基于改进Census变换的立体匹配算法

针对基于传统Census变换的立体匹配方法精度不高的问题, 提出一种基于坐标模板Census变换的立体匹配方法。该方法首先设计一个坐标为高斯分布的变换模板指导Census变换; 其次, 以Census变换结果之间的Hamming距离作为匹配代价求取初始视差, 同时使用SSE4. 2指令提高Hamming距离计算效率; 再次, 使用非局部代价聚合方法优化视差结果; 最后, 获得精度较高的视差图像。实验结果表明, 该算法具有较好的匹配精度和较高的匹配效率。     

一种新颖的自适应权重Census变换立体匹配算法

针对当前Census变换立体匹配算法深度不连续区域匹配精度低的缺陷,提出了一种新颖的自适应权重的Census变换立体匹配算法。在Census变换阶段计算变换窗口中心点上下左右四个像素的均值,得到中心点与该均值的差的绝对值,通过判断该绝对值的大小来确定中心点灰度值;为了有区别地对待窗口内各像素点,引入自适应权重,通过线性分段型函数计算自适应权值。在代价聚合阶段同样引入自适应权重并采用变化的聚合窗口,通过聚合窗口中心点和其左右两点的梯度值来确定聚合窗口的大小。实验结果表明,算法的匹配效果优于目前的Census变换立体匹配算法,在深度不连续区域匹配效果显著改善,而且没有明显降低实时性和增加硬件实现的难度。     

基于改进Census变换的多特性立体匹配算法

针对当前立体匹配算法存在的匹配准确率低，难以达到实用的高精度水平的问题，提出了一种基于改良的Census变换与色彩信息和梯度测度相结合的多特性立体匹配算法，实现高精度的双目立体匹配。算法首先在初始代价匹配阶段，将改进的Census变换、色彩和梯度测度赋权求和得出可靠的初始匹配代价；在聚合阶段，采取高效快捷的最小生成树聚合，获得匹配代价矩阵；最后根据胜者为王法则得到初始视差图，并引入左右一致性检测等策略优化视差图，获得高精度的视差图，实验阶段对源自Middlebury上的标准测试图进行测试验证，实验结果表明，经本文算法处理得到的15组测试数据集的视差图在非遮挡区域的平均误匹配率为6.81%，算法实时响应性优良。     

基于融合代价和优化引导滤波的立体匹配算法

现有局部立体匹配算法与全局立体匹配算法相比,计算量更小、速度更快,能达到实时匹配的要求,但存在误匹配率较高、视差结果精度较低等问题。提出一种新的局部立体匹配算法,依据像素梯度信息、像素梯度的平均值及标准差计算多指标梯度代价,使算法对图像局部结构的表达更加全面。根据像素的灰度差异程度划分等级,提出7等级编码的精细化Census变换匹配代价,以有效识别图像信息之间的细微差异,弥补Census变换在相似纹理区域精度较低的不足。将多指标梯度代价和精细化Census变换匹配代价按一定权重进行融合,形成初始匹配代价,从而充分发挥两种代价的优越性。在代价聚合阶段,对引导滤波的线性系数进行自适应优化,解决固定参数引起图像局部过于平滑或平滑不足的问题,并使用优化后的引导滤波模型进行代价聚合,改善代价聚合的效果。使用胜者为王算法计算视差获得初始视差图,最后通过左右一致性检测和加权中值滤波进行视差优化,得到更为理想的视差图。在Middlebury V3立体评估平台上的实验结果表明,所提算法在非遮挡区域的加权平均误匹配率为15.7%,与Cens5、IGF、ISM等算法相比具有较高的精度。     

多测度融合的树形滤波立体匹配算法

针对立体匹配算法中匹配精度不高的问题,提出一种基于树形滤波的立体匹配算法.利用像素边缘信息自适应改变Census变换窗口,融合颜色、边缘和改进后的Census信息作为匹配代价,对图像进行均值分割,以聚类区域计算树边权重,建立最小生成树,利用树形滤波器进行代价聚合,使用左右一致性检测细化视差,得到精确视差图.实验结果表明,该算法具有更优的匹配精度且生成的视差图具有良好的边缘保持特性,能够较好适应各种复杂场景.     

面向无人机自主导航的立体匹配算法

无人机自主导航是无人机发展的必然趋势,立体视觉技术作为一种优秀的环境信息测量技术能够为无人机自主导航提供关键信息.但是,导航图像存在幅度失真,现有立体匹配方法的匹配精度较低,针对Census变换舍弃了图像像素色彩信息而造成的误匹配问题,本文提出了一种Census变换和图像色彩信息相结合的联合匹配算法,并经过理论分析提出了正交积分的方法以提高算法的实时性.首先,将Census变换和图像色彩信息联合,构造初始匹配代价;然后,采用改进的自适应窗口作为代价累积窗口,并使用正交积分思想提高累积速度;最后,经过视差提精,获得最终的视差图.实验结果表明:本文算法对幅度失真图像的匹配误差比单独使用Census变换提高了40%～50%,算法的运算时间提速了3～12倍,与Census变换和图像灰度单独作为匹配代价时相比,该方法具有更高的匹配精度,对幅度失真有很强的鲁棒性,能够较好地应用于无人机自主导航场景中.     

一种改进的实时半全局立体匹配算法及硬件实现

在基于现场可编程门阵列的实时立体匹配系统中,Census变换算法针对特定区域的误匹配率较高。为提高匹配精度,提出一种具有高并行性流水线结构的实时半全局立体匹配算法并进行硬件实现。将改进的Tanimoto距离和带权重4方向的梯度绝对值差进行组合,作为新的初始匹配代价。在代价聚合阶段采用4路径并行结构的SGM算法,在视差选择阶段采用赢家通吃策略,在视差校正阶段采用阈值检测算法代替传统左右一致性检验算法。实验结果表明,该算法能够有效提高弱纹理和边缘区域的区分度,减少对中心点的依赖,降低资源占用,其在Middleburry平台上的平均误匹配率仅为7.52%,在Xilinx Zynq-7000平台上的匹配速率达到98 frame/s。     

多特征融合和自适应聚合的立体匹配算法研究

针对局部立体匹配在光照失真和弱纹理区域匹配精度低的问题,提出了一种多特征融合的代价计算和自适应十字窗口聚合的立体匹配算法。引入HSV颜色空间分量,结合改进后的Census变换和梯度信息作为匹配代价计算方法,排除了视差边界异常值的影响,增强了算法对光照失真的稳健性;提出了基于梯度信息和可变颜色阈值的自适应窗口代价聚合方法,提高了在弱纹理区域的匹配精度;通过视差计算和多步骤的视差精细得到了最终的视差结果。实验结果表明,所提算法较AD-Census算法在无光照失真条件下误匹配减少了3.24%,能有效解决视差边界和弱纹理区域错误匹配的问题,对光照失真稳健性好且能有效抑制噪声干扰。     

多种相似性测度结合的局部立体匹配算法

针对立体匹配中匹配代价和支持窗口难以选择的问题,提出一种将多种相似性测度相结合的局部立体匹配算法.首先,构造匹配代价,结合图像的Census变换、WLD(Weber局部描述符)特征、图像色彩信息以及图像梯度信息作为匹配代价;然后,使用引导滤波器对匹配代价进行聚合;最后,针对WTA(赢者全取)策略引入的视差选择歧义问题和左右一致性检测(LRC)引入的水平条纹问题,提出了一种基于可信度和加权滤波的视差修正算法.利用Middlebury测试平台提供的标准测试图像对本文算法进行测试,其平均错误匹配率为5.30%,与Fast Bilateral算法等一些公认的性能优异算法相比,本文算法提高了匹配准确率.     

立体匹配算法改进与优化

本文分析了当前主流的几类立体匹配算法,并通过对综合实时性与重构效果两方面内容的比较,得出半全局立体匹配算法的应用性更强。本文针对半全局匹配算法改进与优化,在代价计算部分将CIELAB色彩空间下的绝对灰度差与Census算法再结合梯度匹配计算方法作为代价计算函数,在代价聚合方面采用了引导滤波算法,并引入了多尺度聚合法,在不同尺度下分别进行代价计算,有效提高算法鲁棒性,使低纹理区域的块效应消除,图像边缘的匹配效果改善,误匹配率下降。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.