Stability of cenospheres in lightweight cement composites in terms of alkali–silica reaction

This paper presents an experimental study on characteristics and stability of cenospheres used in lightweight cement composites. ASTM C227 and C1260 tests were used to evaluate if cenospheres are potentially deleterious due to alkali–silica reaction (ASR). Natural sand was used as control. Examination by scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and analyses by X-ray diffractometer and thermogravimetry were conducted on samples with cenospheres after 9-month C227 and C1260 tests to better understand the behavior of cenospheres exposed to high alkaline environments and higher temperatures in these tests. Results indicate that cenospheres are not potentially deleterious due to ASR. Expansion of the mortar specimens tested to ASTM C227 and C1260 seems to be affected by the pozzolanic reactivity of cenospheres. Fine cenospheres showed limited pozzolanic reactivity at 28–30 °C and 38 °C, but exhibited significant pozzolanic reactivity at 80 °C with aluminum tobermorite [Ca₅Si₅Al(OH)O₁₇? 5H₂O] identified as the main reaction product.     

Estimation of solubility of solids in supercritical carbon dioxide

Peng-Robinson equation of state(PR EOS)was chosen for modeling the thermodynamic be-havior of supercritical(SC)-CO_2/Solid systems.The necessary critical constants and acentric factorof the solute were obtained by the Sigmund and Trebble(1992)method based on the molecular weightand boiling temperature,and the vapor pressure of the solute was calculated by its meltingtemperature and heat of fusion.This approach compared very favorably with the conventional corres-ponding state theory,but without using critical constants and vapor pressure of solutes.Four mixingrules were tested for the calculation of solid solubility in SC-CO_2.van der Waals(vdW)mixing rulewith one parameter was considered to be most suitable for the estimation of solubility.A simplecorrelation was developed for the SC-CO_2/solid binary interaction coefficient k_(ij) with the meltingtemperature of pure solutes.The solubilities of solids in SC-CO_2 were estimated for eleven binarysystems at various temperatures,the total absolute average     

Development of Automotive Plastics in China

As a pillar industry of China, automobile industryexperienced a bursting out expansion in the recent 1 to 2years. It brought along a very fast growth of plastics ma-terials and plastics machinery with an even stronger mo-mentum than what electrical household appliance and theother industries do. Moreover, automotive plastics havea stronger promotion on the technical advancement ofplastics industry than that of the other plastics products,as they require a much higher quality and more sophisti-cated technolo~v.     

The Role of PPARα in Metformin-Induced Attenuation of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Acute Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats

Metformin, an anti-diabetic drug, exerts cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) through the activation of AMPK. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects remain elusive. In this study, we examined the role of PPARα in mediating cardioprotective effects of metformin on mitochondria. Hearts of male Sprague-Dawley rats perfused by Langendorff were subjected to IR in the presence or absence of metformin and the PPARβ inhibitor, GW6471. IR reduced cardiac function and compromised the structural integrity of cardiac cells evidenced by increased LDH release from the hearts. In addition, IR induced mitochondrial dysfunction as evidenced by reduced respiration and increased mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) opening. However, metformin-treated hearts demonstrated improved post-ischemic recovery of cardiac function and reduced cell death that were associated with increased state 3 respiration at complexes I and II (by 27% and 32%, respectively, both p < 0.05) and decreased PTP opening (by 27%, p < 0.05) compared to untreated hearts. The protective effects of metformin on cardiac function and mitochondria were blocked by GW6471. Thus, our results demonstrate that inhibition of PPARα attenuates the beneficial effects of metformin on mitochondria in acute IR.     

Advantages of Preozonation in the Upgrading of the Mont Valérien Plant in France

The Mont Valérien plant supplies water to the western suburbs of Paris. Raw water comes from the River Seine downstream from the city. The old plant comprised two treatment lines: a slow sand filtration line built 80 years ago and a rapid settling and filtration line built in 1960. The process for the upgraded plant was determined after an in-depth study including industrial-scale experiments and laboratory tests.

The new treatment line includes the following: preozonation, oagulationflocculation and settling in a sludge-blanket type settling tank (PULSATOR), rapid gravity sand filtration, ozonation, and granular activated carbon filtration.

Results from laboratory tests used for the design are presented: ozonation rate, advantages for the quality of the treated water, expected reagejit savings, etc.     

Effective Allocation of Resources in Xinjiang

On May 24, Sinopec and CNPC(ChinaNational Petroleum Corporation)signedin Beijing a framework agreement on themutual supply and purchase of oil prod-ucts in Xinjiang region. It shows that bothsides have made a step further in re-sources cooperation.To maintain the stability of the do-     

Identification of the pathway of α-oxidation of cerebronic acid in peroxisomes

Cerebronic acid (2-hydroxytetracosanoic acid), an α-hydroxy very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) and a component of cerebrosides and sulfatides, is unique to nervous tissues. Studies were carried out to identify the pathway and the subcellular site involved in the oxidation of cerebronic acid. The results from these studies revealed that cerebronic acid was catabolized by α-oxidation to CO₂ and tricosanoic acid (23:0). Studies with subcellular fractions indicated that cerebronic acid was α-oxidized in fractions having particulate bound catalase and enzyme systems for the β-oxidation of VLCFA (e.g., lignoceric acid), suggesting peroxisomes as the subcellular organelle responsible for α-oxidation of cerebronic acid. Etomoxir, an inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, had no effect on cerebronic acid α-oxidation. Further, cerebronic acid oxidation was found to be dependent on the presence of NAD⁺ but not FAD, NADPH, ATP, Mg²⁺, or CoASH. Intraorganellar localization studies indicated that the enzyme system for the α-oxidation of cerebronic acid was associated with the peroxisomal limiting membranes. Studies on cultured fibroblasts from normal subjects and patients with peroxisomal disorders indicated an impairment of α-oxidation of cerebronic acid in cell lines that lack peroxisomes [e.g., Zellweger syndrome (ZS)]. On the other hand, α-oxidation of cerebronic acid was found to be normal in cell lines from X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, adult Refsum disease, and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. Our results clearly demonstrate that α-oxidation of α-hydroxy VLCFA (cerebronic acid) is a peroxisomal function and that this oxidation is impaired in ZS. Furthermore, this α-oxidation enzyme system is distinct from the one for the α-oxidation of β-carbon branched-chain fatty acids (e.g., phytanic acid).     

Release of Statistics on Rubber Industry of CRIA in 2014

<正>In 2014,the major economic indicators of rubber industry only realized slight growth.Although the export increased,the tire export,infl uenced by the"Double Anti"of the U.S.on Chinese semi-steel tire,remained in doubt;the realized profi t growth of the industry continued to slide,the inventory increased,and the economic situation was not optimistic.     

Prediction of Swelling Behavior of AT-Isopropylacrylamide Hydrogels in Aqueous Solution of Sodium Chloride

In this paper, a model is presented to correlate and predict the swelling behavior of hydrogels in aqueous solutions of electrolytes. The model is a combination of VERS-model, "phantom network" theory and "free-volume" contribution. The VERS-model is used to calculate Gibbs excess energy; "phantom network" theory to describe the elastic properties of polymer network, and "free-volume" contribution to account for additional difference in the size of the species. To test the model, a series of N-isopropylacrylamide based hydrogels are synthesized by free radical polymerization in oxygen-free, deionized water at 25℃ under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, the degree of swelling of all investigated gels as well as the partition of the solute between the gel phase and the surrounding coexisting liquid phase are measured in aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The model test demonstrates that the swelling behavior correlated and predicted by the model agrees with the experimental data within the experimental uncert     

Stability of Calcium Chloride in the Air–Steam Gasification of Solid Fuel in Filtration Mode

The emission of HCl from calcium chloride during the air–steam gasification of solid fuel in the filtration combustion mode was studied. The limiting amounts of HCl released into the gas phase under real conditions of a shaft kiln gasifier were estimated. It was shown that the most important factors responsible for the stability of CaCl₂ are the humidity of an oxidant gas and the process temperature.     

Copolymerization in dispersion of divinyl benzene–maleic anhydride in the presence of silylated montmorillonite clays

Sodium montmorillonite (NaMMT clay) derivatives were encapsulated in polymer particles obtained through dispersion copolymerization of divinyl benzene (DVB) with maleic anhydride (MA). To evidence the effect of alkyl monoalkoxysilanes upon MMT reaction, a variety of MMT clay functional derivatives were investigated. Particles with an increased size of modified MMT clay dispersed in dichloromethane were obtained using alkyl monoalkoxysilanes with a longer hydrocarbon chain. Relatively long hydrocarbon chains can exhibit a low substitution degree of MMT clay with alkyl monoalkoxysilanes. MMT class with a low substitution degree leads in the presence of alkoxysilanes to particles with average size between 700 and 1200 nm, and when DVB–MA copolymer is added the particles size decreases (~480 nm). The influence of layered silicates on the thermal stability of DVB–MA copolymer as a function of the used vinyl siloxanes derivatives for functionalization of MMT, on one hand, and the nonlinear variation of refractive index of used silanes on the other hand, pointing out the autoassociation during initial reaction of substitution.     

Role of free F− anions in the electrorefining of titanium in molten alkali halide mixtures

The influence of the F/Cl atomic ratio on the morphology of titanium metal, deposited by electrorefining in various alkali halide solvent mixtures and K₂TiF₆ solute, was investigated. A continuous transition from powdery deposits in chloride mixtures (F/Cl = 0), through dendritic deposits in chloride-fluoride mixtures (0 < C/Cl < ), to coherent and adherent deposits in fluoride mixtures (F/Cl = ), was evidenced. This dependence was explained in terms of the increase of the thermodynamic stability of TiF₆ ^3– anion (and the consequent decrease of the activity of Ti³⁺, i.e. electrocrystallization centres available in the melt), with increase of the parameter F/Cl. This is supported by the observed increase in the decomposition potential, E _d, and the shift of the Ti³⁺ discharge potential, E _p, toward more negative values, in the same sequence. The influence of the F/Cl atomic ratio on current efficiency, , on the grain size distribution and on the chemical purity of electrodeposited titanium metallic powder, was also discussed.List of symbols cd current density - E _d decomposition potential - E _p discharge potential - (E _1/2)_c half wave potential of the complex - (E _1/2)_f half wave potential of the free ion - current efficiency - d _m average diameter - P _m molar polarizing strength     

Output of Petroleum and Chemical Products in China in March 2005

ProdUCt MarChoutPUt Growth over000 tons Mar.,2004%January to MarchOutPut Growth over same000 tons Period of 2004,%5000256060605080﹁匆4040沙382,21. 44731__“_ _12 23,每--一-卜万550.515乐}O2030卯6010704800成27 八乙啥J.”21一7.308070…的O斗﹁2峨1朽‘娜器叩50﹁加一印性石怡拒 4129.71870访砧7.只钟生碑归事瞬_j使6 910 5*OQ~牛李_40 2.80一52031_6021.50一氏牛O_490一7.901李40夕汤6尸etr01eo爪bit自巾碑的OO一勺﹃二︺LPGCOke冷以furi杏aci诊(c峥nta)丽牙浮p归多日{笋口动53318.伯由认〕黔燕薰井鞘3621070…     

Mineral content in fishes in the lower course of the itapecuru river in the state of Maranhão,Brazil

Concentrations of calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, selenium and nickel were determined in the muscle tissue of seven species of fish (Plagioscion squamosissimus, Geophagus surinamensis, Prochilodus lacustres, Curimata sp., Schizodon dissimilis, Ageneiosus ucayalensis and Hypostomus plecostomus) collected from the lower course of the Itapecuru River in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. The samples were digested in a nitricperchloric solution and analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer, with the construction of specific calibration curves for each element. The highest concentrations of constituent minerals were found for phosphorus, potassium, nickel and magnesium (399.83, 144.60, 90.20 and 29.49 mg 100 g^?1, respectively) in G. surinamensi, P. lacustres and Curimata sp. The lowest concentrations were found for copper, zinc, iron and selenium (0.12, 0.51, 1.05 and 8.31 mg 100 g^?1, respectively) in Curimata sp., S. dissimilis, A. ucayalensis and P. squamosissimus. The concentrations of all minerals can be considered low and are below the maximum limit established by Brazilian legislation for the human ingestion of fish meat. A comparison of the seven species of fish investigated revealed no statistically significant differences regarding the concentrations of minerals, suggesting that size and different dietary habits do not exert an influence on absorption. The low concentrations of metals, such as Fe, Cu, Zn and Ni, may be related to the environmental conditions of the mouth of the river, which receives ocean inputs that produce particular tide cycles with a strong dispersion capacity, thereby diminishing residence time in the water column and reducing the availability of these metals to species of fish.     

Output of Petroleum and Chemical Products in China in February 2005

ProdUCtFebruary outPut000 tonSGrOWth OVefFeb.,2004% January to February outPut Growth over same000 tons Period of 2004,%Crude Coa!CrUde 011Natural gas(billion m3)Pyrite(eontaining 35%sulfur)phosPhorus ore(Containing 30%P205)CrUde SaltPaPer PulP0 11 Proeessed GaS0line Ke「osone 0 iese! Lubrjcatingoils Fuel 0115Petroleumb计umeoLPGCO油Su!furie aeid(containing 100%H2s04)12202 .7015.30一1 .10 7 .10 5 .00 0 .80 930 2 .10 7,50一158010.9033一8018.5070 00 30 20 20 90 50806 1 4 9 2 6 00…