UPPER TRIASSIC POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCKS IN THE QIANGTANG BASIN,TIBET: ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Upper Triassic coal‐bearing strata in the Qiangtang Basin (Tibet) are known to have source rock potential. For this study, the organic geochemical characteristics of mudstones and calcareous shales in the Upper Triassic Tumengela and Zangxiahe Formations were investigated to reconstruct depositional settings and to assess hydrocarbon potential. Outcrop samples of the Tumengela and Zangxiahe Formations from four locations in the Qiangtang Basin were analysed. The locations were Xiaochaka in the southern Qiangtang depression, and Woruo Mountain, Quemo Co and Zangxiahe in the northern Qiangtang depression. At Quemo Co in the NE of the basin, calcareous shale samples from the Tumengela Formation have total organic carbon (TOC) contents of up to 1.66 wt.%, chloroform bitumen A contents of up to 734 ppm, and a hydrocarbon generation capacity (Rock‐Eval S₁+ S₂) of up to 1.94 mg/g. The shales have moderate to good source rock potential. Vitrinite reflectance (R_r) values of 1.30% to 1.46%, and Rock‐Eval T_max values of 464 to 475 °C indicate that the organic matter is at a highly mature stage corresponding to condensate / wet gas generation. The shales contain Type II kerogen, and have low carbon number molecular compositions with relatively high C_21?/C₂₁₊ (2.15–2.93), Pr/Ph ratios of 1.40–1.72, high S/C ratios (>0.04) in some samples, abundant gammacerane (GI of 0.50–2.04) and a predominance of C₂₇ steranes, indicating shallow‐marine sub‐anoxic and hypersaline depositional conditions with some input of terrestrial organic matter. Tumengela and Zangxiahe Formation mudstone samples from Xiaochaka in the southern Qiangtang depression, and from Woruo Mountain and Zangxiahe in the northern depression, have low contents of marine organic matter (Type II kerogen), indicating relatively poor hydrocarbon generation potential. R_r values and T_max data indicate that the organic matter is overmature corresponding to dry gas generation.     

胶菜盆地烃源岩分布及有机地球化学特征

胶莱盆地为-中生代陆相残留盆地，其暗色泥页岩主要发育于莱阳组水南段。运用野外露头、地震、钻井等资料，综合沉积相、古水流方向的研究，对水南段暗色泥页岩的展布特征进行了分析；在此基础上，应用多项分析测试技术，分别对胶莱盆地莱阳凹陷、平度-夏格庄凹陷、高密-诸城凹陷3个构造单元水南段暗色泥页岩的有机质丰度、类型和热演化程度特征进行了详细分析。研究结果表明，莱阳凹陷和平度-夏格庄凹陷是胶莱盆地源岩发育最好的区域，有机质丰度可达好、较好烃源岩标准，类型以Ⅰ型、Ⅱ1型为主，且处于热演化成熟阶段，因此是胶莱盆地油气勘探的有利区域。     

胶莱盆地烃源岩分布及有机地球化学特征

胶莱盆地为一中生代陆相残留盆地,其暗色泥页岩主要发育于莱阳组水南段。运用野外露头、地震、钻井等资料,综合沉积相、古水流方向的研究,对水南段暗色泥页岩的展布特征进行了分析;在此基础上,应用多项分析测试技术,分别对胶莱盆地莱阳凹陷、平度—夏格庄凹陷、高密—诸城凹陷3个构造单元水南段暗色泥页岩的有机质丰度、类型和热演化程度特征进行了详细分析。研究结果表明,莱阳凹陷和平度—夏格庄凹陷是胶莱盆地源岩发育最好的区域,有机质丰度可达好、较好烃源岩标准,类型以Ⅰ型、Ⅱ₁型为主,且处于热演化成熟阶段,因此是胶莱盆地油气勘探的有利区域。     

SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF EOCENE, PALEOCENE AND JURASSIC DEPOSITS IN THE SUBSURFACE OF THE POTWAR BASIN, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

The hydrocarbon source rock potential of five formations in the Potwar Basin of northern Pakistan – the Sakesar Formation (Eocene); the Patala, Lockhart and Dhak-Pass Formations (Paleocene); and the Datta Formation (Jurassic) – was investigated using Rock-Eval pyrolysis and total organic carbon (TOC) measurement. Samples were obtained from three producing wells referred to as A, B and C. In well A, the upper ca. 100 m of the Eocene Sakesar Formation contained abundant Type III gas-prone organic matter (OM) and the interval appeared to be within the hydrocarbon generation window. The underlying part of the Sakesar Formation contained mostly weathered and immature OM with little hydrocarbon potential. The Sakesar Formation passes down into the Paleocene Patala Formation. T_max was variable because of facies variations which were also reflected in variations in hydrogen index (HI), TOC and S2/S3 values. In well A, the middle portion of the Patala Formation had sufficient maturity (T_max 430 to 444°C) and organic richness to act as a minor source for gas. The underlying Lockhart Formation in general contained little OM, although basal sediments showed a major contribution of Type II/III OM and were sufficiently mature for hydrocarbon generation. In Well B, rocks in the upper 120 m of the Paleocene Patala Formation contained little OM. However, some Type II/III OM was present at the base of the formation, although these sediments were not sufficiently mature for oil generation. The Dhak Pass Formation was in general thermally immature and contained minor amounts of gas-prone OM. In Well C, the Jurassic Datta Formation contained oil-prone OM. T_max data indicated that the formation was marginally mature despite sample depths of > 5000 m. The lack of increase in T_max with depth was attributed to low heat flows during burial. However, burial to depths of more than 5000 m resulted in the generation of moderate quantities of oil from this formation.     

羌塘盆地上侏罗统索瓦组烃源岩分布特征及远景分析

羌塘盆地迄今为止共发现200多处油气显示点,其中5处液态油苗,多处油页岩,表明盆地具备生烃的物质基础。上侏罗统索瓦组烃源岩以碳酸盐岩为主,厚度从几十米到几百米不等,有机碳平均含量为0.1%~1.90%,以中等至好烃源岩为主;其次为泥质岩,仅在北羌塘坳陷中、西部有所分布,有机碳含量介于3.71%~28.14%之间,为好烃源岩。根据干酪根显微组分的分析结果认为索瓦组烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₁型,镜质体反射率介于0.94%~2.7%之间,烃源岩处于成熟—过成熟阶段。构造运动造成索瓦组烃源岩抬升剥蚀,综合分析认为该烃源岩总体上对整个盆地的油气远景贡献较差,但在北羌塘坳陷西部和东北部仍可作为重要的烃源岩。     

POTENTIAL PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCKS IN THE TERMIT BASIN,NIGER

Potential source rocks from wells in the Termit Basin, eastern Republic of Niger, have been analysed using standard organic geochemical techniques. Samples included organic‐rich shales of Oligocene, Eocene, Paleocene, Maastrichtian, Campanian and Santonian ages. TOC contents of up to 20.26%, Rock Eval S₂ values of up to 55.35 mg HC/g rock and HI values of up to 562 mg HC/g TOC suggest that most of the samples analysed have significant oil‐generating potential. Kerogen is predominantly Types II, III and II–III. Biomarker distributions were determined for selected samples. Gas chromatograms are characterized by a predominance of C₁₇– C₂₁ and C₂₇– C₂₉ n‐alkanes. Hopane distributions are characterized by 22S/(22S+22R) ratios for C₃₂ homohopanes ranging from 0.31 to 0.59. Gammacerane was present in Maastrichtian‐Campanian and Santonian samples. Sterane distributions are dominated by C₂₉ steranes which are higher than C₂₇ and C₂₈ homologues. Biomarker characteristics were combined with other geochemical parameters to interpret the oil‐generating potential of the samples, their probable depositional environments and their thermal maturity. Results indicate that the samples were in general deposited in marine to lacustrine environments and contain varying amounts of higher plant or bacterial organic matter. Thermal maturity varies from immature to the main oil generation phase. The results of this study will contribute to an improved understanding of the origin of the hydrocarbons which have been discovered in Niger, Chad and other rift basins in the Central African Rift System.     

敦化盆地烃源岩地球化学特征及其生烃潜力

敦化盆地为一中新生代断坳叠合型裂谷盆地,至今勘探程度极低,为搞清其烃源岩地球化学特征及其生烃潜力,在地震地质综合研究基础上,通过系统分析化验法及地震地质生烃模拟法研究表明:盆地发育下白垩统、古近系、新近系3套湖相烃源岩,前两者为主力烃源岩,新近系下段仅为低成熟烃源岩;其中,下白垩统烃源岩分布面积342 km²,平均有效厚度约300 m,有机碳含量为2.11%～3.88%,类型为Ⅱ₂—Ⅲ型,R_o值0.8%～1.3%;古近系烃源岩在北部凹陷分布面积430 km²,平均有效厚度约400 m,有机碳含量为2.98%～4.18%,类型为Ⅱ₂—Ⅲ型,R_o值0.5%～1.2%,二者均为成熟优质烃源岩。盆地油气总资源量约1.24×10⁸ t,表明本区具备形成中小型油气田的物质条件,具有较好的油气勘探前景。     

西藏波林盆地侏罗—白垩系海相烃源岩评价

波林盆地位于青藏高原西南缘,面积约30 000 km²,是高原内勘探程度极低的海相含油气盆地之一。通过对盆地内烃源岩展布特征以及实测剖面的烃源岩有机质丰度、类型和热演化成熟度等有机地球化学参数的分析,认为该盆地存在2套主要烃源岩:上侏罗统门卡墩组黑色页岩厚达432 m,主要沉积于外陆棚环境,残余有机碳含量在0.67%~1.62%,平均1.03%,经过有机质恢复后有机碳含量在0.91%~2.40%,平均1.48%;岗巴群黑色页岩厚度56 m,为一套外陆棚沉积,残余有机碳含量在0.7%~1.08%,平均0.86%;恢复后有机碳含量在0.96%~1.60%,平均1.21%。2套烃源岩都以Ⅱ₁型有机质为主,达到高—过成熟阶段,属于盆地内的好烃源岩。因此,该盆地有较丰富的油气生成的物质基础,具有较好的油气勘探前景。     

SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF ORGANIC‐RICH SHALES IN THE TERTIARY BHUBAN AND BOKA BIL FORMATIONS,BENGAL BASIN,BANGLADESH

Sandstones in the Miocene Bhuban and Lower Pliocene Boka Bil Formations contain all of the hydrocarbons so far discovered in the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh. Organic‐rich shale intervals in these formations have source rock potential and are the focus of the present study which is based on an analysis of 36 core samples from wells in eight gasfields in the eastern Bengal Basin. Kerogen facies and thermal maturity of these shales were studied using standard organic geochemical and organic petrographic techniques. Organic matter is dominated by Type III kerogen with lesser amounts of Type II. TOC is 0.16–0.90 wt % (Bhuban Formation) and 0.15–0.55 wt % (Boka Bil Formation) and extractable organic matter (EOM) is 132–2814 ppm and 235–1458 ppm, respectively. The hydrogen index is 20–181 mg HC/g TOC in the Bhuban shales and 35–282 mg HC/ g TOC in the Boka Bil shales. Vitrinite was the dominant maceral group observed followed by liptinite and inertinite. Gas chromatographic parameters including the C/S ratio, n‐alkane CPI, Pr/Ph ratio, hopane Ts/Tm ratio and sterane distribution suggest that the organic matter in both formations is mainly derived from terrestrial sources deposited in conditions which alternated between oxic and sub‐oxic. The geochemical and petrographic results suggest that the shales analysed can be ranked as poor to fair gas‐prone source rocks. The maturity of the samples varies, and vitrinite reflectance ranges from 0.48 to 0.76 %VR_r. Geochemical parameters support a maturity range from just pre‐ oil window to mid‐ oil window.     

羌塘盆地羌资2井布曲组碳酸盐岩生物标志物特征及意义

首次报道了藏北羌塘盆地羌资2井中侏罗统布曲组海相碳酸盐岩生物标志化合物特征,该层位含有丰富的正烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃和萜甾类化合物。正烷烃形态为单峰和双峰并存、以单峰形态占优势,主碳峰以nC₁₇,nC₂₀为主,次为nC₁₈,nC₁₅,nC₁₆,轻烃组分占有绝对优势;OEP值介于0.37~1.14之间,平均值为0.89,无明显的奇偶优势分布;Pr/Ph值介于0.56~1.03之间,平均值为0.75,具有明显的植烷优势。萜烷相对丰度为五环三萜烷>三环萜烷>四环萜烷,伽马蜡烷普遍存在,但相对含量较低;甾烷主要为规则甾烷,少量孕甾烷,规则甾烷∑(C₂₇+C₂₈)>∑C₂₉,∑C₂₇/∑C₂₉介于0.67~1.22之间,显示弱的C₂₇甾烷优势或弱的C₂₉甾烷优势。有机质母质主要来源于藻类等低等水生生物,不能确定是否有陆生高等植物输入。成熟度参数和镜质体反射率均显示碳酸盐岩处于成熟阶段。碳酸盐岩沉积环境总体为缺氧还原—弱还原的海相环境,海水盐度基本正常。     

珠江口盆地烃源岩有机显微组分特征与生烃潜力分析

采用有机岩石学综合光学法研究了珠江口盆地古近系烃源岩的有机显微组分和亚显微组分特征,对典型烃源岩做了干酪根元素分析、岩石热解分析和高温高压泥岩热模拟实验,探讨了其生烃潜力和生烃属性。壳质组及富氢的壳镜组A含量较高,决定了中深湖相有机质的类型为Ⅰ—Ⅱ₁型,具倾油性;低含氢的壳镜组B和镜质组含量较高,决定了滨浅湖相和沼泽相有机质的类型主要为Ⅲ—Ⅱ₂型(Ⅱ₁型为辅),具倾凝析油、气性;腐泥组和惰质组含量低。2类烃源岩在不同演化阶段生烃属性均存在差异。这对进一步研究该盆地古近系不同凹(洼)陷有机相及勘探潜力和方向具有重要意义。     

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OILS AND UPPER CRETACEOUS SOURCE ROCKS FROM CONCESSION 11, WEST SIRTE BASIN,LIBYA

This paper reports the results of Rock‐Eval pyrolysis and total organic carbon analysis of 46 core and cuttings samples from Upper Cretaceous potential source rocks from wells in the West Sirte Basin (Libya), together with stable carbon isotope (δ¹³C) and biomarker analyses of eight oil samples from the Paleocene – Eocene Farrud/Facha Members and of 14 source rock extracts. Oil samples were analysed for bulk (°API gravity and δ¹³C) properties and elemental (sulphur, nickel and vanadium) contents. Molecular compositions were analysed using liquid and gas chromatography, and quantitative biological marker investigations using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry for saturated hydrocarbon fractions, in order to classify the samples and to establish oil‐source correlations. Core and cuttings samples from the Upper Cretaceous Etel, Rachmat, Sirte and Kalash Formations have variable organic content and hydrocarbon generation potential. Based on organofacies variations, samples from the Sirte and Kalash Formations have the potential to generate oil and gas from Type II/III kerogen, whereas samples from the Etel and Rachmat Formations, and some of the Sirte Formation samples, have the potential to generate gas from the abundant Type III kerogen. Carbon isotope compositions for these samples suggest mixed marine and terrigenous organic matter in varying proportions. Consistent with this, the distribution of n‐alkanes, terpanes and steranes indicates source rock organofacies variations from Type II/III to III kerogen. The petroleum generation potential of these source rocks was controlled by variations in redox conditions during deposition together with variations in terrigenous organic matter input. Geochemical analyses suggest that all of the oil samples are of the same genetic type and originated from the same or similar source rock(s). Based on their bulk geochemical characteristics and biomarker compositions, the oil samples are interpreted to be derived from mixed aquatic algal/microbial and terrigenous organic matter. Weak salinity stratification and suboxic bottom‐water conditions which favoured the preservation of organic matter in the sediments are indicated by low sulphur contents and by low V/Ni and Pr/Ph ratios. The characteristics of the oils, including low Pr/Ph ratio, CPI ～l, similar ratios of C₂₇:C₂₈:C₂₉ ααα‐steranes, medium to high proportions of rearranged steranes, C₂₉ <C₃₀‐hopane, low Ts/Tm hopanes, low sulphur content and low V/Ni ratio, suggest a reducing depositional environment for the source rock, which was likely a marine shale. All of the oil samples show thermal maturity in the early phase of oil generation. Based on hierarchical cluster analysis of 16 source‐related biomarker and isotope ratios, four genetic groups of extracts and oils were defined. The relative concentrations of marine algal/microbial input and reducing conditions decrease in the order Group 4 > Group 3 > Group 2 > Group1. Oil – source rock correlation studies show that some of the Sirte and Kalash Formations extracts correlate with oils based on specific parameters such as DBT/P versus Pr/Ph, δ¹³C_saturates versus δ¹³C_aromatics, and gammacerane/hopane versus sterane/hopane.     

塔里木盆地泥质气源岩有效性判别标准

从排烃门限控油气理论的生烃量减去残烃量等于排烃量的思路出发,根据塔里木盆地样品的化学动力学模型计算的生油、生气量,和由统计模型计算残油、残气量,定量计算和探讨泥岩的排油、气量及有效性与其有机质丰度、类型和成熟度的关系,并建立了相应的判别图版。结果表明,泥岩作为可能气源岩的丰度下限值约为TOC＝0.1%,远低于其作为油源岩的丰度下限值(0.4%)。这意味着塔里木盆地许多按油源岩判别标准归入非烃源岩之列的地层,有可能成为气源岩。     

渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷东营组烃源岩的烃源前景

渤中坳陷是渤海湾盆地海域的重要组成部分 ,其东营组烃源岩远比周围陆域各坳陷发育。有机地化分析结果表明 ,渤中坳陷东营组下段烃源岩自上而下依次属中等、好和很好级别的烃源岩 ,尤其是东下段下部烃源岩 ,有机质十分富集、母质类型好、成熟条件具备。钻井揭示东下段泥岩最大厚度在坳陷西南部超过 70 0m ,在东南部超过 10 0 0m ;地震资料揭示东营组在坳陷中广泛分布 ,沉积巨厚。油气源对比研究表明 ,东下段烃源岩所生成的油气已聚集成藏 ,并具有一定的产能。东下段烃源岩是渤中坳陷重要的油源岩 ,也是重要的气源岩 ,具有良好的烃源前景。     

西藏伦坡拉盆地烃源岩特征及资源条件

伦坡拉盆地主要发育下第三系牛堡组烃源层系,主力烃源岩为牛二段及牛三下亚段,牛三上亚段也有一定的生烃能力。烃源岩受沉积相带的控制,主要发育于深－ 半深湖相区,蒋日阿错凹陷烃源岩厚度最大。烃源岩具有机质丰度中等,母质类型优良,成熟度主体偏高的特点。自始新世末期以来,伦坡拉盆地长期具有成藏的油源条件,早期的源岩为牛二段,晚期则以牛三下亚段为主。总体上看,伦坡拉盆地具良好的油气资源前景     

野外露头的盆地模拟研究与地下烃源岩有机质成熟度的预测

本文在国内首次模拟了野外露头的埋藏史和地热史,并通过人工改变埋藏轨迹,预测了盆地内中侏罗统地下烃源岩的有机质成熟度.西宁盆地现今出露的中侏罗统烃源岩的镜质体反射率为0.59%,刚进人生油门限.模拟结果表明:地下同层位、同深度烃源岩的镜质体反射率为0.82%,达到了大量生油的成熟阶段.     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷孔店组烃源岩特征研究

沙三下和沙四上是东营凹陷的2套优质烃源岩。目前认为东营凹陷南斜坡原油主要属于“沙四型”,而对于东营凹陷孔店组的生烃潜力一直存在着争论。油源对比结果表明,孔店组烃源岩以较高的伽马蜡烷区别于沙三型烃源岩,又以较高的三升藿烷和C₂₉甾烷S构型区别于沙四型烃源岩;南斜坡孔店组及其以下的深层原油与孔店组烃源岩具有亲缘关系。虽然目前发现的孔店组烃源岩有机质含量较低、类型差、成熟度较高,综合评价较差,但是生物标志化合物显示,向沉积中心其有机质有优化的趋势。因此推测在沉积中心发育更优质的孔店组烃源岩,其生烃潜力不容忽视。     

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF UPPER CRETACEOUS MARINE SOURCE ROCKS IN THE TERMIT BASIN,NIGER

Upper Cretaceous mudstones are the most important source rocks in the Termit Basin, SE Niger. For this study, 184 mudstone samples from the Santonian–Campanian Yogou Formation and the underlying Cenomanian–Coniacian Donga Formation from eight wells were analyzed on the basis of palaeontological, petrographical and geochemical data, the latter including the results of Rock‐Eval, biomarker and stable isotope analyses. Samples from the upper member of the Yogou Formation contain marine algae and ostracods together with freshwater algae (Pediastrum) and arenaceous foraminifera, indicating a shallow‐marine to paralic depositional environment with fresh‐ to brackish waters. Terrestrial pollen and spores are common and of high diversity, suggesting proximity to land. Samples from the lower member contain marine algae and ostracods and arenaceous foraminifera but without freshwater algae, indicating shallow‐marine and brackish‐water settings with less freshwater influence. The wide range of gammacerane index values, gammacerane/C₃₀ hopane (0.07–0.5) and Pr/Ph ratios (0.63–4.68) in samples from the upper member of the Yogou Formation suggest a low to moderately saline environment with oxic to anoxic conditions. In samples from the lower member, the narrower range of the gammacerane index (0.23～0.35) and Pr/Ph ratios (0.76–1.36) probably indicate a moderately saline environment with suboxic to relatively anoxic conditions. Petrographic analyses of the Yogou Formation samples show that organic matter is dominated by terrestrial higher plant material with vitrinite, inertinite and specific liptinites (sporinite, cutinite and resinite). Extracts are characterized by a dominance of C₂₉ steranes over C₂₇ and C₂₈ homologues. Results of pyrolysis and elemental analyses indicate that the organic matter is composed mainly of Type II kerogen grading to mixed Type II‐III and Type III material with poor to excellent petroleum potential. Mudstones from the upper member of the Yogou Formation have higher petroleum generation potential than those from the lower member. Mudstones in the Donga Formation are dominated by Type III organic matter with poor to fair petroleum generation potential. Geochemical parameters indicate that in terms of thermal maturity the Yogou Formations has reached or surpassed the early phase of oil generation. Samples have T_max values and 20S/(20S+20R) C₂₉ sterane ratios greater than 435°C and 0.35, respectively. 22S/(22S+22R) ratios of C₃₁ homohopanes range from 0.50 to 0.54. The results of this study will help to provide a better understanding of the hydrocarbon potential of Upper Cretaceous marine source rocks in the Termit Basin and also in coeval intracontinental rift basins such as the Tenere Basin (Niger), Bornu Basin (Nigeria) and Benue Trough (Nigeria).     

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊及贝尔凹陷烃源岩有机质丰度的恢复

在综合分析已有有机质丰度恢复方法的基础上,对各种方法进行了系统的分类,并综合对比了各种方法的优缺点及适用条件,认为热解模拟实验方法是一种相对较好的有机质丰度恢复方法.利用该方法对海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷和贝尔凹陷的5套源岩的有机碳进行了恢复,并对资源量进行了校正.结果表明:乌尔逊凹陷和贝尔凹陷的有机碳恢复系数分别在1.10~1.32和1.03~1.18之间,各套源岩的恢复系数并不一致;恢复后的总资源量增加了1.86×10⁸t.不难看出,有机质丰度的恢复对于含油气盆地评价,具有十分重要的意义.对于源岩演化程度相对较高的沉积盆地进行评价,尤其应该重视有机质丰度恢复研究.