果与试验结果进行对比,表明该模型能够较为准确地描述饱和砂土在循环加载条件下的反应性质,具有较少的模型参数,这些参数都可以通过常规的三轴压缩试验和静水压力试验进行确定。同时,该模型的形式比较简单,可用于数值计算中。     

水力–力学耦合的超固结非饱和土本构模型的隐式积分算法及其应用

超固结非饱和土经常出现于工程实践中,表现出复杂的力学性质。从已有的非饱和土水力–力学耦合的本构模型出发,将超固结的影响加入到了模型中,使模型可以考虑超固结对非饱和土力学性质的影响。超固结非饱和土本构方程的求解是一个复杂的非线性问题,给出了该超固结非饱和土水力–力学耦合模型的隐式积分算法和本构模型的一致切线模量,并对该算法进行验证,证明了该算法的正确性,最后采用该算法对某非饱和土质边坡在地下水位上升的情况下进行有限元分析。     

Constitutive model for swelling properties of unsaturated bentonite buffer materials during saturation

Bentonite-based materials are candidate buffer materials for the geological disposal of radioactive waste in many countries. Once the disposal facility is closed and the groundwater level recovers, the buffer will gradually become saturated by the infiltration of groundwater. The swelling properties of saturated bentonite affect the distribution of dry density and the stress state within the buffer. Therefore, to evaluate the long-term safety of the buffer, a model must be developed that can continuously express the mechanical behavior of bentonite from the construction and operation of the repository for disposal (the unsaturated state) to the resaturation phase (saturated state). In this study, the existing elastoplastic constitutive model for saturated expansive soils was extended to predict the mechanical response in the unsaturated state. In formulating this model, the effective degree of saturation and the plastic volumetric strain were employed as the hardening parameters to express the changes in stiffness and swelling properties due to desaturation or saturation. In addition, a method was proposed for estimating the material parameters added to the expanded constitutive model. This study demonstrated the validity of the proposed constitutive model and the parameter estimation method by comparing the results of simulations with those of laboratory tests.     

平面应变条件下砂土局部化剪切带的有限元模拟

 根据饱和砂土的排水平面应变压缩试验的应变场,分析研究砂土的应变局部化现象以及剪切带的形成。在平面应变压缩条件下,砂土在峰值应力状态附近出现应变局部化现象,在残余状态最终形成一条V型剪切带。剪切带的形成是一个渐进过程,砂土呈现出渐进性破坏特性。这种由软化特性引起的应变局部化剪切带是砂土材料非常重要的变形和强度特性之一。基于砂土的三要素弹黏塑性本构模型和动态松弛有限元求解技术,对砂土的应变局部化现象和剪切带的形成进行有限元模拟。其中,砂土本构模型中引入应变局部化参数S来表示砂土峰值以后的软化和剪切带效果,剪切带在单元内未考虑其方向性,而是假设剪切带方向与最大剪切应变的方向一致。分析结果表明,动态松弛有限元法及砂土三要素模型能合理地模拟砂土的应变局部化现象,剪切带附近的最大剪应变值也非常接近,从而实现对砂土材料从硬化→峰值→软化→残余的全过程模拟以及对砂土应变局部化剪切带的定量化分析。     

AN ELASTO-VISCOPLASTIC MODEL FOR SOFT SEDIMENTARY ROCK BASED ON TIJ CONCEPT AND SUBLOADING YIELD SURFACE

In this paper, an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model with strain softening is developed for soft sedimentary rock using a newly proposed evolution equation for subloading yield surface originally invented by Hashiguchi (1980). In the model, associated flow rule is adopted and tij concept, which can take into consideration the influence of intermediate stress on deformation and strength of geomaterials, is used. In the model, as is the same as Cam-clay model, plastic volumetric strain is used as hardening parameter, which is widely accepted by the researchers who specialize in the constitutive model for geomaterials. The application of the model to the experimental results of soft sedimentary rock indicates that the model not only can describe the time dependency, such as strain rate dependency and creep, but also the strain softening behavior of geologic materials. The material parameters involved in the model have clear physical meanings and can be easily determined with triaxial compression tests and creep tests.     

基于SFG模型的非饱和膨胀土本构模型研究

Gens和Alonso提出了非饱和膨胀土本构概念模型(G–A模型),将土体膨胀分为微观层次和宏观层次,能够预测土体变形趋势。但G–A模型框架内建立的膨胀土模型参数多且难确定。在SFG模型的框架下,推导膨胀土的中性加载面(NL屈服面)方程,建立了膨胀土本构模型。该模型以总变形来反映土体微观层次变形,不再区分微观层次和宏观层次的结构变形,减少了非饱和膨胀土本构模型的参数。试验数据和数值模拟结果表明,中性加载屈服面和膨胀势曲线基本一致。通过与膨胀土的膨胀试验结果对比,本模型数值计算结果和试验结果较吻合,证实了所提模型的正确性。     

非饱和原状膨胀土的弹塑性损伤本构模型研究

以复合体损伤理论为基础,建立了非饱和原状膨胀土的弹塑性损伤本构模型。模型可反映原状膨胀土的三个主要特征(胀缩性、裂隙性和超固结性)造成的独特的力学特性,即,低围压情况下的软化和剪胀,围压较高时的硬化和剪缩以及干湿变化时的反复胀缩特性。模型共包含23个参数,都可由试验测定。     

节理剪切应力–位移本构模型及剪胀现象分析

 在法向与切向荷载的共同作用下,节理剪切应力–位移曲线宏观表现为峰前呈剪切硬化、峰后呈剪切软化现象：当微凸体爬坡效应占主导地位时,宏观表现为剪切硬化;当微凸体在剪切过程中磨损累积到一定程度时,宏观表现为剪切软化。剪胀硬化、磨损软化共同控制节理的剪切力学行为。在详细分析已有的剪切应力–位移本构模型的局限性的基础上,提出硬化–软化全剪切本构模型,采用单个函数反映节理剪切位移曲线的变化特征,其优点为：(1) 避免分段讨论剪切位移曲线特征、分段求取拟合参数的麻烦;(2) 在整个讨论区域内存在一个峰值且峰值处斜率为0;(3) 当剪切位移足够大时,强度趋于残余值,体现出节理面材料的力学特征。对不同类型的剪切位移曲线进行分析,该模型均表现出较强的适应性。同时分析现有的剪胀模型,其主要缺陷是不能反映初始剪缩现象与体现真正的剪胀起始点。在分析典型剪胀曲线基本特征的基础上,采用分段函数考虑剪胀特征,能较好地拟合剪胀曲线。     

基于颗粒物质热动力学理论的非饱和土热水力耦合模型研究

基于颗粒物质热动力学理论和混合物理论,结合改进的土水特征曲线(SWCC)模型,考虑温度和饱和度变化引发的颗粒层次能量耗散,提出了一个非饱和土的热水力耦合模型。该模型引入颗粒熵和颗粒温度的概念,通过构建热力学恒等式得出非饱和土非弹性变形的本构关系,并通过迁移系数和能量函数模型将非饱和土体的耗散机制与宏观的物理力学行为建立联系。基于该理论模型,研究了非饱和土的热水力耦合问题,通过模拟结果与试验数据的对比,证实了模型的有效性。模拟结果表明,模型具有描述非饱和土在不同温度和吸力下的固结和剪切特性以及非等温条件下的热体应变特性的能力。     

深部岩体变形破坏动态本构模型

 根据深部岩体在卸荷条件下能量释放、消耗和转移的过程中,其体积变形经历弹性回弹和扩容以及剪切变形可能经历峰值前(弹性和内摩擦强化阶段)和峰值后(软化及残余破坏阶段)阶段的性状,提出深部岩体变形破坏全过程动态本构模型。该模型的特点可归纳为：(1) 引入Juamann导数,能够计算有限变形;(2) 描述卸荷过程中与时间相关的体变回弹、扩容至破裂的全过程关系;(3) 描述了卸荷过程中,深部岩体强度(长期强度、破坏强度和残余强度)被调动的演化过程,并用同轴的屈服面、破坏面与残余破坏面3个圆锥面加以描述;(4) 运用物理细观力学理论,引入宏观裂纹扩展滞后时间表征岩体不同构造水平在强化中的贡献,给出内摩擦强化阶段流变方程;(5) 运用裂纹运动散布理论,引入破裂时间表征宏观裂纹扩展贯通过程,给出破裂过程中的强度随时间的演化方程,用塑性流动理论给出软化阶段形变本构方程。最后,在LS-DYNA平台下对本构模型进行二次开发,通过深埋地下隧洞开挖变形破坏的算例,初步展示该模型在深部岩体力学理论与工程中的应用前景。