In Situ Observations of Phase Transition Using High-Temperature Neutron and Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffractometry

It is of vital importance for the study of phase diagrams to investigate in situ diffusionless phase transition points at high temperatures. We have developed high-temperature techniques to measure in situ neutron and synchrotron X-ray powder diffractometry profiles. This paper reviews our recent studies obtained using these methods. The new furnace for high-temperature neutron diffraction study yields no extra peaks caused by heaters and refractory; thus, we have been able to measure very small neutron signals from the sample. Quality neutron diffraction data at high temperatures up to ∼1590°C have been analyzed using the Rietveld method for various materials, such as zirconia solid solutions and calcium titanate. High-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffractometry enables exact determination of the phase transition temperatures of perovskite-related materials.     

制备纳米BaSO4的W/O微乳液体系组成及稳定性

以TritonX 10 0 正己醇 环己烷 水制成W O微乳反胶团体系 ,通过测定体系的电导率和观察液晶相的出现确定相点绘制了各体系的拟三元相图 ,研究了温度、盐浓度和油相组分对W O微乳液体系稳定性的影响 .实验发现助表面活性剂与表面活性剂的配比对微乳液的稳定性有显著影响 .随着温度的升高 ,W O微乳液稳定区域减小 ,可通过升高温度对微乳液进行破乳 ;与以纯环己烷为油相的体系相比 ,油相中含有少量正己烷的体系具有更优异的性质 .所得结果为利用该W O微乳液体系制备纳米颗粒提供了基础数据     

水盐体系相平衡研究进展

水盐体系相平衡与相图是无机盐化工的理论基础,对水盐体系相平衡的研究可为盐湖盐类资源的综合开发利用提供理论支持。从水盐体系相平衡实验和理论研究两个方面,综述了近期国内外相关研究进展及研究方法。重点介绍了稳定相平衡和介稳相平衡体系相图测定方法及特点,概述了相区间和结晶类型变化的影响因素;从热力学模型法、统计力学理论和分子模拟3 个方面介绍了水盐体系相平衡的理论研究思路及基于液-固化学势平衡的研究现状,并讨论了3 类方法在相平衡研究上的可能发展方向。最后总结了该领域的一些研究热点,并对水盐体系相平衡的研究趋势作了展望。     

制备纳米BaSO4的W/O微乳液体系组成及稳定性

以Triton X-100/正己醇/环己烷/水制成W/O微乳反胶团体系，通过测定体系的电导率和观察液晶相的出现确定相点绘制了各体系的拟三元相图，研究了温度、盐浓度和油相组分对W/O微乳液体系稳定性的影响.实验发现助表面活性剂与表面活性剂的配比对微乳液的稳定性有显著影响.随着温度的升高，W/O微乳液稳定区域减小，可通过升高温度对微乳液进行破乳；与以纯环己烷为油相的体系相比，油相中含有少量正己烷的体系具有更优异的性质.所得结果为利用该W/O微乳液体系制备纳米颗粒提供了基础数据.     

超临界花椒油微乳的配制及其稳定性研究

以超临界花椒油为油相,吐温-80为表面活性剂,无水乙醇和1,2-丙二醇为助表面活性剂,在30℃水浴中,用水滴定上述两组分不同配比的混合物,绘制油、吐温一80、醇、水体系伪三元相图,并对微乳进行稳定性研究。结果表明,相同条件下以1,2-丙二醇为助表面活性剂的体系,相图中微乳区面积大于以乙醇为助表面活性剂的体系。随着吐温-80与醇质量比（Km）的减小,形成的微乳区面积先增大后减小。经稳定性试验表明,加温和加速离心时对微乳剂稳定性无影响;少量盐对微乳剂稳定性基本无影响。     

农药微乳剂复配表面活性剂的筛选与优化

以高效氯氰菊酯为例,通过相图考察了非离子与阴离子表面活性剂及其不同复配比例对农药微乳剂相行为的影响。研究结果表明,同等使用剂量下,非离子与阴离子表面活性剂复配比单用非离子或阴离子表面活性剂得到更大的微乳区域,并且存在最佳复配比例。以此确定了非离子与阴离子表面活性剂最佳复配比例,对配方进行了优化。     

Euler characteristic as a structural invariant of the phase diagrams of multicomponent multiphase systems

A new approach to analysis of the phase diagrams of splitting systems is suggested. The approach is based on a graph theoretical examination of the topological structure of phase separation diagrams. The possible quaternary splitting systems have been analyzed using the new approach.     

糖苷类表面活性剂与双癸基二甲基氯化铵复配体系的物化性能及相行为

研究了糖苷类表面活性剂C8/10烷基糖苷(APG)、C12/14醇醚糖苷(AEG)和C12/14醇醚糖苷柠檬酸单酯二钠盐(AEG-EC)与双癸基二甲基氯化铵(DDAC)复配体系的物化性能和相行为。结果表明,APG/DDAC体系的表面张力、泡沫性能和乳化性能有增效作用,润湿性能无增效作用。AEG/DDAC体系的泡沫性能和乳化性能有增效作用,润湿性能无增效作用。AEG-EC/DDAC体系的表面张力和润湿性能有增效作用,泡沫性能无增效作用。用偏光显微镜研究了三元体系的相行为,结果表明,随着DDAC含量的增加,糖苷类表面活性剂/DDAC/水体系的三元相图依次出现胶束相、胶束-液晶共存相和层状液晶相。     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠微乳液拟三元相图及微观结构研究

以表面活性剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(NPES)为对象,考察了助表面活性剂与复配表面活性剂对NPES形成微乳液体系的影响.通过比较微乳液区域(ME)在拟三元相图中所占比例,发现最优配比为m(NPES):m(DBSA)=1:1,m(复配表面活性剂):m(正丙醇)=1:3,此时形成微乳液区域面积最大,占57%;用电导率法与动态光散射(DLS)分析微乳液结构,结果表明,当w(H2O)＞60%时,形成微乳液为O/W型,粒径为34 nm;该体系对温度不敏感.     

甲醇混合燃料稳定性的研究

为了找到能够代替石油的其它燃料,利用非离子型表面活性剂复配制备甲醇混合燃料,并以燃料油、甲醇、表面活性剂＋助表面活性剂为三组分做出相图。通过微乳液相区面积考察不同因素对制备甲醇混合燃料的影响。因素包括不同表面活性剂的复配,甲醇加入量、不同助表面活性剂以及助表面活性剂的用量。结果表明最佳的实验条件为：表面活性剂复配比为4：1,助剂为正丁醇和油酸,甲醇与燃料油的理想配比为8：1。并对实验结果进行了分析。     

Model microemulsions containing vegetable oils part 1: Nonionic surfactant systems

Nonionic microemulsions containing triglycerides and fatty acid esters as lipophilic components have been studied. The phase inversion temperature (PIT) of the systems was determined by a conductometric method. Partial phase diagrams were constructed in the phase inversion temperature range. Water solubilization capacity of the nonionic surfactant systems studied was dependent on surfactant and oil types in analogy to ordinary hydrocarbon systems. The PIT:s increased with increased molecular weight for both esters and triglycerides.     

Review: Implementing the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation model when formulating detergents and other surfactant-related applications

When designing surfactant formulations using ionic and nonionic surfactants, the hydrophile lipophile balance (HLB) is a generalized surfactant characterization parameter that has shown to be useful when designing surfactant formulations, in the case of both ionic and nonionic surfactants (Davies' and Griffin's methods). Microemulsion phase behavior studies have been extensively used to optimize surfactant formulations, but these studies can cover a very wide phase space and can often encounter troublesome non-equilibrium issues such as coacervation. Detailed phase behavior studies can be time-consuming and difficult to apply beyond the specific surfactant-oil system studied. The hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) provides a method to help expedite surfactant formulation research by reducing the number of phase behavior studies required to optimize a given formulation. Detergency experiments have indicated that there is an optimal range of HLD for a given fabric surface. This appears to apply to other applications, as well, for example, surfactant formulations used in enhanced oil recovery have been optimized using the HLD method. These studies found that the HLD can reflect total oil recovery, even if the surfactants were derived from different alcohol feedstocks (e.g., HLD of 0 would describe optimum conditions regardless the type of surfactant). Also with additional parameterization, the HLD method can also be applied to non-ideal surfactant mixtures, specifically ionic/nonionic blends. Overall, the HLD framework has shown to be an effective screening tool for a wide range of surfactant-related applications when appropriate experiments, assumptions, and understanding of surfactant and oil interactions are used to generate the HLD parameters.     

利用伪三元相图法制备1O0％咪鲜胺微乳剂

在配方初步筛选表面活性剂的基础上,非离子表面活性剂-壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚和阴离子表面活性剂-的十二烷基苯磺酸钙。通过两者不同的配比,绘制出10％咪鲜胺微乳体系的伪三元相图,利用相图确定乳化剂最佳配比的合适配方,并检测了微乳剂样品的物理稳定性。最终配方为：咪鲜胺10％,壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚18％,十二烷基苯磺酸钙2％,异丙醇10％,水余量。     

氟碳表面活性剂的合成方法研究进展

由于氟碳表面活性剂独特的优点,它在各个领域已得到广泛的应用,因此,氟碳表面活性剂的合成方法也成为目前研究的热点。该文分类总结了各种类型氟碳表面活性剂的制备方法,并概述了一些新型氟碳表面活性剂的合成,且对氟碳表面活性剂未来的发展进行了展望。     

含钙三元氯化物体系相图计算与熔盐热稳定性

为寻求太阳能热利用高温传热储热材料,以盐湖资源为原料,提出分支/分区相图计算方法,设计NaCl-CaCl₂-KCl和KCl-CaCl₂-MgCl₂熔盐传热储热材料。基于正规溶液模型,以不同分支不同相互作用系数,计算了5个边界体系相图,实现用正规溶液模型计算含化合物体系复杂相图。含化合物KCl-CaCl₂和KCl-MgCl₂体系及3个不含化合物二元体系的计算相图与实验相图十分吻合。以分区域方法计算三元体系相图,预测出5个低共熔点来指导熔盐制备。采用差示扫描量热法测试并验证熔盐最低共熔点,确定其工作温度下限;以质量损失实验,确定其工作温度上限。结果表明,钠钾钙和钾镁钙氯化物熔盐能在550~850℃和480~700℃内稳定运行,可用作高温传热储热流体。     

纳米TiO_2的液相合成方法

液相合成工艺是大规模低成本地制备纳米TiO2 粉体的必由之路。本文深入地分析了纳米TiO2 的几种主要液相合成方法的特点 ,并介绍了它们的研究新进展 ,旨在为改进现有的液相合成工艺 ,探索粉体质量好、工艺简便且易于大规模工业化生产、低成本的液相合成新工艺     

Biodegradable Amphoteric Surfactants in Titration-Ultrasound Formulation of Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions: Rational Design,Development, and Kinetic Stability

Amphoteric amphiphilic compounds, due to their unique properties, may represent a group of safe and biocompatible surface-active agents for effective colloidal stabilization of nanoformulations. For this reason, the aim of this work was to develop and characterize the oil-in-water nanoemulsions based on two betaine-derived surfactants with high biodegradability, i.e., cocamidopropyl betaine and coco-betaine. In the first step, we investigated ternary phase diagrams of surfactant-oil-water systems containing different weight ratios of surfactant and oil, as the betaine-type surfactant entity (S), linoleic acid, or oleic acid as the oil phase (O), and the aqueous phase (W) using the titration-ultrasound approach. All the received nanoemulsion systems were then characterized upon droplets size (dynamic light scattering), surface charge (electrophoretic light scattering), and morphology (transmission electron as well as atomic force microscopy). Thermal and spinning tests revealed the most stable compositions, which were subjected to further kinetic stability analysis, including turbidimetric evaluation. Finally, the backscattering profiles revealed the most promising candidate with a size <200 nm for potential delivery of active agents in the future cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications.     

双生表面活性剂微乳液的制备及其相行为研究

制备了双生表面活性剂α-磺基硬脂酸聚乙二醇双酯钠盐/醇/正辛烷/水微乳液体系,绘制了其拟三元相图,探讨了不同碳链长度的醇及0.1mol/LKCl、NaOH、HCl溶液对微乳区域的影响,利用电导率分析了微乳液的结构类型。结果表明:以α-磺基硬脂酸聚乙二醇双酯钠盐作为乳化剂,可以制备稳定的微乳液。在中等链长范围内,作为助表面活性剂的醇类,链长的比链短的醇具有更好的助活作用。电解质溶液一般使微乳区域缩小,以电解质溶液或纯水为分散介质的微乳液的电导率变化趋势基本相同。     

Tar sand extractions with microemulsions: I-the dissolution of light hydrocarbons by microemulsions using 2-butoxyethanol and diethylmethylamine as cosurfactants

For oil sand extractions with microemulsions it is important to disperse large quantities of light hydrocarbons in an aqueous medium. Fundamental studies on the properties of 2-butoxyethanol (BE) and diethylmethylamine (Et₂McN) in water suggest that these two liquids could be more effective cosurfactants than the usual alcohols used for this purpose. The phase diagrams of microemulsions using BE and Et₂MeN as cosurfactants, combined with typical ionic and non-ionic surfactants and typical aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, were therefore investigated and compared with microemulsions based on n-butanol. Although the phase diagrams depend significantly on the nature of the surfactant and of the oil, the monophasic region generally increases with the cosurfactant in the order n-butanol < Et₂McN < BE. With the active mixture BE-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, temperature has little effect on the phase diagram and NaCl generally destabilizes the microemulsion.     

Associative polymer/latex dispersion phase diagrams II: HASE thickeners

The colloidal interactions of HASE associative polymers and latexes in the presence of surfactant are complicated and subject to a number of variables. Both bridging and depletion flocculation can occur, in addition to good particle dispersion. Dispersion phase diagrams have been developed to help visualize these interactions. The various dispersion states can have a significant effect on coating formulations and film properties. Examples of dispersion phase diagrams are presented for a model HASE anionic associative thickener and various model latexes in the presence of sodium dodecyl-sulfate and nonionic surfactants. The major variables affecting dispersion behavior are associative polymer concentration, latex particle size, latex surface hydrophobicity, electrolyte concentration, and surfactant concentration. The dispersion phase behavior of the HASE systems is compared to that of HEUR thickened systems reported previously. A significant difference is that much less bridging flocculation is observed in the HASE systems. In addition, nonionic surfactants induced depletion flocculation in the HASE systems but not in the HEUR systems.