水蒸汽对ZTM15（Y2O3）材料低温时效现象的影响

通过对ZrO2增韧莫来石陶瓷（ZTM）低温时效现象的研究,发现试样表面及内部存在的微裂纹是导致材料在100－200℃时效处理后强度下降的重要原因。当莫来石基体中四方氧化锆（t-ZrO2)晶粒为1．8μm时,ZTM15（2．0mol%Y2O3)材料在水蒸汽环境下经较短时间热处理,强度严重下降,水蒸汽可加速ZTM材料中四方氧化锆的相变。     

莫来石基复合材料的显微结构与增韧特性——(Ⅱ)SiCw/ZTM体系

本文分析了SiCw/ZTM系复合材料的显微结构及其与力学性能的关系,特别讨论了四方相氧化锆含量及其稳定化程度对增韧的影响。调节氧化锆相中稳定剂Y_2O_3的固溶量可在ZTM复合材料中实现微裂纹增韧和一定程度的相变增韧。包含氧化锆增韧和晶须补强两种效应的SiCw/ZTM多相复合材料中,晶须补强与微裂纹增韧呈加和规律,晶须补强与相变增韧的复合能产生协同增韧效果,但这要求非常仔细地控制稳定剂含量及四方氧化锆晶粒度,以使其中四方氧化锆具备适当的稳定度。     

太阳能热发电Al2O3-ZrO2复相储热陶瓷的制备及其抗热震性

以α-Al2O3、部分稳定氧化锆(PSZ)(Y2O35.2%)、红柱石、堇青石、滑石为原料,制备了太阳能储热用Al2O3-ZrO2复相储热陶瓷,采用XRD、SEM等测试技术对样品的性能及结构进行了研究,探讨了PSZ、堇青石和红柱石对储热陶瓷样品抗热震性能的影响。结果表明,添加堇青石、PSZ和红柱石均可提高样品的抗热震性能,且三者共掺时的抗热震性能最优。经1 340℃烧成的复相储热陶瓷样品(样品B4)抗折强度达60.83MPa、热震(室温～800℃,气冷)30次不开裂,且热震后抗折强度增长了13.15%。相组成分析表明,B4样品热震前后晶相组成均为刚玉、四方氧化锆、红柱石、莫来石、堇青石。SEM研究结果表明,样品热震前后均较致密,少量连通气孔,气孔尺寸为1～80μm,晶粒尺寸为1～5μm,晶粒生长发育良好,被少量玻璃相包裹,晶粒间呈晶间型紧密连接,赋予了样品较高的强度和抗热震性。     

LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2与LiMn2O4共混正极材料电化学性能

为开发具有优良循环性能和安全性能的大型锂离子电池的正极材料,将不同比例的LiNi_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.4)O_2和Li Mn2O4材料进行共混,研究了LiNi_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.4)O_2和Li Mn2O4共混以及共混比例(10∶0、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、0∶10)对锂离子电池的首次放电性能、循环性能和倍率性能以及交流阻抗和循环伏安曲线的影响,并采用扫描电镜对电极材料进行了表征.研究结果表明,共混比例会影响材料的电化学性能,8∶2,7∶3和6∶4配比的混合材料的体积比容量、循环性能和倍率性能要好于纯LiNi_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.4)O_2和Li Mn2O4材料.其中,8∶2配比的材料性能最好.     

共沉淀法合成YAl3（BO3）4:Ce,Tb绿色荧光粉及其性能研究

采用化学共沉淀法合成YAl3(BO3)4:Ce,Tb绿色硼铝酸盐发光材料,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和光致发光(PL)光谱对其晶体结构和荧光光谱进行研究.测试结果表明:YAl3(BO3)4:Ce,Tb发光材料属于三方晶系、空间群R32,掺入Ce3+,Tb3+离子后晶格结构没有变化;发光材料的发射光谱主峰位于541 nm处的Tb3+的5D4→7F5跃迁峰,Ce3+离子对Tb3+有敏化作用;掺杂的稀土离子配比为Ce:Tb=0.3:0.1,B的掺杂量为25%,在1 100℃下、高温烧结2h的样品的荧光强度最好.     

pBMP/Ce-TZP陶瓷复合人工骨材料的研究

研究H-Z涂层内以CeO2稳定的四方相氧化锆多孔陶瓷,与猪骨形态发生蛋白复合而成的人工骨。结果表明,人工骨材料的羟基磷灰石多孔层平均气孔率为34.95%,吸水率为8.63%,体积密度为3.84 g/cm3,断裂韧性(KIC)为10.95 MPa.m1/2,显微硬度(HV)为1 051。用XRD和SEM测定基体晶相为t-ZrO2,H-Z涂层中有t-ZrO2、m-ZrO2、d-TCP和少量的HA等晶相,其多孔结构有利于pBMP、骨组织长入和形成化学键性结合达到永久性生物学固定的目的。具有良好力学强度及增韧性。材料的生物相容性与诱导成骨能力良好,促进骨缺损的修复。     

Y0.18-xYbxTa0.18Zr0.64O2材料的相结构、相稳定性和热膨胀性能研究

采用固相反应法制备了Yb2O3-Y2O3-Ta2O5-ZrO2陶瓷材料(简称YbTYSZ).分别利用X-ray衍射(XRD)仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和高温综合热膨胀仪对陶瓷材料的物相组成及相稳定性、显微结构和热膨胀性进行了分析.XRD结果表明:1 873 K烧结6 h的YbTYSZ陶瓷材料由单一的四方相组成,且经1 573 K等温热处理250 h后仍表现为单一的四方相结构,说明该陶瓷材料在高温下具有良好的相稳定性.随着Yb3+掺杂量增多,晶粒尺寸增大且变的均匀.此外,在室温至1 573 K,YbTYSZ陶瓷材料的平均热膨胀系数呈现先减小后增大的规律.     

BaO-TiO2-Nd2O3-La2O3系陶瓷结构与介电性质研究

在BaO-TiO2-Nd2O3(BTN)系材料中以La2O3部分取代Nd2O3后构成BaO-TiO2-Nd2O3-La2O3(BTNL)系的结构和介电性能。实验结果证实,随着La2O3和Nd2O3摩尔比的增加,介电常数的温度系数((下降,用XRD分析证明是因为BaLa2Ti4O12和La2Ti2O7相的增加所致。在BTNL系中加入适量的添加剂可获得中温下烧结的具有超低损耗的微波陶瓷材料,可用于研制微波独石电容器。     

纳米SiO2和纳米CaCO3增强混凝土强度的试验研究

为了研究纳米SiO2、纳米CaCO3对混凝土力学性能的影响,进行了混凝土抗压强度和抗劈裂强度试验.纳米SiO2以0.5%,1.0%,2.0%,3.0%,纳米CaCO3以1.0%,3.0%等量取代水泥,标准养护7,28,78,128 d后进行混凝土强度测试.结果表明:纳米SiO2以3%等量取代时可以加速混凝土中C-S-H凝胶在水化早期和二次水化反应中的形成,从而提高混凝土的抗压和劈裂强度,从经济的角度考虑纳米SiO2的最优掺量为2%;纳米CaCO3可以吸收Ca(OH)2,促进水化碳铝酸钙的生成而提高混凝土的强度,其最优掺量为3%.     

Na2SiO3含量对等离子体电解氧化Al2O3-ZrO2复合陶瓷层形成机制的影响

铸造Al-Si合金表面ZrO2陶瓷层可有效提高基体的隔热及抗高温氧化性能,采用等离子体电解氧化方法在Al-Si合金表面制备了氧化锆涂层.涂层的组成、结构通过SEM、XRD进行研究.结果表明:K2ZrF6体系成膜速度较快,30min膜厚可达92μm,膜层表面和截面没有明显的等离子体放电形成的微孔,大量聚集的Zr(OH)4在等离子体放电产生的热化学作用下分解为ZrO2,表面出现大量2μm～5μm的陶瓷颗粒.K2ZrF6复合Na2SiO3体系成膜速度较慢,30min膜厚仅为27μm,表面和截面存在较多喷射状孔洞,随着溶液浓度的增大,成膜速度均呈先增后减的趋势.K2ZrF6复合Na2SiO3体系中,陶瓷层主要由α-Al2O3、γ-Al2O3、Al2(OH)3F3和m-ZrO2组成,α-Al2O3为陶瓷层的主晶相.K2ZrF6体系中陶瓷层的主要成分为t-ZrO2、m-ZrO2、α-Al2O3和γ-Al2O3,t-ZrO2为涂层的主晶相.涂层中m-ZrO2较少,而t-ZrO2含量高,表明生成的α-Al2O3起到稳定高温相t-ZrO2的作用.     

SnO2及SnO2／Fe2O3复合微米材料的合成及表征

本文首先以SnCl2·2H2O为主要原料,无水乙醇为溶剂,利用溶剂热法于180℃反应24h得到了SnO2微球;再以所制备的SnO2微球为前驱体,FeCl3·6H2O为主要原料,通过水热法得到SnO2／Fe2O3复合材料．利用X射线粉末衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对所得产物进行了表征．结果表明：所得的SnO2为四方锡石型,形貌为微球,平均直径约为2．0μm;复合后得到的SnO2／Fe2O3微球平均直径约为2．5μm．其中,Fe2O3为六方赤铁矿型,在复合物的表面以小颗粒的形式存在,尺寸约为200nm．另外,也对SnO3与SnO2／Fe2O3微球的形成过程进行了讨论．     

Temperature dependence on reaction of CaCO3 and SO2 in O2/CO2 coal combustion

The temperature dependence on the reaction of desulfurization reagent CaCO₃ and SO₂ in O₂/CO₂ coal combustion was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction measurement and pore structure analysis. The results show that the conversion of the reaction of CaCO₃ and SO₂ in air is higher at 500–1 100 °C and lower at 1 200 °C compared with that in O₂/CO₂ atmosphere. The conversion can be increased by increasing the concentration of SO₂, which causes the inhibition of CaSO₄ decomposition and shifting of the reaction equilibrium toward the products. XRD analysis of the product shows that the reaction mechanism of CaCO₃ and SO₂ differs with temperature in O₂/CO₂ atmosphere, i.e. CaCO₃ directly reacts with SO₂ at 500 °C and CaO from CaCO₃ decomposition reacts with SO₂ at 1 000 °C. The pore analysis of the products indicates that the maximum specific surface area of the products accounts for the highest conversion at 1 100 °C in O₂/CO₂ atmosphere. The results reveal that the effect of the atmosphere on the conversion is temperature dependence.     

Preparation of TiO2 photocatalyst loaded with V2O5 for O2 evolution

TiO₂ photocatalysts loaded with V₂O₅ were prepared via a modified hydrolysis process, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectra and diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectra measurements. The photocatalytic activity of V₂O₅/TiO₂ was investigated by employing splitting of water for O₂ evolution. The results indicate that V₂O₅ loading can pronouncedly improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ with Fe³⁺ as an electron acceptor under UV or visible light irradiation. The optimum mass fraction of the loaded V₂O₅ is 8%, and the largest speed of O₂ evolution for 8%V₂O₅ (mass fraction) loaded TiO₂ catalyst is 118.2 μmol/(L·h) under UV irradiation, and 83.7 μmol/(L·h) under visible light irradiation.     

Bi2O3和Fe2O3掺杂对BaTiO3陶瓷显微结构的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线能量色散谱(EDAX)等结构分析技术,研究了施主(Bi     

Dielectric properties of Pb (Zn1/3 Nb2/3) O3?PbZrO3?PbTiO3 solid solution near morphotropic phase boundary

The dielectric properties of Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3) O₃-PbZrO₃−PbTiO₃ (PZN-PZ-PT) system near the rhombohedral/tetragonal morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) are carefully studied in this paper. It is found that, for all samples, the curves around the temperatures of dielectric permittivity peak show the characteristics of diffuse phase transition. The change in PbZrO₃/PbTiO₃ ratio has much influence on the dielectric properties of the samples. The extent of diffuse phase transition increases with the increasing Zr/Ti ratio. The samples in rhombohedral region have typical diffuse phase transition in the temperature range measured. However, for the samples with tetragonal symmetry, a spontaneous normal ferroelectric-relaxor phase transition exists at temperature lower than that of permittivity peak. This normal ferroelectric-relaxor phase transition is confirmed by the experiment of thermally driven current. The analysis of TEM reveals that the samples in tetragonal region show a 90% macrodomain structure, while the samples in rhombohedral region have the configuration of microdomain structure.     

Characteristics of LiCoO2, LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.45Co0.1Mn0.45O2 as cathodes of lithium ion batteries

LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ was synthesized from Li₂CO₃ and a triple oxide of nickel, cobalt and manganese at 950 °C in air. The structures and characteristics of LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂, LiCoO₂ and LiMn₂O₄ were investigated by XRD, SEM and electrochemical measurements. The results show that LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ has a layered structure with hexagonal lattice. The commercial LiCoO₂ has sphere-like appearance and smooth surfaces, while the LiMn₂O₄ and LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ consist of cornered and uneven particles. LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ has a large discharge capacity of 140.9 mA · h/g in practical lithium ion battery, which is 33.4% and 2.8% above that of LiMn₂O₄ and LiCoO₂, respectively. LiCoO₂ and LiMn₂O₄ have higher discharge voltage and better rate-capability than LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂. All the three cathodes have excellent cycling performance with capacity retention of above 89.3% at the 250th cycle. Batteries with LiMn₂O₄ or LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ cathodes show better safety performance under abusive conditions than those with LiCoO₂ cathodes. Foundation item: Project(50302016) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2005037698) supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China     

Modification of nano-TiO2 by Al2O3 in-situ coating

A novel technology of in-situ coating Al₂O₃ on the surface of H₄TiO₄ was developed to prevent the aggregation of nano-TiO₂ powders and improve the dispersibility and thermal stability in the way of forming a uniform coating layer. The heterogeneous nucleation was conducted to prepare the precursor of nano-TiO₂ and then Al₂O₃ was coated on the surface of precursor. The effects of Al₂O₃ in-situ coating on the properties of nano-TiO₂ were investigated. The results show that H₄TiO₄ can be dispersed well under alkaline condition (pH 8.5) and the heterogeneous nucleation can be controlled easily. The optimized uniform coating layer is obtained by adding 5% (mass fraction) and 10% of Al₂O₃ and the aggregation of nano-TiO₂ powders is effectively inhibited and the dispersibility is obviously improved. The crystal sizes of TiO₂ powders are 12.3, 11.4 and 8.7 nm after coating 0,5% and 10% of Al₂O₃ respectively. Al₂O₃ on the surface of particulates in amorphous phase could increase the thermal stability of nano-particles after calcined at 550 °C. Foundation item: Project(04GK2007) supported by Hunan Industrial Key Project of Science and Technology     

三氧化二铝是导致建筑物火灾的严重隐患

建筑物供电线路中的铜线与铝线连接处常常生成一种灰白物质－－三氧化二铝,极易引发建筑物火灾。着重介绍和分析这种灰白物质的成分、生成原因、危害以及防止其生成的主要措施。     

一种基于 MXene 的Fe2O3/Nb2O5/Nb4C3Tx 高灵敏丙酮传感器

MXene 具有较大比表面积和优异的导电性, 当与金属氧化物半导体结合时可以抑制片层团聚, 还可以大大提高载流子转移速率, 提高气敏性能。通过简单的水热和煅烧两步法成功合成了Fe₂O₃/Nb₂O₅/Nb₄C₃T_x 三元复合材料。通过表征, Fe₂O₃ 微米球分布在 MXene 纳米片层之间。气敏测试结果表明, 与原始Fe₂O₃相 比, Fe₂O₃/Nb₂O₅/Nb₄C₃T_x 传感器对丙酮的响应能力有明显的提高。传感器灵敏度高, 选择性较好, 对环境中 浓度为 5 ×10^?6 的丙酮响应高 (R_a /R_g = 7.81, 30% RH), 响应和恢复速度快, 具有出色的重复性和长期稳定性。Fe₂O₃/Nb₂O₅/Nb₄C₃T_x 传感器具有良好的气敏性能, 主要因为三元复合材料提供了较大比表面积和丰富的氧空位, 增强了活性位点, 使得气体易于在传感器表面扩散, 为开发丙酮敏感复合材料提供了参考。     

Electrolysis expansion performance of semigraphitic cathode in [K3AlF6/Na3AlF6]-AlF3-Al2O3 bath system

The electrolysis expansion of semigraphitic cathode in [K₃AlF₆/Na₃AlF₆]-AlF₃-Al₂O₃ bath system was tested by self-made modified Rapoport apparatus. A mathematical model was introduced to discuss the effects of α _CR (cryolite ratio) and β _KR (elpasolite content divided by the total amount of elpasolite and sodium cryolite) on performance of cathode electrolysis expansion. The results show that K and Na (potassium and sodium) penetrate into the cathode together and have an obvious influence on the performance of cathode electrolysis expansion. The electrolysis expansion and K/Na penetration rate increase with the increase of α _CR. When α _CR=1.9 and β _KR=0.5, the electrolysis expansion is the highest, which is 3.95%; and when α _CR=1.4 and β _KR=0.1, the electrolysis expansion is the lowest, which is 1.28%. But the effect of β _KR is correlative with α _CR. When α _CR=1.6 and 1.9, with the increase of β _KR, the electrolysis expansion and K/Na penetration rate increase. However, when α _CR=1.4, the electrolysis expansion and K/Na penetration rate firstly increase and then decrease with the increase of β _KR. Foundation item: Project (2005CB623703) supported by the Major State Basic Research and Development Program of China; Project (2008AA030502) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China