Effect of Aluminum Additive on the Detonation Velocity and Acceleration Ability of an Emulsion Explosive

Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves - The detonation velocity and acceleration ability of an aluminized emulsion explosive sensitized by Expancel polymer microballoons were measured. The density...     

不同壳体装药爆炸威力的数值模拟及试验研究

为研究装药壳体材料对爆炸威力的影响,对不同壳体装药在空气和混凝土靶中的爆炸破坏效应进行了数值模拟及试验研究.结果表明,在相同的装药情况下,碳纤维复合材料壳体装药爆炸产生的冲击波超压相对D6A钢壳体装药的高.因碳纤维复合材料壳体装药爆炸时不产生破片,所以对远距离目标不造成破坏,而D6A钢壳体装药爆炸时产生的破片对远距离目标具有一定的杀伤效应.从混凝土靶的爆炸破坏效应来看,碳纤维复合材料壳体装药在阻抗匹配方面要比D6A钢壳体装药好,更利于爆炸冲击波的传播.在同样装药的情况下,碳纤维复合材料壳体装药爆炸对靶体爆炸驱动有效能量大于D6A钢壳体装药.静爆试验证明了数值计算与试验结果相一致.     

一种非理想炸药爆热计量用标准物质的研制

研制了以RDX、铝粉为主要成分的非理想炸药爆热计量用标准物质,采用方差分析方法考核了标准物质的均匀性,根据先密后疏原则检验了标准物质的稳定性,分别用恒温法和绝热法测定爆热值。在分析炸药标准物质标准值的误差来源和影响因素的基础上,评估了标准物质标准值的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度,得出标准物质的标准爆热值为(7535.4±77.2)J/g,合成标准不确定度38.6J/g。结果表明,非理想炸药爆热用标准物质特性量值准确、可靠,均匀性和稳定性好,能够满足非理想炸药爆热量值传递的需要,达到校准和检定非理想炸药爆热测试仪器的要求。     

JBO-9021炸药初始密度对爆轰波阵面曲率效应的影响

采用高速扫描相机及电探针,在室温环境下对不同初始密度(1.894~1.901g/cm3)、不同半径(5.0、7.5、15.0mm)的钝感炸药JBO-9021药柱开展了曲率效应实验,获取了拟定态爆轰波阵面形状及波速,分析了其随炸药柱密度及半径的变化。结果表明,随着炸药JBO-9021的初始密度由1.894g/cm3增至1.901g/cm3,3种不同半径JBO-9021药柱的爆轰波拟定态波速均增大,拟定态波阵面形状变得更为平坦,波阵面中心点与边界点之间的波到达时间差降低;在小曲率范围内(κ0.2mm-1),JBO-9021药柱爆轰波波阵面法向波速Dn与当地曲率κ的关系(Dn(κ)关系)不受药柱半径及密度的影响,当曲率κ0.2mm-1时,Dn(k)关系随药柱半径及炸药密度呈现离散趋势,药柱半径及初始密度共同影响爆轰波波阵面大曲率的Dn(κ)关系。     

铝含量对RDX基含铝炸药爆压和爆速的影响

利用锰铜压力传感器和测时仪测量了不同铝含量的RDX基含铝炸药的爆压和爆速。拟合出爆压、爆速与铝含量的关系式,分析了铝含量对RDX基含铝炸药爆压、爆速的影响因素。结果表明,随着铝含量的增加,RDX基含铝炸药的爆压和爆速呈线性减小。计算了铝粉的质量分数在0~40%时所对应的PC-J=A(x)0ρD2中的A(x)值,拟合出A(x)值与铝含量的关系式,得到RDX基含铝炸药爆压与爆速之间的关系式。     

Detonation velocities of the Non-Ideal Explosive Ammonium Nitrate

In order to gain a better understanding of the detonation behaviour of the non-ideal explosive ammonium nitrate, the detonation velocities of low density prilled ammonium nitrate were measured in steel tubes with different diameters and wall thicknesses. It was found that the tube diameter has a much greater effect on the detonation velocity than the confinement. The highest value observed (3.95 km/s) coincides with the ideal detonation velocity as predicted by the TIGER code in combination with the JCZ3 equation of state.     

Effect of Temperature,Density and Confinement on Deflagration to Detonation Transition of an HMX‐Based Explosive

In order to obtain the characteristics of the deflagration‐to‐detonation transition (DDT) of PBX‐2 (an HMX‐based explosive) under different conditions, DDT tests were carried out as a function of charge density, temperature, and shell confinement. In these tests, the energetic materials were electrically ignited. The DDT response characteristics for PBX‐2 with 53 % and 99 % of theoretical maximum density (TMD) were evaluated by different shell thickness confinements at ambient temperature and at 85 °C. The test results with different densities, confinements and temperatures exhibited a wide range of reaction violence. Firstly, at both ambient temperature and at 85 °C under 10 and 20 mm shell thickness confinement, PBX‐2 did not undergo fully DDT at 99 % TMD, only a low velocity detonation (LVD) occurred. Secondly, PBX‐2 at 53 % TMD underwent DDT, and significant influence on the minimum run distance to detonation by the shell confinement thickness was observed. Strong confinement is favorable for the transition of DDT but the confinement does not influence reaction degree. Thirdly, the reaction degree of PBX‐2 at 85 °C was remarkably lower than that at ambient temperature. This insensitizing effect of temperature is induced by the melting and flowing of bonders which reduces the porosity and inhibits an important step of DDT, namely, high turbulent combustion.     

Dependence of the Shape of a Detonation Wave Front on the Detonation Wave Velocity upon Detonation of a Cylindrical Charge

The transition of a system of partial differential equations which describe the stationary flow behind the shock–wave front of a detonation complex upon detonation of a cylindrical charge to a system of ordinary differential equations is performed by means of the series expansion in terms of the radial variable. The necessary equations for determination of the derivatives of solutions with respect to the parameters and the initial conditions for them are formulated. Imposing the condition of continuous extendibility of the solutions leads to equations that allow one to determine the shape of a shock–wave front as a function of wave velocity.     

Current Waves Generated by Detonation of an Explosive in a Magnetic Field

The structure of the electromagnetic field in detonation of a condensed explosive in a magnetic field is analyzed qualitatively. Propagation of a detonation wave in a magnetic field leads to generation of an electric current in explosion products. The physical reason for current generation is the freezing of the magnetic field into the conducting substance at the detonation front and subsequent extension of the substance and the field in the unloading wave. The structure of the current layer depends on the character of the boundary magnetic fields and conditions on the surface of initiation of the explosive. Detonation of the explosive in an external magnetic field B₀ generates a system of two currents identical in magnitude but opposite in direction. The structure of the arising current and its absolute value are determined by the parameter R₁ = _{0 0}D²t (₀ is the magnetic permeability of vacuum, ₀ is the electrical conductivity of detonation products, D is the detonationfront velocity, and t is the time). The value of the current increases with the detonationwave motion, and the linear current density is limited from above by 2B₀/₀. For R₁ 1, the electric field in the conducting layer is significantly nonuniform; for detonation products with a polytropic equation of state, a region of a constantdensity current is adjacent to thedetonation front. The results of this analysis are important for interpretation of experiments performed and development of new methods for studying the state of the substance in the detonation wave.     

低爆速震源药柱的配方研究

研究一种以低爆速膨化硝铵炸药为主装药的低爆速震源药柱。用自敏化改性膨化硝酸铵为氧化剂的低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的配方为(质量分数):膨化硝酸铵83%~87%、木粉3.0%~4.0%、复合油2.0%~3.0%、高能添加剂4.0%~5.0%和稀释剂6%~8%。研究表明,低爆速膨化硝铵震源药柱具有稳定的爆炸性能和优良的安全性能,其爆速为2 200~2 500m.-s 1,装药密度0.78~0.82 g.cm-3,各种环境条件下的起爆率均为100%。     

壳体厚度和爆炸深度对水下爆炸冲击波的影响

根据Cole水下爆炸冲击波经验公式和C-J爆轰理论,用AUTODYN软件对带壳小药量装药水下爆炸进行数值模拟,计算了不同壳体厚度的TNT水下爆炸冲击波压力峰值,得到带壳装药水下爆炸冲击波峰值压力的拟合公式,分析了冲击波随装药壳厚与半径比以及爆炸深度的变化规律.结果表明,带壳装药水下爆炸的冲击波峰值压力随壳厚与装药半径比...     

A Simple Relation between the Detonation Velocity of an Explosive and its Gurney Energy

Based on energetic considerations, we deduce a simple link between the detonation velocity D of an explosive and its Gurney energy E_G, namely . The calculations rely on classical results of detonation theory, linked to the assumption of adiabatic expansion of the gaseous detonation products.     

药型罩材料对JPC成型的影响

运用LS-DYNA模拟软件研究了药型罩材料对聚能杆式侵彻体(JPC)成型的影响.通过对铝、铁、铜、钽、钨JPC的统计分析,得出材料密度和延伸率对JPC头部速度、长径比等参数的影响规律.结果表明,随着从铝到钨材料密度以及延伸率的减小,JPC头部速度降低69%,长径比降低75%, 鉴于JPC的这两个参数,铜、钽是作为JPC成型的较好材料,而铜最佳,铝易断裂、易气化,铁和钨不能够得到充分拉伸,均不适合JPC的成型.对铜药型罩进行了试验验证,试验结果与模拟结果较吻合.     

破甲战斗部新型装药--聚奥黑炸药

一种新型的破甲战斗部装药-聚奥黑炸药是以HMX/RDX二种单质炸药为主体炸药的压装高聚物粘结炸药,其主要特点是可以通过改变HMX/RDX的组成比例,得到不同爆炸能量的系列化产品;更为突出的是,合理选择HMX/RDX比例,使PBX装药具有与HMX相近的高爆炸能量,而成本费用大幅度降低.经过在破甲战斗部中应用试验表明,聚奥黑炸药的装药密度高、破甲威力大,是一种适合装填各类破甲战斗部的新型装药.     

Corner Turning of Detonation Waves in an HMX‐based Paste Explosive

Detonation wave profiles have been determined for RX‐08‐HD (74% HMX paste) loaded in 3 mm square troughs after turning both acute 90° bends and bends with a 1.5 mm inner radius turn and a 4.5 mm outer radius. The explosive troughs were confined with either lucite or copper. We show that the shape of the detonation wavefront can be explained in terms of a Huygens' construction from the leading point to the outer radius. Turbulent behavior occurs between the leading point and the inner edge. The turbulence appears enhanced for the curved samples with copper confinement. The distance the detonation wave has to travel past the turn in order to regain its original symmetry was found to be governed by an exponential time constant of 0.6 µs. Analysis suggests that the leading point alone stays at the straight‐ahead detonation velocity throughout the turn.     

RDX基铝纤维炸药水下爆炸的能量分析

将RDX基铝纤维炸药和RDX基含铝炸药进行水下爆炸实验,得到两种炸药在不同位置的压力-时程曲线,经过计算得到两种炸药水下爆炸的能量,并以含铝炸药的能量为铝纤维炸药的参考能量,分析两者的差异及造成差异的原因。结果表明,与含铝炸药相比,铝纤维炸药的压力峰值与冲量降低,铝纤维炸药的比冲击波能降低11%～22%,比气泡能降低11%～15%,比爆炸能降低11%～18%。铝纤维炸药的比爆炸能占爆热的73%～82%,低于含铝粉炸药比爆炸能与爆热的比值(89%～94%)。铝纤维炸药能量未达到其参考能量的主要原因是铝纤维直径较大导致反应不充分以及熔喷法制成的铝纤维中Al2O3含量较高。     

低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的配方研究

介绍了低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的制备技术特点 ,通过配方设计及试验研究 ,得到低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的最佳配方 ,其性能为爆速约 2 1 0 0 m/ s,传爆距离在 50 m以上 (装药直径 32 mm)     

不同敏化材料对乳化炸药爆炸性能的研究

通过添加中空玻璃微球(CGM)和中空聚合物微球(CPM)两种不同敏化材料,制备两种不同乳化炸药,并对其爆速和密度、孔隙率的关系以及爆压进行了对比分析,研究表明,乳化炸药的爆速和密度呈现非线性关系,在同一密度下,CPM对乳化炸药的敏化效果比CGM好,且爆轰波在乳化炸药中传播时,被测炸药中CPM的爆压也略大于CGM的爆压。此外,综合对比爆速和爆压,表明乳化炸药孔隙率对爆轰性能具有重要影响,即一定条件下当孔隙率较大时可得到较大爆速和爆压,当孔隙率较小时,体系不具备雷管感度,不能起爆。此结果可为今后乳化炸药敏化发展提供指导作用。     

Analysis of Post Detonation Products of Different Explosive Charges

High explosive charges containing TNT, Comp. B, PBXN-106, TNT/TATB and the aluminium containing charges TNT/AN/Al, Comp. B/Al and a PBX high explosive with polyurethane binder, RDX, AP and Al have been initiated in a containment of 1.5 m³ in argon atmosphere. The gaseous and solid products were analyzed by mass spectrometry and other techniques. From the reaction products, the completeness of the Al reaction under different conditions was evaluated. The heat of detonation was calculated from the heat of formation of the products and the components of the explosive charges. The method described is suitable for studying the reaction behavior of components in composite explosives, especially of less sensitive high explosives.     

The Effect of the Hydrogen Containing Material TiH2 on the Detonation Characteristics of Emulsion Explosives

In order to improve the detonation performance of emulsion explosives, a new type of emulsion explosives with TiH₂ powders is developed. The influences of the amount of sensitizers GMs and energetic additives TiH₂ on explosion characteristics of emulsion explosives are studied to determine the optimum compositions. Underwater explosion and brisance testing experiments show that, compared to traditional GMs sensitized emulsion explosives, the shock wave specific impulse I and total energy E of GMs‐TiH₂ sensitized emulsion explosives are improved significantly, and the effect of TiH₂ powders on improving the explosion power of emulsion explosives is better than that of Ti powders. The brisance of GMs‐TiH₂ emulsion explosives is 23.80 mm compression of lead block, 7.7 mm more than that of the emulsion explosives sensitized by GMs alone. Therefore, the hydrogen containing material TiH₂ could be a promising energetic additive for developing high‐power emulsion explosives.