UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定不同动物源性食品中硝基呋喃代谢物残留

采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS),建立了猪肉、猪肝、螃蟹和虾4种不同动物源性食品中同时测定4种硝基呋喃类药物代谢物的检测方法,优化了样品前处理的条件以及UPLC-MS/MS仪器条件,样品经盐酸水解,2-硝基苯甲醛衍生,乙酸乙酯提取,ESI正离子模式扫描,多反应监测(MRM)测定。结果表明:采用本方法在4种动物源性样品基质中4种代谢物浓度在1~100 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好;4种代谢物的平均回收率为84.6%~118.1%;相对标准偏差RSD为2.9%~8.1%;在4种样品基质中,3-氨基-2-唑烷基酮(AOZ)的检出限为0.1 μg/kg,定量限为0.4 μg/kg,氨基脲(SEM)和5-甲基吗啉-3-氨基-2-唑烷基酮(AMOZ)的检出限为0.2 μg/kg,定量限为0.5 μg/kg,1-氨基乙内酰脲(AHD)的检出限为0.5 μg/kg,定量限为1.0 μg/kg,均满足国家标准要求。采用本方法对市场上随机购买的80份动物源性样品和鸡肉中硝基呋喃代谢物质控样进行检测,结果与国家标准方法GB/T 20752-2006测定结果相近,质控样的检测结果在量值范围内。该方法前处理操作简便,较传统方法节省时间和成本,可为硝基呋喃类药物残留检测技术提供理论支撑和参考。     

动物源食品中硝基呋喃类物质及其代谢物残留的检测技术研究

呋喃类物质由于它的强毒性和致癌的副作用,已引起世界各国的高度重视。由于呋喃类物质在动物体内稳定性较差,而其代谢物与组织蛋白结合可以形成稳定的化合物,故对于呋喃类物质代谢物的研究和检测的意义就显得更为重要。本文介绍了硝基呋喃类物质的基本种类,分为呋喃唑酮(furazolidone),呋喃西林(nitrofurazone),呋喃妥因(furantoin)和呋喃它酮(furaltadone),及相应的理化特性和目前国内外的应用情况。着重介绍了硝基呋喃类物质代谢物的种类,分为呋喃唑酮(AOZ)、呋喃它酮(AMOZ)、呋喃西林(SEM)和呋喃妥因(AHD),及其毒性和危害;目前各国常用的检测方法有液相色谱-紫外法(HPLC-UV)、液相色谱-质谱法(LC-MS)、液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)和酶联免疫法(ELISA)。比较了各种方法的工作原理、适用范围以及各自的特点。重点介绍了酶联免疫法(ELISA)的基理、分析方法和注意事项。并就目前国内硝基呋喃类物质代谢物相关检测标准的不足,提出了建议。     

The occurrence of nitrofuran metabolites in the tissues of chickens exposed to very low dietary concentrations of the nitrofurans

The global problem of food products contaminated by residues of the banned carcinogenic nitrofuran drugs has prompted research into how such residues accumulate in tissues. In the study described here, two aspects have been investigated where the nitrofurans accumulate in tissues from chickens exposed to either a dietary or an environmental source of contamination. Twenty groups of broilers were fed a diet containing one of the nitrofurans: furazolidone, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin or furaltadone at concentrations of 30, 100, 300, 1000 and 3000 µg kg^-1. At the lowest concentration of furazolidone contamination (0.01% of the therapeutic dose) tissue bound AOZ metabolite residues were detected in liver (1.1 ± 0.2 µg kg^-1) and in muscle (0.33 ± 0.03 µg kg^-1). Similar results were obtained for AMOZ (0.6 ± 0.2 µg kg^-1 in liver), the tissue bound metabolite of furaltadone. There was no appreciable accumulation of nitrofurantoin in chicken muscle. The AHD metabolite was not detected in muscle from birds fed nitrofurantoin at either 30 or 100 µg kg^-1. For nitrofurazone the concentrations of the SEM metabolite were higher in muscle than in liver for all dietary concentrations. The potential for a contaminated environment to cause nitrofuran residues in chickens was investigated. Six chickens were placed in a pen that was previously occupied by birds fed a diet containing 3000 µg kg^-1 of furazolidone. After 24 hours' exposure of the chickens to the litter in the pen, AOZ residues of 0.13 ± 0.04 and 0.10 ± 0.03 µg kg^-1 were detected in liver and muscle, respectively. The results of both experiments have implications for the poultry industry in trying to eliminate nitrofurans from their production systems, and for regulatory analysts faced with the detection of low concentrations of the drugs, both in tissues and in feedingstuffs.     

水产品及其苗种中硝基呋喃代谢物的高效液相色谱- 串联质谱法测定

对115 个水产品及鱼苗样品进行呋喃妥因(AHD)、呋喃它酮(AMOZ)、呋喃唑酮(AOZ)和呋喃西林(SEM)4 种硝基呋喃代谢物残留量分析。样品水解、衍生和净化后,采用液相色谱- 电喷雾三重四级杆串联质谱仪检测,多反应监测扫描模式和同位素内标法定量。各类硝基呋喃代谢物线性范围为0.5～20ng/mL、检出限0.25μg/kg,在0.25～5μg/kg 范围内样品添加回收率为89.0%～117.2%,相对标准偏差小于10%。结果表明,水产鱼苗中的硝基呋喃代谢物残留量远远高于成鱼,其中大黄鱼苗中AOZ 的检出率为62%,最大残留量3890μg/kg,而大黄鱼成鱼AOZ 的检出率17%,最大残留量2.81μg/kg,同时淡水鱼的硝基呋喃类药物残留小于海产鱼。     

Residue analyses and exposure assessment of the Irish population to nitrofuran metabolites from different food commodities in 2009–2010

An exposure assessment to nitrofuran residues was performed for three human populations (adults, teenagers and children), based on residue analyses of foods of animal origin (liver, honey, eggs and aquaculture) covering the 2-year period 2009–2010. The occurrence of nitrofuran metabolites in food on the Irish market was determined for the selected period using the data from Ireland’s National Food Residue Database (NFRD) and from results obtained from the analysis of retail samples (aquaculture and honey). Laboratory analyses of residues were performed by methods validated in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC regarding performance of the analytical method and interpretation of results. Semicarbazide (SEM) was the contaminant most frequently identified and its content ranged from 0.09 to 1.27 μg kg^?1. SEM is currently used as a marker of nitrofuran abuse, but it may also occur from other sources. The presence of nitrofuran metabolite 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) was detected in two aquaculture samples (prawns) at 1.63 and 1.14 μg kg^?1, but such a low number of positive cases did not present sufficient data for a full AOZ exposure assessment. Therefore, the evaluation of exposure was focused on SEM-containing food groups only. Exposure assessments were completed using a probabilistic approach that generated 10 iterations. The results of both the upper- and lower-bound exposure assessments demonstrate that SEM exposure for Irish adults, teenagers and children from selected food commodities are well below EFSA-estimated safe levels.     

Microwave-assisted derivatisation and LC-MS/MS determination of nitrofuran metabolites in farm-raised prawns (Penaeus monodon)

A new microwave-assisted derivatisation and LC-MS/MS method has been developed for the analysis of nitrofuran metabolites – 3-amino-5-morpholino-methyl-1,3-oxa-zolidinone (AMOZ), 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 1-aminohydantoin (AHD) and semicarbazide (SEM) – in farm-raised prawns (Penaeus monodon) from the coastal regions of South India. Analysis was carried out by reverse-phase column (Phenomenex Luna C₁₈) with gradient elution using mobile phase A (0.02% acetic acid in water) and mobile phase B (0.02% acetic acid in acetonitrile), at a flow rate of 200 μl min^–1 and an injection volume of 20 μl. Microwave-assisted derivatisation was achieved in 6 min with good recovery. The results showed that the samples collected from Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka contained residues of nitrofuran metabolites in the range from 5.0 to 40 ng g^–1. This work emphasises the importance of ensuring the safety of seafood and that a new method of derivatisation is applicable for the analysis of nitrofuran metabolites in seafood.     

Occurrence and levels of nitrofuran metabolites in sea cucumber from Dalian,China

The occurrence and levels of nitrofuran metabolites (NFMs) in sea cucumber (SC) from Dalian, China, are reported. Four metabolites including 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), semicarbazide (SEM) and 1-aminohydantoin (AHD) in different SC products (fresh, instant and dry salted SCs) were measured. The frequency of occurrence for NFMs in all SC samples was 42.7%. The total NFM concentrations ranged from non-detectable to 64.6 ng g^–1, with a mean of 3.59 ng g^–1. AOZ and SEM were the dominant congeners, accounting for 40.1% and 59.1% of the total NFMs, respectively. The concentrations and patterns varied among different regions. Higher levels of NFMs were found in the fresh SC products, and the order for the average concentration of ∑₄NFM was fresh > dry salted > instant.     

分散固相萃取净化-液相色谱-质谱联用测定水产苗种中硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量

建立分散固相萃取净化-液相色谱-质谱法测定水产苗种中氨基脲、5-甲基吗啉-3-氨基-2-噁唑烷基酮、3-氨基-2-噁唑烷基酮、1-氨基-2-内酰脲,4 种硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量的方法。样品经甲醇-水（8∶1,V/V）溶液洗涤后,盐酸溶液水解,以2-硝基苯甲醛作为衍生化试剂,乙酸乙酯萃取,浓缩,分散固相萃取净化,采用液相色谱-质谱仪、多反应监测扫描模式检测和同位素内标定量。4 种硝基呋喃类代谢物在0.5～20 μg/L范围内线性相关系数大于0.997,检出限0.1 μg/kg,回收率90.5%～104.5%,相对标准偏差1.56%～8.08%。本方法灵敏、高效、简单、重复性好,满足硝基呋喃类代谢物的检测要求。     

Depletion of four nitrofuran antibiotics and their tissue-bound metabolites in porcine tissues and determination using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV

Depletion of the nitrofuran antibiotics furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone and their tissue-bound metabolites AOZ, AMOZ, AHD and SEM from pig muscle, liver and kidney tissues is described. Groups of pigs were given feed medicated with one of the nitrofuran drugs at a therapeutic concentration (400 mg kg^-1) for ten days. Animals were slaughtered at intervals and tissue samples collected for analysis for six weeks following withdrawal of medicated feed. These samples were analysed both for parent nitrofurans (using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV), and for tissue-bound metabolites (using LC-MS/MS). The parent drugs were detectable only sporadically and only in pigs subjected to no withdrawal period whatsoever. This confirms the instability of the four major nitrofuran antibiotics in edible tissues. In contrast, the metabolites accumulated to high concentrations in tissues (ppm levels) and had depletion half lives of between 5.5 and 15.5 days. The metabolites of all four drugs were still readily detectable in tissues six weeks after cessation of treatment. This emphasizes the benefits of monitoring for the stable metabolites of the nitrofurans.     

Detection, accumulation and distribution of nitrofuran residues in egg yolk, albumen and shell.

Nitrofuran antibiotics have been banned for use in food-producing animals in many countries, including the European Union, owing to the threat they pose to human health. Research continues into the accumulation of these drugs in animal tissues and into the appropriate methods for their detection. In this study, an LC-MS/MS method is presented for the detection of the parent compounds, furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, furaltadone and nitrofurazone, in eggs. The parent compounds are first extracted into ethyl acetate, fats are removed by partition between acetonitrile and hexane, and the concentrated sample is analysed by LC-MS/MS. Decision limits (CCalpha) for the parents were < or =1 microg kg-1 for all four compounds. Within-day and between-day CVs are well within the limits stated in Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The method provides an alternative to the testing of side-chain metabolites in eggs, which is particularly important in the case of nitrofurazone, where semicarbazide contamination of food has been attributed to sources other than nitrofurazone use. This method was used together with a method for the detection of the side-chain metabolite compounds, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (AMOZ), 1-amino-hydantoin (AHD) and semicarbazide (SEM), to study the accumulation and distribution of nitrofurans in eggs. Eggs were collected from four groups of hens that had been treated with one of the nitrofurans at a feed concentration of 300 mg kg-1 for 1 week. Parent compounds and metabolites were found in the yolk, albumen and shell. Albumen/yolk ratios for the parent compounds were 0.7, 0.82, 0.83 and 0.31 for furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone, respectively. Ratios for the side-chain metabolites were 1.02, 1.06, 0.83 and 0.55 for AOZ, AMOZ, AHD and SEM, respectively. However, 50% of the total SEM residues were found in eggshell. This may be significant if eggshell products reach the consumer.     

2013~2015年湖北地区虾中硝基呋喃代谢物残留的监测分析

目的 分析湖北省2013年～2015年347份虾产品中硝基呋喃类药物的残留情况,以期为硝基呋喃代谢物的来源和危害分析提供科学依据。方法 采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）检测湖北9个地区多种虾产品中四种硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量,并用Excel 和SPSS16.0对实验数据进行统计学分析。结果 硝基呋喃类药物的代谢产物的总体检出率为27.09%,检出的代谢物均为氨基脲（SEM）,河虾的检出率最高,为61.54%,其次是基围虾为6.78%;最低是小龙虾为1.38%;对于整体匀浆的带壳河虾样品,检出率高达91.67%,而去壳的河虾虾肉样品没有检出SEM。结论 湖北地区的虾产品中存在不同程度的硝基呋喃污染情况,同时,发现河虾中有内源性的SEM的存在。结合湖北地区居民的膳食消费结果,进行虾中SEM的风险评估,发现虾中SEM暴露对人类健康危害较小。     

Migration of bisphenol A from can coatings—effects of damage, storage conditions and heating

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important monomer used in the manufacture of epoxy resins for internal food can linings. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different storage conditions and can damage on the migration of BPA to foods. These experiments were conducted in a systematic fashion by filling empty epoxyphenolic coated cans with four foods: soup, minced beef, evaporated milk and carrots and a food simulant (10% ethanol). Filled cans of each food type or simulant were then sealed and processed using appropriate conditions, before storage at three different temperatures: 5°C, 20°C and 40°C. For each of the storage regimes, 50% of the cans were dented to establish if this would lead to increased BPA migration. Cans were removed from these stocks at intervals of 1, 3 and 9 months storage at 5°C and 20°C or 10 days, 1 and 3 months at 40°C. Some initial problems of heterogeneity between samples was overcome by determining the amount of BPA in food as well as in the can lining. It was found that 80-100% of the total BPA present in the coating had migrated to foods directly after can processing by pilot plant filling with food or simulant, sealing and sterilization. This level was not changed by extended storage (up to 9 months) or can damage, indicating most migration was occurring during the can processing step. There was no noticeable difference, in this respect, between the different foods or the food simulant. Analysis of control samples (foods fortified with ∼0.1 mg kg^-1 BPA and contained in Schott bottles) showed that BPA was stable under both processing and storage. Experiments were also conducted to investigate the potential effects, on the migration of BPA from can coatings, of cooking or heating foods in the can prior to consumption. Food cans were purchased and the food either cooked or heated in the can. BPA was analysed prior to and after the heating/cooking process. It was concluded from the results that there were no appreciable differences in the BPA level before and after cooking or heating.     

Residues of nitrofuran antibiotic parent compounds and metabolites in eyes of broiler chickens

Nitrofuran antibiotic residues in food continue to be of international concern. The finding of sources of semicarbazide (SEM), other than through the misuse of nitrofurazone, present a challenge to the use of SEM as a definitive marker residue for this drug. Detection of intact (parent) nitrofurazone would avoid confusion over the source of SEM residues. Broiler chickens were fed sub-therapeutic nitrofuran-containing diets and their tissues were analysed for parent compounds and metabolites by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS). Depletion half-lives in muscle were longer for tissue-bound metabolite residues, 3.4 days --3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidone (AMOZ) -- to 4.5 days (SEM), than total metabolite residues, 2.0 days (AOZ) to 3.2 days (SEM). Metabolite concentrations were higher in eyes than in muscle. Metabolite half-lives in eyes ranged from 8.5 days (1-aminohydantoin (AHD)) to 20.3 days (SEM). Nitrofuran parent compounds were also detected in eyes. Furaltadone was detected in single eyes after 21 days' withdrawal of a 6 mg kg(-1) furaltadone diet. When 50 eyes from broilers containing metabolites in muscle close to the 1 microg kg(-1) minimum required performance level (MRPL) were pooled into single samples, 1.2 ng of furazolidone and 31.1 ng of furaltadone were detected, but nitrofurazone was not detected due to the long depletion half-life of SEM in muscle. Further studies are required to improve LC-MS/MS nitrofurazone sensitivity and refine the sample size necessary to use nitrofurazone detection in pooled eyes as a complement to SEM detection in muscle.     

Residues of nitrofuran antibiotic parent compounds and metabolites in eyes of broiler chickens.

Nitrofuran antibiotic residues in food continue to be of international concern. The finding of sources of semicarbazide (SEM), other than through the misuse of nitrofurazone, present a challenge to the use of SEM as a definitive marker residue for this drug. Detection of intact (parent) nitrofurazone would avoid confusion over the source of SEM residues. Broiler chickens were fed sub-therapeutic nitrofuran-containing diets and their tissues were analysed for parent compounds and metabolites by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS). Depletion half-lives in muscle were longer for tissue-bound metabolite residues, 3.4 days --3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidone (AMOZ) -- to 4.5 days (SEM), than total metabolite residues, 2.0 days (AOZ) to 3.2 days (SEM). Metabolite concentrations were higher in eyes than in muscle. Metabolite half-lives in eyes ranged from 8.5 days (1-aminohydantoin (AHD)) to 20.3 days (SEM). Nitrofuran parent compounds were also detected in eyes. Furaltadone was detected in single eyes after 21 days' withdrawal of a 6 mg kg(-1) furaltadone diet. When 50 eyes from broilers containing metabolites in muscle close to the 1 microg kg(-1) minimum required performance level (MRPL) were pooled into single samples, 1.2 ng of furazolidone and 31.1 ng of furaltadone were detected, but nitrofurazone was not detected due to the long depletion half-life of SEM in muscle. Further studies are required to improve LC-MS/MS nitrofurazone sensitivity and refine the sample size necessary to use nitrofurazone detection in pooled eyes as a complement to SEM detection in muscle.     

Residues of nitrofuran antibiotic parent compounds and metabolites in eyes of broiler chickens

Nitrofuran antibiotic residues in food continue to be of international concern. The finding of sources of semicarbazide (SEM), other than through the misuse of nitrofurazone, present a challenge to the use of SEM as a definitive marker residue for this drug. Detection of intact (parent) nitrofurazone would avoid confusion over the source of SEM residues. Broiler chickens were fed sub-therapeutic nitrofuran-containing diets and their tissues were analysed for parent compounds and metabolites by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS). Depletion half-lives in muscle were longer for tissue-bound metabolite residues, 3.4 days —3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidone (AMOZ)?—?to 4.5 days (SEM), than total metabolite residues, 2.0 days (AOZ) to 3.2 days (SEM). Metabolite concentrations were higher in eyes than in muscle. Metabolite half-lives in eyes ranged from 8.5 days (1-aminohydantoin (AHD)) to 20.3 days (SEM). Nitrofuran parent compounds were also detected in eyes. Furaltadone was detected in single eyes after 21 days’ withdrawal of a 6 mg kg^?1 furaltadone diet. When 50 eyes from broilers containing metabolites in muscle close to the 1 µg kg^?1 minimum required performance level (MRPL) were pooled into single samples, 1.2 ng of furazolidone and 31.1 ng of furaltadone were detected, but nitrofurazone was not detected due to the long depletion half-life of SEM in muscle. Further studies are required to improve LC-MS/MS nitrofurazone sensitivity and refine the sample size necessary to use nitrofurazone detection in pooled eyes as a complement to SEM detection in muscle.     

高效液相色谱法测定硝基呋喃类药物代谢物及其在对虾体内的代谢

建立高效液相色谱法测定对虾中胺基脲（semicarbazide,SEM）、1-氨基-2-内酰脲（1-aminohydantoin,AHD）、5-甲基吗啉-3-氨基-2-唑烷基酮（5-morpholinomethyl-3-amino-2-oxazolidone,AMOZ）和3-氨基-2-恶唑基酮（3-amino-2-oxazolidone,AOZ）4 种硝基呋喃类药物代谢物。采用含100 g/L三氯乙酸的甲醇-水（50∶50,V/V）溶液提取,邻氯苯甲醛衍生,经乙酸乙酯萃取、异辛烷净化,以0.05 mol/L乙酸铵-乙腈（30∶70,V/V）为流动相,反相高效液相色谱分析,外标法定量。结果表明,4 种待测物在0.1～50 nmol/mL 浓度范围内线性良好,检出限分别为SEM 0.75 μg/kg、AHD 1.2 μg/kg、AMOZ 2.0 μg/kg、AOZ 1.0 μg/kg。停药后4 种硝基呋喃类药物代谢物在对虾肌肉内富集最高含量分别为51.5、35.8、79.3 μg/kg和127 μg/kg,代谢物残留低于0.5 μg/kg所需代谢时间为SEM 21 d、AHD 15 d、AMOZ 17 d和AOZ 23 d。     

Exposure to antimony from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) trays used in ready-to-eat meals

Antimony residues, a result of the use of a polycondensation catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) oven-proof trays, were analysed in ready-to-eat meals. The toxicity of antimony has raised concerns about consumer safety; therefore, the migration of small fractions of these residues into ready meals and foods as a result of cooking directly in the PET trays was studied. A straightforward approach of measuring real samples was selected to obtain accurate exposure data. Background antimony concentration was determined separately from a series of lunch meals, which ranged from not detectable to 3.4 µg kg^-1. Microwave and conventional oven-cooking caused a distinct increase in the concentration of antimony in food and ready meals of 0-17 and 8-38 µg kg^-1, respectively, depending, to a certain extent, on the industrial preparations. The migrated quantities of antimony corresponded to 3-13 µg. For comparison, PET roasting bags and ready-made dough products in PET baking dishes were also evaluated. About half of the products prepared at a temperature of 180°C exceeded the specific migration limit set for food contact material by the European Commission. However, the migrated amounts of antimony relative to the accepted tolerable daily intake (TDI) show that exposure from this type of food is currently not of toxicological concern.     

Effect of cooking on enrofloxacin residues in chicken tissue

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different cooking processes (microwaving, roasting, boiling, grilling and frying) on naturally incurred enrofloxacin residues in chicken muscle. Enrofloxacin and its metabolite, ciprofloxacin, were analysed using a validated LC-MS method with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), respectively, of 2 and 5 ng g^-1 quinolones in muscle samples. The method was shown to be linear over the range 5-500 ng g^-1. Mean intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) at a concentration of 50 ng g^-1 (n = 6) was 6%; inter-day RSD was 12%. A recovery study demonstrated that 65-101%, of the drug and metabolite could be recovered from the tissue. The RSD with naturally incurred roasted chicken breast was 9.18% at a concentration of 11 ± 1.01 ng g^-1 (n = 6). In water, enrofloxacin remained stable for 3 h when heated at 100°C. It was concluded that residue data from raw tissue are valid for estimation of consumer exposure to this drug, as well as the ADI calculations because cooking procedures did not affect enrofloxacin residues, which remained stable during heating. However, there was an apparent decrease in quinolone concentration in tissue because some was lost by exudation into the liquid used for cooking. Conversely, for a cooking procedure with water loss, there was an apparent increase in residue concentration.     

食品中硝基呋喃类药物及其代谢物残留检测技术的研究进展

硝基呋喃类药物及其代谢产物因具有强毒性和致癌副作用, 已引起了国际社会的高度重视。本文综述了该类药物及其代谢物在食品中残留的检测方法的最新研究进展, 分析了硝基呋喃类药物及其代谢物残留各检测方法的优缺点, 并对该类药物检测方法进行了展望。     

Migration of aniline from polyamide cooking utensils into food simulants

Migration of aniline from polyamide cooking utensils was investigated. Aniline was found to originate from the application of black colorant in the polyamide 66 raw material. Analysis of polyamide raw material revealed an aniline concentration of 121 ± 13 mg kg^-1. The aniline concentration in a cooking utensil (turner) manufactured with 70% polyamide raw material was 82 ± 6 mg kg^-1. When testing migration from black coloured samples of turner, whisk and cooking spoon into water simulant at 100°C for 30 min, the migration levels at the third exposure were 39 ± 1, 11 ± 4 and 37 ± 4 μg dm^-2, respectively. Hence, these articles were not compliant with respect to the area-based limit for primary aromatic amines (3.33 μg dm^-2) set by European Union Directive 2002/72/EC. Repeated testing of a cooking utensil (turner) showed that approximately 100 h use at 100°C was required to reach legal (non-detectable) levels of aromatic amine migration.