临近空间816mm口径望远镜复合支撑主镜组件设计

针对某临近空间望远镜高面形精度和0°～65°观测角度的要求,设计了 816 mm 口径的SiC主镜组件.依据经验公式和拓扑优化方法,完成了主镜的设计,基于大口径反射镜复合支撑原理、功能分配和指标分配以及解耦标准设计了主镜支撑组件,最后根据支撑结构形式和装配公差要求设计了主镜组件装配工装并制定了装配工艺流程.对主镜组件进...     

在轨组装机器人抓取机构设计与控制系统研究

根据在轨组装空间望远镜关键技术的研究需求,为有效实施在轨组装服务,设计了在轨组装机器人及子镜组装分系统的地面验证方案,并对组装机器人的末端抓取机构进行设计分析。该抓取机构采用插入式抓取、胀紧式锁紧方案。同时,对组装机器人的控制系统方案进行详细阐述;经过分析计算,该设计能够满足在轨组装空间望远镜地面验证阶段的应用需求。     

一种大型单轴转台的研制

为配合机器人对1m口径在轨组装空间望远镜地面演示原理验证样机中主镜阵列的子镜模块组装,研制了一套大型单轴转台。首先,简要介绍转台的应用场景,并对单轴转台的系统总体构成做详尽的说明,确定了转台主要零部件的材料。其次,依据光学系统的光学元器件的接口需求,对转台的关键零件——台面进行了详细的结构设计,利用有限元模拟仿真方法分析了台面在负载下的力学变形。结果表明:在1g、-2℃工况及1g、2℃工况下,台面的最大变形量为0.04mm,能够满足最大变形控制在0.1mm的光学指标要求。最后,对转台中的传动部件蜗轮蜗杆进行理论计算、设计,并对转台中的相关元器件进行了选型,依托结构设计结果,完成了单轴转台的加工、装调。最终结果表明,转台能够很好地满足使用要求,结构设计合理。     

1m望远镜主反射镜的支撑和装配

考虑大口径光学望远镜中主反射镜的支撑精度直接影响光电探测设备的整机性能,本文根据光学系统对口径为1 000 mm的主镜的支撑精度要求和光电设备中主镜的使用情况,采用轴向和径向组合支撑的结构形式来完成对主镜的支撑,并通过有限元法对支撑位置进行理论分析和计算.实验显示,在轴向18点浮动支撑、径向3点柔性支撑的情况下,主镜能够达到较高的面形精度.针对传统装调工艺不能获得理想的面形精度,探索了新的主镜装调方法.用干涉仪对带有支撑的主镜进行实时测量并进一步进行修磨,使主镜在装配完成后达到λ/18的面形精度.该方法满足了本项目的指标要求,也为更大口径主镜的装调提供了一种新的思路.     

关于大望远镜卡焦R-C系统视场改正镜设计的研究

研究了大望远镜卡焦R-C系统视场改正透镜的设计.以2米级口径的望远镜为例,卡氏焦点的焦比为F/9,采用F/3、F/2.5、F/2及F/1.5四种主镜焦比,得到各自的优化结果.其最大像斑尺寸分别为0″.290,0″.418,0″.934及1″.784.研究结果表明,卡焦R-C系统视场改正镜设计的难度取决于主镜的焦比,主镜焦比在F/3左右是很容易设计好的,而若小于F/2.5,则设计难度增加很快.     

Golay3望远镜系统的设计

提出用Golay3稀疏孔径取代望远镜两镜系统中的主镜,以在保证望远镜角分辨率的同时减少系统的质量和体积.首先利用三级像差理论设计了一套两镜系统,其中主镜是球面镜,次镜是双曲面镜.用Golay3稀疏孔径代替主镜,分析了填充因子与子镜半径的关系.然后,通过Zemax程序对系统进行模拟,分析了系统的调制传递函数特性及点列图....     

大口径光电探测设备主镜晃动的误差补偿

针对大口径光电探测设备在随俯仰角变化时由于主镜支撑点的变化而产生的晃动,研究了在静态测量时如何补偿主镜晃动造成的误差以提高大口径望远镜的静态测量精度。首先给出了一个1m口径望远镜的支撑结构和力学模型,在分析了传统三轴误差补偿方法和球谐误差补偿方法的基础上提出了针对大口径望远镜的误差补偿方法。在外场对光测设备进行了标校实验,选取32颗恒星在修正了蒙气差后对各个系统差进行求解,得出了主镜晃动误差和三轴差。与传统误差补偿方法的比较结果显示:加入主镜晃动误差补偿后,望远镜的静态测量精度从15.4″提高到了2.5″。此种方法物理意义明确,各误差分量重复性好,对主镜晃动误差进行补偿修正后提高了大口径望远镜的静态测量精度。     

环境对大口径SiC轻量化主镜视宁度的影响

由于地基大口径望远镜主镜视宁度与望远镜系统成像质量相关,本文研究了环境对主镜视宁度的影响。理论分析了影响主镜视宁度大小的因素,得出主镜视宁度会随主镜表面和环境之间温差的增大而增大的结论。利用有限元法分析了自然对流和吹风条件下主镜的温度变化和温度分布;最后通过相应工况条件下2mSiC轻量化主镜的温度测试实验对仿真分析结果进行了验证。实验结果显示:在初始温差为6℃的无风自然对流情况下,主镜与环境达到温度平衡约需4h;而在初始温差为8℃的吹风情况下,主镜与环境达到热平衡仅需1.5h。分析和实验结果表明:采用强迫对流热控措施可快速而有效地将主镜视宁度控制在合理的范围内,可获得更多的望远镜观测时间,同时保证大口径望远镜系统的成像质量。     

大口径主镜位置的实时检测

由于望远镜主镜位置的调整与主镜位置的实时监测相关,本文设计了基于位移传感器的主镜位置监测系统。重点考虑镜室重力变形的影响,利用解析几何方法得到了解算主镜位置的算法。以实验室的1.2mSiC主镜作为试验镜进行了主镜位置实时监测试验。在主镜绕支撑架做俯仰转动时,通过布置在主镜背部和侧向的6个位移传感器,实时采集测量数据,并利用有限元方法计算镜室的变形;最后将镜室变形作为系统差和传感器测量值代入解算算法,得到主镜沿X、Y、Z三向平移、绕X、Y轴转动角度及主镜半径随温度变化值。测试结果显示:该试验主镜的支撑系统中的轴向支撑刚度远大于侧向支撑刚度。当镜室转动45°时,主镜的Z向平移变化只有20μm,而X向平移和Y向平移分别为146μm和100μm。试验结果验证了提出的实时监测方法和监测系统的准确性,为大口径主镜实时位置校正提供了依据。     

郭守敬望远镜主镜装卸机械手的液压系统设计与研究

郭守敬望远镜(LAMOST)是我国自主独立研制的一台中星仪式反射施密特望远镜,是目前国内口径最大的光学望远镜,其面朝下的反射式主镜由37块六角形子镜拼接而成。为装卸这些子镜专门设计了大型的自动机械装卸装置,该装置一共具有11个自由度,通过多级调整子镜单元在空中的位置和姿态,实现子镜单元的装卸。其液压系统通过一台随车起重机进行改造,通过改造液压管路和阀门,采用电液比例阀控制系统流量和流速,增加自动控制系统进行反馈控制,实现大跨度、高精度的自动定位,在望远镜的维护中发挥了重要的作用。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.