Physicochemical properties of the humic substances of peat and brown coal

A comparison characteristic of the spectroscopic, viscous, and electrokinetic properties of the humic substances of peat and brown coal is given. Quantitative relationships between absorbance and the concentration of humic acids (HAs) were obtained. Methods for the determination of the amounts of humic substances in peat- and coal-alkaline reagents were proposed. The average molecular weights of the humic substances of peat and coal were determined by viscometry. A method was proposed for studying the electro-kinetic properties of humic substances of different nature. The dependence of electrophoretic mobility and kinetic potentials on the concentration and nature of HAs was determined. The electrophoretic mobility method can be used for rapid analysis to determine the concentrations of the functional groups of HAs.     

萃取剂种类对泥炭腐植酸结构的影响

采用化学分析、凝胶色谱、可见光区的电子光谱、红外及^13C-核磁共振波谱研究了泥炭腐植酸的化学结构特点，泥炭腐植酸是用0．1N将当量浓度换算成物质的量浓度的氢氧化钠、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠、草酸钠以及0．1H中性焦磷酸钠的溶液分离出来的。     

Mechanochemical modification of peat humic acids

It was demonstrated that the mechanochemical modification of humic acids in the presence of iron oxyhydroxides facilitated the occurrence of solid-phase reactions due to an increase in the concentrations of phenol, carboxyl, and methoxy groups and quinoid fragments. The modified humic acids possessed an increased catalytic activity caused by the presence of quinoid fragments, phenol hydroxyls, and the humic complexes of transition metals.     

Preparation of nitrogen-containing humic preparations from peat

The effects of the duration of cavitation treatment, the concentration of NH₃, the amount of hydrogen peroxide, and the water duty on the nitrogen content the dry residue and the amount of organic substances in the liquid phase of the oxidation products of peat with hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous ammonia solution using a cavitation technology were studied. The elemental and functional-type compositions of isolated nitrogen-containing humic preparations were studied.     

Effect of the alkylation of brown coal and peat on the composition and properties of humic acids isolated from them

The effect of alkylation with alcohols in the presence of a mineral acid on the yield of humic acids from brown coal and peat was studied. A change in the ratio between the phenol and carboxyl groups of humic acids depending on the conditions of brown coal and peat alkylation was shown. An increased biological activity of humates obtained from the alkylated materials was noted.     

Interaction between the bituminous and humic components of peat

It was established that an increase in the bituminosity of peat with the degree of decomposition can be explained by an exchange interaction between the π electrons of the molecular polyconjugation systems of humic acids and the quasi-polyconjugation systems of bitumens (the presence of the latter is caused by a synergistic effect of the interaction of separated aromatic rings and the hydrogen bonds of functional groups). This interaction leads to the formation of unique associates, and this fact explains an increase in the concentration of humic substances in a composition with bitumens with increasing the degree of decomposition. The concept of associates is confirmed by a considerable increase in the EPR signal observed upon the removal of a low bitumen content, which was accompanied by changes in its parameters in a number of cases. The formation of these associates occurs under different geoclimatic conditions of peat deposit formation. The lower bituminosity of lowland peats is caused by steric hindrances created by the Ca²⁺ ions bound to the functional groups of humic substances for the access of hydrocarbon molecules.     

Changes in the composition of the bituminous components of valley peat under stimulated microbial action

The stimulated microbial oxidation of valley peat by aboriginal microflora was experimentally studied for evaluating the participation of microflora in the conversion of organic matter in present-day swamp deposits. The esters of n-carboxylic acids, triphenyl phosphates, C₁₄–C₃₁ n-alkanes, squalene, methyldehydroabietate, steroids, and pentacyclic terpenoids with the predominance of unsaturated structures mainly with the alcohol groups were identified in the composition of the bituminous components of microflora. It was found that the absolute concentrations of all of the identified groups of organic compounds in peat considerably decreased as a result of biodegradation. The relative concentrations of high-molecularweight (C₂₇–C₃₄) homologues and C₁₆–C₂₀ homologues predominant in bacteria in the composition of peat n-alkanes increased. Steroids and pentacyclic triterpenoids were enriched in unsaturated structures and compounds with the alcohol groups. Aldehydes disappeared from the composition of acyclic compounds. The fractions of palmitic acid derivatives in methyl ethers and isoprenoid structures in alkanones sharply increased.     

分散介质对泥炭腐植酸化学组成的影响

用化学、红外及电子顺磁共振光谱分析及凝胶色谱法研究了不同形态的泥炭在“аттритор”装置中于水和碱性介质中分散时的机械化学转化。     

Use of peat for the manufacture of products based on humic acids

The results of studies on the development of the following peat preparations for different purposes are represented: concentrated liquid humic fertilizers with trace elements, humic dyes for wood, textiles, and leather, a rust solvent, a leaching reagent for the production of rare and nonferrous metals, and a peat preparation for phytoextraction in the cleaning of territories contaminated by heavy metals.     

Role of modified humic acids from peat in the detoxification of tebuconazole

The acid-base properties of the initial and modified humic acids from high-moor peat were studied. It was found that the acid properties of humic acid preparations increased for C _n COOH groups and weakened for ArCOOH groups upon the mechanical activation of peat. The energies of dissociation and the degrees of dissociation of ionogenic acid groups were calculated. The detoxifying properties of the modified humic acid preparations toward the fungicide tebuconazole were studied.     

微波辅助下从泥炭中提取黄腐酸类物质的研究

在微波辅助下,以泥炭为研究对象,水为抽提溶剂,采用正交试验考察了抽提温度、时间、固液比及压力对黄腐酸类物质（泥炭水溶酸性抽提物）提取率的影响。结果显示,影响抽提率最主要的因素是压力。较佳的抽提条件为压力0.6MPa、抽提温度150℃、固液比1：10g／ml）、抽提时间20min,并采用红外光谱、元素分析及官能团测定的方法分析了抽提物的组成。采用微波辅助法从泥炭中提取医用黄腐酸可能为一种有效的环境友好的方法。     

泥炭腐植酸类物质在洁净煤技术中的应用

介绍了泥炭腐植酸类物质用作水煤浆添加剂和型煤粘结剂的理论基础和实际应用效果。结果表明,将泥炭中含有的大量腐植酸类物质经过改性,用作水煤浆添加剂,在新汶煤、八一煤、邢台煤、兖州煤、鹤岗煤、抚顺煤、神华煤、双鸭山煤等煤种上使用,制浆浓度在65%～69%,粘度在1000mPa·s左右;用作型煤粘结剂,添加量在7%～10%,单个球的冷强度为55～88kg,热强度为50～70kg,常温下耐水性好,对灰分无增加,对环境无污染。     

Average structural model of humic acids of peat origin

Based on the data of the elemental, IR-spectroscopic, quantitative functional, and cryoscopic analyses of humic acids isolated from the peats of Tver oblast, an average structural model of these acids is proposed; it reflects the main special features of the chemical structure of the test substances.     

Alkanes and fatty acids in humic substances

Straight-chain fatty acids are shown to occur in natural humic acids and fulvic acids to a substantially greater extent than has previously been estimated. The amounts chemically bonded to the substrate usually exceed those physically adsorbed. Quantities of individual fatty acids and phenolic acids in typical samples have been estimated.     

Temporal evolution of resistances in the ultrafiltration of humic substances

Many ultrafiltration-related studies have emphasized fouling mechanisms, but few works have been done on resistance modeling. This study investigated the temporal variation of different resistances including membrane intrinsic resistance, fouling resistance, and concentration polarization resistance, based on a well established resistance--in-series model. The various resistances were determined at an early stage of ultrafiltration operation. During the initial operation period, the total filtration resistance for ultrafiltration of humic substance solution ranged from 1.9×10⁹ to 2.2×10⁹Pa·/m. The principal resistance of ultrafiltration is from intrinsic membrane resistance, accounting for more than half of the total resistance (56-85%).     

Effect of the mechanochemical treatment of peat on the composition of aromatic hydrocarbons separated from peat lipids

The studies of the composition of aromatic hydrocarbons in the lipids of peats of different degrees of conversion are reported. The chemical transformations of mono-, bi-, tri-, and tetracyclic aromatic compounds under the mechanochemical action on peat are considered.     

腐殖酸类物质对反渗透膜的污染研究

通过单一污染物实验,分析了不同浓度的腐殖酸类有机物对反渗透膜的污染过程,明确了膜表面沉积的腐殖酸类有机污染物总量是导致系统膜通量降低与脱盐率升高的主要因素.腐殖酸与钙离子的复合污染实验表明,钙离子的存在加快了腐殖酸的沉积速率,且两者在膜表面的沉积使膜通量与脱盐率下降,而腐殖酸在膜上的沉积量是通量变化的决定因素.     

The electron- and γ-irradiation of humic substances

Humic substances are often considered as precursors of coal and kerogen, so that the chemistry of humic materials should be of interest to fuel scientists. This paper describes the behaviour of soil humic and fulvic acid toward high-energy irradiation. A humic and a fulvic acid were irradiated as solids with electrons and γ-rays, employing dosages ranging from 0.8 to 93.0 Mrad⁴. In addition, the humic materials were also γ-irradiated in aqueous solutions at different pH levels. Effects of irradiation were assessed by chemical, spectrophotometric, spectrometric and thermal analyses. Irradiation caused only minute changes, which were limited in the main to decreases in particle size with increasing irradiation when humic and fulvic acid were exposed as solids. When exposed in solution, irradiation at neutral and acid pH tended to bring about aggregation (formation of larger particles), whereas irradiation at high pH favoured dispersion (formation of smaller particles). Aside from causing changes in particle size, irradiation at the levels employed did not appear to cause major changes in the chemical structures of the humic materials. Thus, high-energy irradiation is not a useful method for degrading complex humic substances into simpler molecules.     

发挥腐植酸类物质在无公害蔬菜生产中的作用

蔬菜是人民生活中必不可少的重要副食品之一,是保证人民身体健康的维生素和矿质元素的重要来源。随着国民经济的迅速发展,人民生活水平正在从温饱向小康过渡,与此同时,人们对蔬菜的消费也已进入从数量型向质量型转变的时期。对无污染的、安全、优质、营养类蔬菜的需求日益迫切。然而目前生产的蔬菜质量却不尽人意,有机磷超标、硝态氮累积严重,重金属污染、病原微生物污染等也时有发生,这些都已成为无公害