不同小麦品种籽粒中LOX活性及基因型和环境互作分析

选用了安徽省淮南片小麦区试5个生态点的10个小麦品种(系)为试验材料,测定其全麦粉脂肪氧化酶(LOX)活性。研究了基因型、环境及基因型×环境互作对小麦LOX活性的影响。结果表明,全麦粉LOX活性的变幅为4.27~8.94 nkat.g-1,平均值为6.61 nkat.g-1,LOX活性的基因型和环境差异均达到极显著,基因型效应大于环境及基因型与环境互作效应。同时,选用皖麦48等10个小麦品种(系)为试材,测定其LOX活性等9个品质性状,分析了小麦籽粒LOX活性与若干品质性状的关系。结果表明,全麦粉LOX活性与小麦粉LOX活性呈极显著正相关,与水溶性戊聚糖含量呈显著正相关,小麦粉LOX活性与水溶性戊聚糖含量和总戊聚糖含量呈显著正相关。讨论了脂肪氧化酶在小麦品质改良中的利用等问题。     

山东省六个主推小麦品种加工品质特性

对山东地区6个小麦品种进行了较系统的品质测定,分析了小麦品种间籽粒品质、面粉品质、面团品质性状及烘焙特性的差异。结果表明,山农12号籽粒和麦粉品质性状较好,面团具有较好的弹性和延伸性;泰麦1号和淄麦12号籽粒硬度、容重较大,面团品质性状佳,烘焙效果好。     

安徽省33个小麦品种烘焙品质研究

为给安徽省种植小麦品种的品质利用提供参考,以2016年安徽省小麦产业体系收获的33个小麦品种(系)为试验材料,检测其籽粒品质、面团特性、面包烘焙品质、面粉白度、脂肪氧化酶(LOX)活性和类胡萝卜素含量等。结果表明,33个供试品种(系)间的籽粒品质、烘焙品质、白度、LOX活性等品质性状品种间差异均达极显著;面包表皮质地和形状与LOX活性及b值呈显著正相关;面包芯色泽与面团的稳定时间呈极显著正相关,与弱化度呈显著负相关;平滑度与a值、b值和LOX活性呈显著正相关,与L值及白度呈极显著负相关;纹理结构与b值呈显著正相关;面包总分与面团稳定时间呈显著正相关。本研究在安徽省种植小麦品种中筛选出扬麦23、涡麦182、周麦28、安科157和宿4095等面包评分较高的小麦品种。讨论了安徽种植小麦品种的品质性状及其利用等问题。     

小麦多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的基因型、环境及其互作效应的分析

选用16个有代表性的小麦品种(系)，分别在山东8个地区进行小麦多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的基因型与环境效应分析。结果表明，在随机效应中，小麦籽粒PPO活性的品种与试点互作效应最为显著。在对面团白度性状进行选择时，既要选择多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性低的品种，又要注意选择在PPO积累低的地区种植，以实现优质品种的优质生产。     

小麦品种品质与面条品质关系的研究

通过对陕西关中近年育成的１３个小麦品种（品系）的籽粒性状、蛋白质品质、磨粉品质、粉质参数及面条蒸煮品质的系统分析,研究了小麦品种品质性状与面条品质性状的相关关系,结果认为,信仪２号８８２１、大粒８７８、３个小麦品种适宜于制作面条。面条蒸煮吸水率与小麦品种的出粉率、湿面筋含量呈显著负相关,与籽粒硬度、面粉吸水率与小麦品种的发率、湿面筋含量呈显著负相关,与籽粒硬度、面粉吸水率１、灰分含量呈极显著负相关     

小麦籽粒淀粉品质与蛋白质品质关系的初步研究

淀粉与蛋白质是小麦籽粒主要的组成成分。小麦粉所特有的面团特性和烘焙品质主要是由蛋白质组分决定的。本文定量分析了淀粉含量、淀粉组成、膨胀特性、粘度特性、蛋白质含量、蛋白质组分、谷蛋白大聚合体含量、面筋含量、沉降值等性状及各性状之间的关系。通过测定32个小麦品种籽粒的11个淀粉品质性状及10个蛋白质品质性状，结果表明：     

基因型和环境对小麦品种籽粒性状及馒头品质的影响

研究了 15个冬小麦品种的产量及 13个籽粒和馒头品质性状在 5个生态试验点的表现。结果表明 :(1)基因型方差在所有性状上达到极显著 ,环境方差在产量和 12个品质性状上达到显著或极显著 ,基因型×环境互作方差在 10个品质性状上达到显著或极显著。基因型变异在半数性状上大于环境变异 ,并在所有性状上大于基因型×环境互作变异 ;(2 )多数性状的稳定性因品种而异 ,一些重要品质性状具有较好的稳定性。本研究为小麦品质育种的籽粒性状和馒头品质选择提供了有关基因型和环境作用的信息     

小麦品种单籽粒性状的研究

小麦单籽粒鉴定法（ＳＫＣＳ）的发明使得小麦品种间和品种内单籽粒性状的研究成为可能,从而为小麦育种目标性状的制定,品种鉴定及品质评价带来了新的认识和信息,通过对１３个小麦品种（品系）单籽粒性状的研究认为,品种内单籽粒含量存在着较大的变化,单籽粒重量的变幅较为突出,且品种内的变化大于品种间的变化;个别品种籽粒宽度的变异系数较高;关中地区的小麦品种绝大多数为硬质麦,个别品种存在着籽粒质地不纯的现象,籽粒     

运旱系列小麦品种（系）品质功能基因KASP标记检测

为了解运旱系列小麦品种(系)品质相关功能基因组成,利用与高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基、籽粒硬度以及小麦粉色泽等品质性状相关的14个高通量KASP标记对24份运旱小麦进行检测。结果表明,全部供试材料均未检测出1RS/1BL和1RS/1AL易位系;糯性基因Wx-B1的突变型Wx-B1b占比8.33%;小麦粉色泽相关氧化酶基因优异等位变异Ppo-A1b占比12.5%、Ppo-D1a占比16.67%、Lox-B1a占比91.67%以及TaPod-A1b占比为4.17%;籽粒硬度基因Pinb-D1的突变型Pinb-D1b占比91.67%,Pinb-B2的突变型Pinb-B2b占比25%,未检测到Pina-D1的突变型Pina-D1b;在Glu-A1位点含有高分子量麦谷蛋白优质亚基基因的材料占比83.33%、Glu-B1位点含有优质亚基基因的材料占比4.17%、Glu-D1位点含有优质亚基基因的材料占比33.33%。研究明确了运旱系列小麦品种(系)品质功能基因的组成,为山西省小麦品种的品质改良提供了参考。     

收获时期及储藏温度对黑小麦籽粒酚酸及组分的影响

为了阐明收获时期和储藏温度对黑小麦籽粒酚酸含量及抗氧化活性的影响,为提高小麦营养品质提供参考依据。对不同收获时期(蜡熟末期和完熟期)及储藏温度(4、25和45℃)下黑小麦籽粒中总酚、总类黄酮含量、酚酸组分及抗氧化活性进行了分析。结果表明,蜡熟末期收获籽粒中总类黄酮含量、抗氧化活性(FRAP值)显著高于完熟期样品。对于酚酸组分而言,不管是不溶性束缚型还是可溶性共价态,阿魏酸和对香豆酸均表现为蜡熟期收获籽粒显著高于完熟期籽粒。在45℃条件下储藏小麦籽粒中总酚、总类黄酮含量及抗氧化活性(FRAP值、TEAC值)较高;不溶性束缚型丁香酸、阿魏酸及酚酸总和也表现在45℃储藏时显著高于其他温度。总体而言,小麦在蜡熟末期收获可以最大程度保持籽粒中酚酸含量;而在收获后45℃储藏则有助于提高籽粒中酚酸含量,有利于小麦营养品质的改善。     

小麦谷蛋白亚基的组成及含量与谷蛋白聚合体大分子的关系及其对面包烘焙品质的影响

含有高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)5 10的生物型小麦与2 12的生物型小麦相比，前者谷蛋白具有更大的分子量分布。高低分子量谷蛋白亚基的比例对于谷蛋白聚合体分子量的大小起着重要的作用，谷蛋白聚合体的体积越大，含有的高低分子量谷蛋白亚基的比例越高。SDS非可溶性谷蛋白含有较高比例的高低分子量谷蛋白亚基，并且其分子量要比可溶性谷蛋白聚合体的大。谷蛋白聚合体分子量分布的差异是不同小麦品种面包烘焙品质存在差异的重要因素。     

Genetic Variation in Glutenin Protein Composition of Aestivum and Durum Wheat Cultivars and Its Relationship with Dough Quality

Genetic variability of high molecular weight glutenin subunits and low molecular weight glutenin subunits composition at the Glu-1 loci in Triticum aestivum L., and T. durum L., wheat was studied using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction based markers. The end use quality of wheat is mainly influenced by the composition of glutenin protein. Aestivum cultivar GW-273 showed highest gluten index (94.4%) and sedimentation value (61 mL). GW-273 and GW-322 showed highest Glu-1 score of 10 out of 10, indicating superior dough quality for bread making. Results from glutenin protein separation using electrophoresis revealed that selected Indian wheat cultivars were abundant in high molecular weight glutenin subunits AxNull allele, which is responsible for poor quality. Gene specific polymerase chain reaction using high molecular weight glutenin subunits and low molecular weight glutenin subunits primers showed Dx5 and Dy10 in only two cultivars GW-273 and GW-322, which is responsible for good dough quality. Sequencing of high molecular weight glutenin subunits Dx5 gene fragment showed four cysteine at the N-terminal end. Cysteine residues are helpful in intermolecular disulfide bond formation among different glutenin and gliadins proteins leading to good elasticity of dough.     

Sulfur in wheat gluten: In situ analysis by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy

The sulfur containing gluten proteins largely determine the baking quality of wheat. In order to probe the speciation of sulfur, gluten proteins [gliadin, high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) subunits of glutenin], stored glutenin subunits as well as flour were investigated in situ by S K-edge X-ray near edge absorption structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The spectra confirmed the existence of disulfide bonds in oxidised (oxygen stream) glutenin subunits, supporting their significance for the formation of gluten networks. Additionally, glutenin subunits, which were stored under ambient air and temperature conditions, predominantly contained sulfur of higher oxidation states (sulfoxide, sulfonic acid). The disulfide state and also sulfoxide and sulfonic acid states were detected after reoxidation of glutenin subunits with potassium bromate.     

面粉特性对燕麦挂面品质的影响

为了探究面粉特性对燕麦挂面品质的影响,测定了7种小麦粉的粉质特性、拉伸特性、麦谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)干质量、面筋蛋白及其亚基组成,用其制作燕麦挂面,并通过相关性分析研究面粉特性对燕麦挂面品质的影响.结果表明,面粉的吸水率与燕麦挂面的硬度、适口性、韧性和感官总分呈正相关;拉伸能量、延伸度、最大拉伸阻力与燕麦挂面的拉断距离...     

谷蛋白大聚体在小麦加工中的作用

谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)是小麦籽粒中最重要的蛋白质聚合体,不溶于1.5%SDS溶液,且分子质量较大,以颗粒形式存在,粒径范围为1~300μm;其含量和分子结构与食品加工品质密切相关,在面制食品加工中的作用远大于可溶性谷蛋白聚合体和单体蛋白。谷蛋白大聚体含量高的小麦品种,其面筋、面团的强度和弹性较大,面包烘烤品质较好,面条拉伸特性较好。谷蛋白大聚体在面团和面过程中会发生解聚,其含量、粒径和分子质量均降低;而在面团醒发过程中又会发生重聚。面条面坯形成过程中,谷蛋白大聚体含量的降低程度远低于传统面团,而凝胶强度的变化趋势则与传统面团相反。     

High‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunit composition of Pakistani hard white spring wheats grown at three locations for 2 years and its relationship with end‐use quality characteristics

Eleven Pakistani hard white spring wheat cultivars, along with one durum wheat and two hard white American‐grown wheat cultivars, were evaluated for their high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) glutenin subunit composition via sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). The relationships among different quality characteristics and between these characteristics and HMW glutenin subunits were computed. Three to six HMW glutenin subunits were observed in Pakistani bread wheat cultivars. The presence of HMW glutenin subunits was not affected by growth locations or crop years. However, variations in intensities were observed. Correlations were noticed between certain HMW glutenin subunits and some quality attributes, such as protein, farinograph dough development time, farinograph water absorption, loaf volume and mixograph peak height. The presence of HMW glutenin subunit 20 in the older wheat cultivars C591 and C273, known for excellent chapati quality, indicated a possible relationship between this band and chapati quality. This observation will need to be confirmed by testing a larger number of wheat samples known to have characteristics for both good and poor chapati quality. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparative proteome analysis of glutenin synthesis and accumulation in developing grains between superior and poor quality bread wheat cultivars

BACKGROUND: Wheat glutenins are the major determinants of wheat quality. In this study, grains at the development stage from three wheat cultivars (Jimai 20, Jin 411 and Zhoumai 16) with different bread‐making quality were harvested based on thermal times from 150 °C_d to 750 °C_d, and were used to investigate glutenin accumulation patterns and their relationships with wheat quality. RESULTS: High and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GSs and LMW‐GSs) were synthesised concurrently. No obvious correlations between HMW/LMW glutenin ratios and dough property were observed. Accumulation levels of HMW‐GSs and LMW‐GSs as well as 1Bx13 + 1By16 and 1Dx4 + 1Dy12 subunits were higher in superior gluten quality cultivar Jimain 20 than in poor quality cultivar Jing 411 and Zhoumai 16. According to the results of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, six types of accumulation patterns in LMW‐GSs were identified and classified. The possible relationships between individual LMW‐GSs and gluten quality were established. CONCLUSION: The high accumulation level of HMW‐GSs and LMW‐GSs as well as 1Bx13 + 1By16 and 1Dx4 + 1Dy12 subunits contributed to the superior gluten quality of Jimai 20. Two highly expressed and 16 specifically expressed LMW glutenin subunits in Jimain 20 had positive effects on dough quality, while 17 specifically expressed subunits in Zhoumai 16 and Jing 411 appeared to have negative effects on gluten quality. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

The role of a low molecular weight glutenin fraction in the cooking quality of durum wheat pasta

Durum wheat glutenin fractions, composed of two low molecular weight proteins DSG-1 and DSG-2 (durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf) sulphurrich glutenin fractions) were extracted from semolina samples using a low concentration of Na tetradecanoate after extracting albumins, globulins and gliadins. DSG proteins have a high? SH plus S? S content. A highly significant correlation was found between the ? SH plus S? S content of this DSG-rich fraction and the cooking quality of pasta (0.63, P <0.01 with firmness and 0.86, P <0.001 with the state of the surface of the cooked pasta) and this seems to be a functional relationship. The use of acetic acid at various molarities showed the presence of high molecular weight glutenin fractions with differing solubility properties. In this respect, differences were found between varieties which are placed in the same group according to the classification of durum wheats based upon the composition of high molecular weight glutenin subunits.     

EFFECT OF COMPOSITION OF GLUTHNIN SUBFRACTIONS ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF WHEAT

Gluten extracted from defatted flours of cv. Aubaine (extra‐strong), Hereward (strong) and Riband (weak) was separated into five different fractions (R2 to R6) by sequential centrifugation and addition of sodium chloride. A seven‐minute mixing time was used to carry out fractionation on the basis of depolymerization of glutenin macropolymers (GMP). Depolymerization of GMP occurred at much higher rates in dough of the weak cultivar compared to the strong and extra‐strong cultivars. Polypeptide compositions of different ghttenin fractions were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reduced and non‐reduced conditions, followed by densitometric scanning of stained patterns. The amount of HMW‐glutenin subunits decreased and LMW‐glutenin subunits increased correspondingly in each cultivar with the fractionation from R₂ to R₆. The rheological behavior of the fractions was analyzed by small deformation rheological tests (strain sweep and frequency tests). The high molecular weight fraction (R₂) from extra‐strong wheat had a higher vahte of G' and a lower tan δ value as compared to strong and weak bread‐making wheats. The moduli of HMW glutenin fractions (R2 and R3) were frequency independent and promoted the network properties, whereas moduli of LMW glutenin fractions were frequency dependent and gave rise to a plasticizing effect. Therefore, it was concluded from the present studies that HMW‐glutenin subunits are not the only factors governing good bread‐making quality but their proportions in relation to low molecular weight glutenin subunits is equally important in sinking a balance between viscous and elastic properties essential for bread making performance.