RH精炼工艺对无取向硅钢MgO·Al2O3夹杂物演变影响及控制

 基于BOF→RH→CSP生产工艺,研究了RH精炼过程钢中夹杂物类型演变及MgO?Al2O3夹杂物形成规律,同时对MgO?Al2O3夹杂物的形成条件进行了热力学计算,借助CFD数值模拟软件研究了RH精炼过程卷渣行为。研究发现,RH精炼过程20和30 min时,[w([MgO])/w([Al2O3])]为0.005～0.020,未发现MgO?Al2O3夹杂物;RH出站后夹杂物[w([MgO])/w([Al2O3])]为0.3～0.5,且RH精炼结束后MgO?Al2O3夹杂物占夹杂物总量的58.4%;另外,RH精炼过程钢液表面速度CFD模拟结果为0.57 m/s,大于临界卷渣速度0.45 m/s,且顶渣成分与夹杂物成分相近,存在卷渣现象。热力学计算表明,钢液与炉渣平衡时钢中[w([Al])]为0.31%～0.37%,[w([Mg])]为0.000 24%～0.000 28%,在MgO?Al2O3生成区域之内。减少RH处理过程卷渣,浇铸过程下渣及控制顶渣和包衬相中MgO质量分数可抑制MgO?Al2O3夹杂物形成。     

50Cr5MoV钢中非金属夹杂物及全氧

 对采用“EBT→LF→VD”工艺路线生产50Cr5MoV锻钢轧辊炼钢过程的全氧质量分数和夹杂物类型与数量进行了分析。结果表明：LF精炼后钢液中[w(T[O])]平均为0.004 7%,VD出站[w(T[O])]为0.001 4%,中间包[w(T[O])]为0.001 55%,铸坯[w(T[O])]为0.001 8%,轧材中[w(T[O])]降低至0.001 0%。LF精炼初期,钢中夹杂物主要是不规则的Al2O3夹杂,其中96.75%的夹杂物尺寸小于10 μm。LF精炼结束后,大量夹杂物转变成以CaO-Al2O3-SiO2为主要成分的0～1 0 μm复合氧化物夹杂。钢水从VD真空精炼炉向中间包转移过程中,由于保护性浇注效果差,二次氧化严重造成钢水夹杂逐渐增多,其中夹杂物主要为球形的[mCaO·nAl2O3]复合夹杂物。铸坯中99.65%的夹杂物尺寸小于10 μm,其中大部分为球形钙铝酸盐夹杂物,还有少量球状硅铝酸钙复合夹杂物。轧材中98.77%的夹杂物尺寸小于10 μm。通过对炼钢过程中各工序的工艺优化,可实现对夹杂物的有效控制, 从而确保50Cr5MoV合金铸钢的产品质量。     

GCr15轴承钢冶炼过程钢液洁净度变化

 研究了EAF→LF→VD→软搅→CC工艺生产GCr15轴承钢冶炼过程钢中T[O]及非金属夹杂物的变化情况。通过将电炉出钢碳质量分数控制为0.2%～0.4%、出钢加铝强脱氧及造预精炼渣、LF精炼过程造高碱度强还原性炉渣、VD真空强搅拌及防止中间包二次氧化,可以生产[w(T[O])]等于8×10－6的轴承钢。在炉外精炼过程中夹杂物经历了Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→CaO-MgO-Al2O3演变。LF精炼过程夹杂物平均尺寸减小,经过VD真空处理后尺寸增加,接着在软搅和中间包过程继续减小。利用VD真空处理可以去除高达74%的夹杂物。     

精炼渣对SUS444铁素体不锈钢中夹杂物的影响

在1 873K,MgO坩埚内进行了VOD精炼渣与SUS444铁素体不锈钢之间的脱氧平衡试验,考察了精炼渣对不锈钢中T.O含量及夹杂物组成、数量和尺寸分布的影响。结果表明,脱氧终点钢中w(T.O)=0.006 3%~0.007 4%,提高精炼渣碱度,降低渣中Al2O3的活度,有利于降低钢中T.O含量。精炼渣碱度增加,试样中单位面积夹杂物的个数及夹杂物的平均面积分数都减小。降低渣中Al2O3含量,夹杂物平均粒径也降低。加入脱氧合金后,钢中夹杂物主要为Al2O3、MgO·Al2O3及含有少量SiO2、MnO的复合氧化物;钙处理后,钢中夹杂物主要为球形的MgO·Al2O3-CaO。随着精炼渣中a(MgO)/a(Al2O3)的增加,MgO·Al2O3夹杂物中xMgO/xAl2O3随之增加。根据试验,R=3.5、w(Al2O3)=10%、w(MgO)=10%、w(CaF2)=5%的精炼渣具有良好的精炼效果。     

SPA-H钢LF精炼过程非金属夹杂物行为研究

对武汉钢铁股份有限公司条材总厂"BOF→LF→CSP"工艺生产SPA-H钢2个炉次的LF精炼过程进行了系统取样,并利用Aspex自动扫描电子显微镜分析统计了钢中夹杂物的成分、尺寸、面积和数量。研究发现,当钢-渣反应和钢-炉衬反应达到平衡时夹杂物在CaO-Al2O3-MgO三元系相图中呈直线分布,通过对比2个炉次钢中夹杂物的转变,说明控制精炼渣成分和精炼时间,可以使部分Al2O3夹杂物进入CaO-Al2O3-MgO三元系低熔点区,并且在软吹过程中能够获得较好的夹杂物去除效果。     

钙处理对高碳铝镇静钢中夹杂物的影响

 为了研究高碳含硫铝镇静钢中夹杂物的控制策略,利用ASPEX自动扫描电镜研究了钙处理对高碳铝镇静钢中夹杂物形貌、成分等特征的影响。结果表明,钙处理后夹杂物并未由LF精炼结束时的MgO·Al2O3转变为低熔点钙铝酸盐,而是转变为[x(MgO·Al2O3)·(1－x)CaS]复杂成分体系,夹杂物中MgO/Al2O3的质量比维持在1[∶]3不变。原因在于,钢液中[w([S])/w(T[O])]比较高,导致钙主要与硫结合生成CaS,而较少参与MgO·Al2O3的改性;精炼渣碱度低使得钙无法还原MgO。在此基础上对钙处理时夹杂物的生成与转变机理进行了讨论。     

超低氧石油套管钢LF-VD过程非金属夹杂物的转变

系统分析和研究了采用“EAF→ LF→VD→CC”工艺流程生产试验钢时,各工序的全氧与氮含量的变化情况、钢液中非金属夹杂物的生成与变化以及精炼初渣对夹杂物去除的影响.结果表明:试验钢在LF精炼过程中w(T.O)平均下降42.83％,经VD真空处理后w(T.O)和w(N)平均下降48.77％和10.72％.在LF精炼过程中,钢液中非金属夹杂物按“Al2O3系夹杂物→MgO-Al2O3系夹杂物→CaO-MgO-Al2O3系夹杂物”顺序转变,其中MgO-Al2O3系夹杂物向CaO-MgO-Al2O3系夹杂物转变是由外向内逐步进行,并且夹杂物中CaO与MgO互不相溶.精炼初渣碱度控制在2.5左右对于炉渣吸收夹杂较为有利.     

超低氧齿轮钢28MnCr5中镁铝尖晶石夹杂物的控制

利用FactSage软件对28MnCr5钢液和镁铝尖晶石夹杂物的平衡反应进行了分析,当w[Al]在0.02%~0.04%之间,w[Mg](0.39~0.42)×10-6的临界范围时开始生成镁铝尖晶石。计算发现:在现有28MnCr5钢精炼工艺条件下,钢液中会不可避免生成镁铝尖晶石夹杂物。当钢液w[Mg]8.5×10-6时,加入钙不能使其转变成低熔点液态夹杂物;而当钢液w[Mg]小于此值时,增加w[Ca]时,夹杂物按照"镁铝尖晶石→CaO-Al2O3-MgO系液态夹杂物→CaO"路径转变,钢液w[Ca]增加至3×10-6左右时均能将其转化为CaO-Al2O3-MgO系液态夹杂物。计算表明,精炼渣还原提供的[Ca]不能使28MnCr5钢中镁铝尖晶石夹杂物完全变性,须采用向钢液中喂钙线等手段来提高钢液中的钙含量。     

切割丝用盘条非金属夹杂物对比分析

 借助Aspex Explorer全自动分析技术对日本神户制钢和国内某钢铁厂所产切割丝用盘条的夹杂物分析检测,详细讨论氧化物夹杂的尺寸、数量密度、成分以及形态。结果表明：神户所产盘条中夹杂物数量少、横截面尺寸均在5 μm以下,存在两类夹杂物,即富SiO2的SiO2-MnO-Al2O3-(R2O,R＝Na、K)系和低熔点的CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MnO-(MgO)系夹杂物,两类夹杂物沿轧向均能很好变形,国内某厂所产盘条中夹杂物也分为两类：SiO2-MnO-Al2O3以及CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MnO-(MgO),夹杂物数量多,变形差且检测到横截面尺寸5 μm以上的夹杂物。盘条化学成分分析表明,神户盘条中[w([Al]s)]为0.000 4%～0.000 6%,[w(T[O])]为0.001 2%～0.001 3%,国内盘条[w([Al]s)]为0.000 5%～0.000 6%,[w(T[O])]为0.001 5%～0.001 6%。     

小方坯流程高品质轴承钢工艺

相比于电炉冶炼和大方坯流程,采用转炉冶炼加小方坯流程具有更低的生产成本。根据天钢的实际生产情况,对采用“铁水脱硫扒渣→转炉冶炼→LF造渣精炼→VD真空精炼→小方坯连铸”流程生产高品质轴承钢的关键技术进行研究。分析冶炼过程钢水及连铸坯中夹杂物可知：随着LF炉炉渣碱度的升高,钢液中wT［O］大幅降低,控制炉渣碱度R在一个较高范围（7.0~9.0）对于控制钢液中wT［O］很重要;LF精炼初期,夹杂物中Al2O3含量较高,随着精炼的进行夹杂物向着CaO-Al2O3-MgO系和Al2O3-MgO系方向夹杂物发展;VD真空处理促进钢-渣-夹杂物间反应向平衡方向移动,夹杂物接着向CaO-Al2O3-MgO系方向发展,夹杂物中CaO含量增加;在小方坯连铸过程中,采用两级电磁搅拌加低拉速、低比水量的模式获得了较小的碳偏析度。     

Cleanliness of Alloying Structural Steel

 Alloying structural steel used for mechanical structures has a high requirement for cleanliness because its failures are greatly affected by non-metallic inclusions and total oxygen content in steel. It has been reported by some steelmaking plants to have some problems in controlling total oxygen content and inclusions during alloying structural steel production. For this purpose, cleanliness control in 02C-03Si-06Mn-1Cr-02Mo steel was investigated. Firstly, low melting temperature zone (≤1873 K) of CaO-Al2O3-MgO system and formation condition of low melting temperature inclusions were investigated through thermodynamic equilibrium calculation. On this basis, industrial tests were carried out. Through sampling at different stages, transformation of oxide inclusions and change of total oxygen content in steel were studied. The results show that: in order to form CaO-Al2O3-MgO system inclusions with low melting temperature, mass percent of Al2O3, MgO and CaO in inclusions should be controlled from 376% to 708%, 0 to 174% and 255% to 606%; For the condition of 1873 K and 005% (mass percent) dissolved aluminum in steel, the activities of dissolved oxygen, magnesium and calcium should be controlled as 0298×10-4-2×10-4, 01×10-5-40×10-5 and 08×10-8-180×10-8 respectively. With secondary refining proceeding, average total oxygen content and inclusion amount decrease, the type of most inclusions changes from Al2O3 after tapping to Al2O3-MgO after top slag is formed during ladle furnace refining and finally to CaO-Al2O3-MgO after RH treatment. In the final products, average total oxygen content was 127×10-6 and most inclusions were in spherical shape with size less than 5 μm.     

高品质轴承钢BOF-LF-RH-CC和EAF-LF-VD-CC工艺夹杂物演变规律

以某公司两种不同轴承钢生产工艺为例,对BOF-LF-RH-CC和EAF-LF-VD-CC工艺生产的轴承钢中夹杂物进行了对比分析。初炼炉的出钢碳含量会对LF精炼前期夹杂物的数量以及成分产生影响,BOF出钢w(C)=0.07%的炉次,LF精炼初期夹杂物数量为5.04个/mm²且主要为Al₂O₃夹杂物;EAF出钢w(C)=0.58%的炉次,LF精炼初期夹杂物数量为2.49个/mm²且主要为MgO·Al₂O₃夹杂物,但在LF精炼结束时出钢碳含量对夹杂物数量的影响较小。LF精炼炉渣中CaO活度会对夹杂物中CaO的含量产生影响,BOF-LF-RH-CC工艺LF精炼渣CaO活度为0.632,对应的精炼结束时夹杂物中w(CaO)=5%;EAF-LF-VD-CC工艺LF精炼渣CaO活度为0.965,对应的精炼结束时夹杂物中w(CaO)=18%。对比分析过RH、VD后轴承钢夹杂物的成分和数量变化情况,发现经RH处理后MgO·Al₂O₃     

Inclusion evolution in 50CrVA spring steel by optimization of refining slag

In order to control the CaO-Al2O3 -SiO 2 -MgO system inclusions in 50CrVA spring steel in a lower melting temperature region, high temperature equilibrium experiments between steel and slag were performed in the laboratory, under the conditions of the initial slag basicity within 3-7 and the con-tent of Al2O3 between 18-35 mass%, to investigate the formation and evolution of this type of in-clusion.The results indicate that the total oxygen content in the steel decreases with the increase of slag basicity and the decrease of Al2O3 content in slags, and CaO-Al2O3 -SiO 2 -MgO inclusions tend to deviate from the low melting point region with the increase of Al2O3 content in slags.The most fa-vorable composition for the refining slag is composed of 51-56 mass% CaO, 9-13 mass% SiO2 , 20-25 mass% Al2O3 and 6 mass% MgO.In this case, the inclusions in 50CrVA spring steel are mostly in the low melting point regions, in which their plasticities are expected to improve during steel roll-ing.The MgO-based inclusions were observed in the steel matrix and the formation mechanism was theoretically and schematically revealed.It is also found that adding around 11 mass% of MgO into the refining slags is beneficial to reducing the refractory corrosion.Further work should be carried out focusing on the evolution rates of MgO-based inclusions.     

Inclusion Variations of Hot Working Die Steel H13 in Refining Process

 Inclusion variations of die steel H13, including changes of species, morphologies, compositions, amounts and sizes, in the production of EAF→LF→VD→ingot casting→electro-slag refining (ESR) procedure, were investigated by systematic sampling, and analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), and metallographic microscope. The variation mechanism was studied by comprehensive analysis of total oxygen, nitrogen, and acid soluble aluminum as well as chemical test of refining slag. Based on the investigations, technical measures for cleanness improvement were discussed. The results show that oxide inclusions in H13 steel change from irregular Al2O3→near globular CaO-MgO-Al2O3 and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 complex inclusions→finer CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 inclusions with higher CaO content→CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 inclusions with higher Al2O3 content and irregular MgO-Al2O3 inclusions→fine irregular MgO-Al2O3-CaS inclusions in various steps of the production; the variations are related with changes of acid soluble aluminum content, reactions between slag and steel, re-oxidation of liquid steel during casting, and refining of ESR. It is also found that Al2O3 inclusions are modified by refining slag in LF and VD refining; and ESR plays a good role in inclusion removal, especially in controlling the large linear VC-CrC-MoC inclusions distributed in grain boundaries. It is suggested that casting protection should be improved, and the basicity of refining slag and acid soluble aluminum content in steel should be raised.     

Behavior of MgO·Al_2O_3 Based Inclusions in Alloy Steel During Refining Process

The transformation of MgO·Al2O3 based inclusions in alloy steel during refining has been studied by industrial trials.Besides Factsage software is used to study the formation and modification of spinel inclusions in alloy steel using calcium treatment during refining process.The results show that the transformation sequence of inclusions is:MgO·Al2O3→CaO-Al2O3-MgO complex inclusions→MgO·Al2O3,and under present experimental condition,in order to avoid forming MgO·Al2O3 inclusions the content of dissolved Ca in the molten steel has to reach 1×10-6.Also the results show that when more calcium was added to molten steel,the content of Al2O3 and MgO will be lower.Besides,increasing the content of CaO in the inclusions will increase even if the content of SiO2 changes little.     

30Cr1Mo1V汽轮机转子钢的精炼渣优化

摘要：为有效控制30Cr1Mo1V汽轮机转子钢中非金属夹杂物和有害杂质元素含量,利用热力学软件FactSage 8.1,计算了1873K下CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-5%MgO系精炼渣与30Cr1Mo1V钢液平衡时的等［O］线、等［S］线,以获得最优精炼渣成分范围。研究了不同精炼渣对钢中氧、硫含量,夹杂物特性的影响,继而揭示了钢中典型MgO·Al2O3夹杂物的热力学形成机制以及夹杂物与精炼渣之间的成分关系,并构建了“钢 渣”界面MgO·Al2O3夹杂物运动模型。实验和模型结果表明,优化渣系50.4%CaO-40-3%Al2O3-4.3%SiO2-5%MgO对钢液脱氧、脱硫和非金属夹杂物控制的效果明显,模型预测结果与夹杂物去除率对应关系良好。     

不同碱度低氧化铝精炼渣对弹簧钢夹杂物成分的影响

为了优化55SiCrA弹簧钢中夹杂物的组成和形态,采用热力学软件Factsage分别研究了CaO、SiO_2含量对CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-MgO与CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-MnO系相图低熔点区域面积的影响,研究结果表明:随着CaO和SiO_2含量的增加,CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-MnO系相图低熔点区域面积分数逐步增大;在CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-MgO系中,当CaO的质量分数为40%,SiO_2的质量分数为50%时,对应相图的低熔点区域面积最大。同时,研究了不同碱度的精炼渣对钢样中夹杂物的影响,结果表明:当精炼渣的Al_2O_3含量相同时,随着精炼渣碱度的增大,夹杂物中Al_2O_3的含量不断增加,其成分逐渐偏离低熔点区域。当精炼渣中Al_2O_3的质量分数为8%,碱度为1.2时,可得到低熔点的塑性夹杂物,形貌多为球形,尺寸在5μm以下。     

超低氧精炼时钙处理对氧化物夹杂的影响

 研究了采用LF精炼顶渣控制技术对钢液进行超低氧冶炼时,钙处理对钢中非金属夹杂物的影响。试验在转炉出钢时采用铝终脱氧,LF精炼过程采用强脱氧、高碱度、强还原性精炼顶渣对钢液进行超低氧冶炼,比较了钙处理和不钙处理的钢液中非金属夹杂物转变的情况。结果表明,采用精炼顶渣控制技术冶炼超低氧钢时,钢液不需要进行钙处理就能实现铝脱氧产物Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3尖晶石→CaO-MgO-Al2O3类复合夹杂物的转变,得到炼钢温度下呈液态的复合氧化物夹杂,这些液态的夹杂物容易通过碰撞长大上浮去除,得到高洁净度的钢液,且残留在钢液的氧化物夹杂为较低熔点的复合氧化物,在浇注过程中不会产生水口结瘤。