Critical Flow for Water Management in a Shallow Tidal River Based on Estuarine Residence Time

To support the development of protective water resources management strategies, a 3D hydrodynamic model was applied to the Little Manatee River (LMR) to evaluate the effects of reducing river flow and drought on the Estuarine Residence Time (ERT). ERT is an important indicator for estuarine environmental quality. The Little Manatee River is a small tidal river estuary with a yearly mean gaged freshwater inflow of 4.8 m³/s. The hydrodynamic model was calibrated and verified by using two continuous data sets for a six month period. Model simulations were conducted for 17 river inflow scenarios. Among the flow scenarios, 13 scenarios were within a flow range from 0.26 m³/s to 10 m³/s total freshwater inflow. A regression equation (R ² = 0.98) fitted by a power-law function was derived from analysis of the hydrodynamic modeling results to correlate model predicted ERT to total river inflow, though ERT can be predicted from gaged freshwater inflow as well. The study indicates that the estuarine residence time reaches 53.3 days under an extreme drought condition of 0.26 m³/s total inflow. When river inflow falls below the critical flow (4 m³/s or less), further flow reductions can cause the substantial increases of ERT by a factor of 2 to 10 times. This suggests that the management of flow reductions is particularly critical when total river flows are 4 m³/s or less if adverse impacts to the water quality and ecological characteristics of the Little Manatee River are to be avoided.     

FLOW FIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAND FUNNEL AND ITS MECHANICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

The flow in funnel chamber is typical three-di-mensional flow. The experimental results of clear water flowfield and muddy water flow field show that the flow character-istics in the funnel chamber are favorable to the separation ofwater and sand. Tangential velocity sustains the vortexstrength of the funnel chamber, axial velocity is benefit to thesediment sinking, and radial velocity is benefit to sedimentmoving to desilting hole. So the sand funnel is successful insediment disposal. The sand funnel projection has also gooddesilting effectiveness in practice. Its average flushing dis-charge is 3% of inlet canal discharge, the sand disposal rate is100% for the sand with grain diameter of more than 0. 5mm,and is more than 90% for the sand with grain diameter of lessthan 0. 5mm.     

小浪底水库泥沙管道输送的阻力损失分析

阻力损失是管道水力输送的关键参数之一。本文基于小浪底水库的管道排沙试验,研究不同流速、粒径、浓度下管道输送的阻力损失,采用实测数据与已有模型对比分析的方法,选取拟合效果最好的模型。流速为2.08m/s时,阻力模型与费祥俊模型拟合最好,杜兰德模型次之。因此在试验参数确定中综合考虑费祥俊与杜兰德模型。在本次试验流量为620 m3/h(流速2.08 m/s)、含沙量为279 kg/m3(浓度10.53%)、中值粒径为0.0512 mm的参数组合下,管道排沙效果相对较好,月排沙量为4.15×104t;而基于本次试验条件,预测高浓度时的输沙情况,最佳输送参数应是流量620 m3/h(流速2.08 m/s)、含沙量为950 kg/m3(浓度35.85%)、中值粒径为0.0512 mm,月排沙量为14.14×104t。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON VELOCITY PROFILE OF SUBMERGED ABRASIVE SUSPENSION JET FLOW

1. INTRODUCTIONAbrasive Water Jet (AWJ), has been developed the into a remarkable and extensively used cutting technology in last two decades. In recent years, the polymer PAM has generally been applied to jetting fluid to further increase the abrasive ve…     

Variability in salt flux and water circulation in Ota River Estuary,Japan

In this study the sub-tidal and intra-tidal variations of salt fluxes in the upstream section of a shallow estuary (with a water depth of less than 3 m) were investigated. The salt fluxes were estimated based on the cross-sectional average salinity and velocity measured by the fluvial acoustic tomography system (FATS). The results indicate that the magnitude of seaward fluxes is approximately two times greater than that of landward fluxes under normal conditions. The results of short-term observation in the study area indicate that there is a phase lag of the bottom and surface salinities between the regions with the largest and smallest depths. The vertical shear flux with a peak value of ?0.7 m²/s during the ebb tide indicated an important contribution to the total salt flux compared with the advective flux. A phase lag occurred between the vertical shear terms in the regions with the largest and smallest depths, which resulted from the correlation between the vertical variations of the salinity and velocity and the existence of transversal velocity circulations.     

PIV MEASUREMENTS OF THE NEAR-WAKE FLOW OF AN AIRFOIL ABOVE A FREE SURFACE

The near-wake flow of a NACA0012 airfoils mounted above a water surface were experimentally studied in a wind/wave tunnel. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the free surface on the structure of the airfoil trailing wake. The flow structure was measured with different ride heights between the airfoil and free surface using a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. The Reynolds number based on the chord length of the airfoil was about 3.5×103. For each experimental condition, large amount of instantaneous velocity fields were captured and ensemble-averaged to get the spatial distributions of mean velocity and mean vorticity, as well as turbulence statistics. The results show that the flow structures of the airfoil wake varies remarkably with the change in the ride height.     

高浓度水流流速仪的研制与应用

作为一种复杂的固液两相流动，高浓度水流由于固体颗粒浓度高、颗粒级配宽及流动的可视性差等特点，致使其测流一直成为制约高浓度水流运动机理研究的瓶颈性问题。本文依据毕托管工作原理，通过液压传感方式感应测量高浓度水流动水压力和计算机数据采集处理等方法，成功地研制了新型感压式高浓度水流流速仪，并在室内天然沙与粉煤灰高含度水流试验中得到了应用。该流速仪研制成功为进一步研究高浓度水流流速分布规律、揭示其水流结构与输沙机理创造了有利条件。     

附着性藻类生长-迁移模型及其在南水北调中线工程中的应用

附着性藻类广泛存在于自然水体中,有很强的生命力且能通过释放孢子/配子等多种方式进行繁殖与迁移。传统附着藻类生长模型往往仅考虑了藻类生长过程及水动力影响,但藻类的繁殖迁移过程也是附着藻类生活史的重要部分。通过在传统附着藻类生长模型中引入繁殖迁移过程,构建了适用于附着性藻类的生长-迁移模型,并通过相关实验结果进行了率定验证。针对南水北调中线工程中藻类增殖问题的定性研究表明：当干渠内水流流速小于0.4 m/s时,附着藻类容易大量增殖,故附着性藻类容易聚集在水渠弯道处及两侧边壁。通过增大总干渠输水流量可提高渠内水流平均流速,从而控制渠内附着藻类平均生长密度,当干渠流量为350 m³/s时,干渠中附着藻类平均密度仅为流量为180 m³/s时的20%。模拟结果符合南水北调中线工程中附着藻类的实际分布规律,研究成果可为南水北调中线工程中附着性藻类增殖问题的进一步治理提供参考。     

竖缝式鱼道水力特性与鱼类运动特性相关性分析

竖缝式鱼道(Vertical Slot Fishway,VSF)作为一种协助上溯性鱼类恢复其洄游通道的生态补偿措施,受到广泛关注。其过鱼效果与VSF的水力特性和鱼类的游泳运动能力密切相关。因而,良好的VSF设计应保证池室内的水力特性与过鱼对象的游泳运动能力相适宜。本文选取上溯性鱼类鳙鱼和草鱼为研究对象,将VSF池室内水力因子空间分布与鱼类运动轨迹相叠加,定量分析了鳙鱼和草鱼在上溯过程中的运动特性、水力偏好以及鱼类运动轨迹与特定水力因子的相关程度。试验结果表明:在流量为0.135 m3/s的VSF池室内,两种鱼喜好在紊动能为0.02~0.035 m2/s2、流速为0.16~0.4 m/s、紊动耗散率为0.02~0.04 m2/s3、应变率为2~3.5 s-1的范围内运动。鳙鱼和草鱼在不同水力区域内的上溯时间与紊动能、流速相关性较大;水流流速矢量体现鱼的趋流特性,决定了鱼的上溯方向,而对于局部空间内鱼的游泳运动行为,紊动能可能是影响更直接的水力因子。     

超低水头竖井贯流式水轮机模型试验

为研究超低水头下竖井贯流式水轮机的能量特性和空化特性,对一种额定水头为2.10 m的超低水头竖井贯流式水轮机进行模型试验。基于河海大学水力机械多功能试验台,采用压差传感器、电磁流量计、扭矩仪等仪器对不同导叶开度、不同叶片安放角下GD-WS-35型水轮机的水头、流量和扭矩等参数进行测试,并绘制了水轮机模型综合特性曲线。试验结果表明:当叶片安放角为23°,导叶开度为65°时,在额定水头2.10 m条件下,模型水轮机的流量为0.398 m3/s,效率为83.34%,出力为6.838kW,对应原型水轮机的流量为9.96m3/s,效率为85.14%,出力为174.7 kW,水轮机具有良好的能量特性;当叶片安放角为23°,导叶开度为65°时,水轮机具有良好的空化性能。     

LIQUID-GAS TWO PHASE FLOW RATES METERING BY DUAL PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL MEASUREMENTS

The measurement of the overall mass flow rates in a two phase, gas/liquid pipeline is considered on the basis of dual pressure differential measurements for a combined contraction/frictional pipe type of flow meter and a numerical model to predict overall mass flow rates from pressure differentials measured from this type of flow meter is presented. The experiments generally conform with the predictions of the flow rates prediction model. Whilst the practicability of such metering of two phase flows is clearly demonstrated, application of the method would require careful calibration to allow for the influence of nozzle coefficients, pipe Reynolds number and void fraction upon the one dimensional compressible flow equations through wall friction factor and interphase slip effects.     

LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN FULLY DEVELOPED VERTICAL TURBULENT CHANNEL FLOW

Fully developed vertical turbulent channel flow with particle transport was investigated by use of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach coupled with dynamic the SubGrid Scale (SGS) model. It was assumed that the motion of each particle is followed in a Lagrangian frame of reference driven by the forces exerted by fluid motion and gravity under the condition of one-way coupling. The goal of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the I.ES technique for predicting particle transport in turbulent flow and the behavior of particle-laden turbulent channel flow for three kinds of particles at different Stokes numbers. To depict the behavior of particle-laden turbulent channel flow, statistical quantities including particle fluctuation and fluid-particle velocity correlation, and visualization of the particle number density field were analyzed.     

INVESTIGATION OF INFLUENCE OF WETTABILITY ON POISEUILLE FLOW VIA MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION

In this article, the influence of wettability on a liquid flow between two parallel plane walls were studied by using Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (NEMD) simulation. The wettability of the solid surfaces can be described as the contact angle. The liquid flow rate, the slip velocity and the slip length which are affected by the contact angle were investigated. The results show that the boundary condition at a microscopic level is different from a “no-slip” condition at a macroscopic level. There exits a slippage of a liquid flow for the hydrophobic boundary and an external force is needed to overcome threshold pressure for the hydrophilic boundary. And the orderly layered distributions of the liquid particles near the hydrophilic surface vary from a place near the hydrophobic surface. The study indicates that the surface wettability plays a significant role on possibilities of forming a viscous layer and the direct slip at the solid surface. The resistance of liquid flow can be decreased by changing the wettability of boundary surface.     

声学多普勒流速仪盲区数据处理及其在长江河口区的应用

本文基于边界层理论，在估算声学多普勒流速仪（Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler，简称ADCP）水表和底部的观测盲区流速作了初步探索。根据长江口南港定点观测获取的ADCP潮周期流速剖面数据的分析结果，在涨急和落急阶段整个水层均为边界层，流速剖面呈对数分布。因此，利用卡门-普朗特公式外插，计算ADCP盲区的流速，与在盲区放置的直读式流速仪测得的数据相比，平均相对误差分别为2.3%～2.9%。某些数据点的偏离可能是由于悬沙浓度分布的变化而引起的。     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF CYLINDER ON FLOW STRUCTURE

1.　INTRODUCTIONThe quietness is an important mark for the behavior of the submarine,so to decreasethe noise of the submarine becomes more and more important.As engine noise and othernoises have been reduced in these days,the interior noise levels in many submarine applica-tions are significantly affected by the water noise in the case of a submarine athigh cruisingspeed.The main sources of water noise are as follows:( 1 ) pressure fluctuations in the tur-bulent boundary layer;( 2 ) turbul…     

圆中环沉沙排沙过滤池结构特性试验研究

圆中环沉沙排沙过滤池是一种新型的浑水沉沙、排沙、过滤装置,通过新疆呼图壁城镇工业供水工程圆中环沉沙排沙过滤池的物理模型试验,模拟了在1 m3/s工况下的运行效果。试验结果表明:采用三层不同粒径的滤料,中心溢流筒加高0.4 m时,能较好的起到沉沙、排沙和过滤的作用且不被击穿,同时能满足引水量的要求,汇流槽平均流速在0.88～2.77 m/s范围内。与常规水沙分离装置相比,这种新型的装置实现了节能减排,环保性处理泥沙的目标,为水沙分离提供了另一种新的思路。     

INFLUENCE OF INCLINATION ANGLE ON THE MOTION OF TAYLOR BUBBLES IN UPWARD SLUG FLOW

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VERTICAL VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN STEADY NON-UNIFORM AND UNSTEADY OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

Based on the continuity equation, the distribution of vertical velocity in equilibrium steady non-uniform and unsteady open-channel flows were deduced theoretically. Then a recently developed Acoustic Doppler Velocity Profiler (ADVP) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology was used to measure instantaneously the flow profiles. From these measurements, the vertical velocity and the other flow parameters were obtained. Additional data measured using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) at the Nanyang Technological University were also presented. The agreement between the theoretical distribution of vertical velocity and the measured data is reasonably good.     

NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF SILT ABRASIVE EROSION IN HYDRAULIC TURBINE

1.INTRODUCTIONTherearemanyhydraulicturbinesoperatedinsiltladenriversintheworld.Thepresenceofsolidparticlesintheflowoftencauseabrasivedegradationofcertainpartsofthehydraulicturbinewhichareespeciallyexposedtotheflow.Theerosivewearduetohydroabrasiondependsprimarilyonthesurfacematerialandonthematerialoftheabrasiveparticlesinwater.Thefluiddynamicsoftheparticlemotionalsoplayaveryimportantroleinthistribologicalsystem.Therelativevelocityofparticlesandthefrequencyofimpactarekeyfactorsindetermining…     

SLIP VELOCITY MODEL OF POROUS WALLS ABSORBED BY HYDROPHOBIC NANOPARTICLES SIO2

According to new slip effects on nanopatterned interfaces,the mechanism of enhancing water injection into hydrophobic nanomaterial SiO2 was proposed. When Hydrophobic Nanoparticles(HNPs)are adsorbed on surfaces of porous walls,hydrophobic nanoparticles layers are formed instead of hydrated layer, and slip effects appear on the pore wall when a driving pressure is applied to the rock cores sample. It makes fluid to move more quickly and the flow capacity increases greatly. Experiments on changing wettability of porous walls were conducted, and the phenomenon that porous walls surfaces were adsorbed by nanoparticles was validated with the Environment Scan Electron Microscopy(ESEM). The results of displacement experiments show that flowing resistance is greatly reduced , and water-phase effective permeability is increased by 47 % averagely after being treated by nanofluid. These results indicate that the slip effect may occur on nanoparticle film of porous walls. Based on this new mechanism of enhancing water injection about hydrophobic nanomaterial SiO2,a slip velocity model in uniform porous media was introduced, and some formulas for the ratio of slip length to radius, slip length ,stream slip velocity and flux increment were deduced. and calculated results indicate that the ratio of slip length to radius is about 3.54%-6.97%, and the slip length is about 0.024μm -0.063μm. The proposed model can give a good interpretation for the mechanisms of enhancing water injection with the HNPs.