Applying the sol–gel method to the deposition of nanocoats on textiles to improve their abrasion resistance

The thin-coat finishing of textiles carried out by the sol–gel methods gain greater and greater importance owing to their suitability for the versatile functionalization of textiles to impart to them properties being difficult and even impossible to obtain with the use of conventional finishing methods. This article presents the test results of the thin-coat protective finishing of cotton fabrics against abrasion. This treatment consists in depositing hybrid SiO₂*/Al₂O₃ sols synthesized from two precursors: (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxy-silane and aluminum isopropoxide on fiber/fabric surface. The abrasion resistance of the fabric treated by the sol–gel method has been increased by about five times according to Martindale test and this effect is resistant to prolonged laundering. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

天然石材饰面涂料

提出了一种新的天然石材饰面方法,即先用自干底漆预涂石材表面,然后用紫外光固化涂料罩面。介绍了所用底漆和面漆的配制。讨论了底漆的选择,以及光固化树脂和单体对面漆性能的影响。饰面石材优于普通机械抛光石材,具有光泽高、耐磨、耐老化、耐污染等特点,能满足高档装饰的要求。     

Mechanical strength of durable press finished cotton fabric part V: Poly(vinyl alcohol) as an additive to improve fabric abrasion resistance

Multifunctional carboxylic acids, such as 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), are effective crosslinking agents for cotton cellulose and have become the most promising nonformaldehyde durable press (DP) finishing agents to replace the traditional formaldehyde‐based dimethyloldihydroxylethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and its derivatives. DP finishing imparts wrinkle resistance to cotton fabrics and also severely reduces the strength and abrasion resistance of finished fabrics. In this research, we investigated the use of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as an additive to improve the abrasion resistance of the cotton fabric crosslinked by BTCA. We found that addition of PVA improves the abrasion resistance of the crosslinked cotton fabric when the concentration of PVA exceeds 0.6% in the finish solution. We also found that the use of PVA as an additive has no negative effect on the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), DP rating, and tensile strength of the treated cotton fabric. This is probably because the molecules of PVA stay on the surfaces of the cotton fibers due to their large molecular sizes. PVA competes with cellulose to esterify BTCA, thus reducing the number of crosslinkages formed on the cotton fiber surface. The reaction of PVA and BTCA may also form a protective layer on the fiber surface, thus reinforcing the mechanically weak points on the fiber surface. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3940–3946, 2004     

纳米SiO2对丙烯酸罩光漆耐磨性的改性研究

经偶联剂表面处理的纳米SiO2,通过超声分散和离心处理后均匀分散在丙烯酸罩光漆中,制得了丙烯酸/纳米SiO2复合罩光漆。对该罩光漆漆膜耐磨性、附着力、磨损行为等进行了研究。研究结果表明:纳米SiO2对漆膜的摩擦行为及耐磨性等产生较大的影响,当纳米SiO2添加量为3.0%时,丙烯酸/纳米SiO2复合罩光漆漆膜的耐磨性可提高48.7%,漆膜的附着力、柔韧性、抗冲击强度等性能也得到明显改善。     

The effect of α-alumina filler/acrylic–melamine polymer interfacial interactions on the abrasion resistance of an automotive topcoat layer

The study of the effect of interfacial interactions on the abrasion properties of a selected automotive topcoat system has been undertaken. This was achieved by using a fixed patch of abrasive rubbing on a flat rotating disc coated with a layer of test material. The interactions that arise in acrylic–melamine/alumina assemblies were the subject of this investigation. The alumina particles had different surface treatments and were introduced to the polymeric matrix at four different loading levels. In general, it was found that there is a strong correlation between the abrasion resistance, and both the α-alumina loading level and the nature of surface treatment given to the alumina particles. The α-alumina particle with a surface treatment of p-hydroxy benzoic acid (PHBA), gave improved abrasion resistance, relative to the untreated particle, where functionalization of the surface with an alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (ABSA), decreased the abrasion resistance of the coating system. The differences were attributed to the effect of surface treatment on the interaction between the hard particle and the matrix.     

New catalyst system for easy-care cotton finishing

A new catalyst system, based on a mixture of boron trifluoride–acetic acid complex (BF₃·2CH₃COOH) and magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl₂·6H₂O), has been examined in cotton finishing treatment for producing easy-care properties. It provides strong catalysis in crosslinking cotton with a series of N-methylol finishing agents when the pad-dry-cure process is applied. Curing can be carried out at a temperature of 130–150°C for a period of 1–3 min, dependent on the temperature used. The resilience and abrasion resistance properties as well as the degree of polymerization (D.P.) of the crosslinked cotton so obtained were equivalent or slightly better than those of crosslinked cottons catalyzed by conventional catalysts. The influence of the new catalyst as well as a number of conventional catalysts, viz., ammonium chloride, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, and zinc nitrate hexahydrate, on some properties of cotton fabrics was also investigated. The behavior of these catalysts in the presence of the N-methylol finishing agent was quite different from their behavior in its absence. With the exception of ammonium salts, the D.P. of crosslinked cotton was much higher than that of cotton treated with the catalyst only. The opposite holds true for the abrasion resistance.     

无釉砖和有釉砖耐磨性标准的统一化探析

耐磨性是陶瓷砖的一项关键性能指标,目前GB/T 4100—2015《陶瓷砖》规定无釉砖和有釉砖采用不同的试验方法.利用耐深度磨损试验机、陶瓷砖釉面耐磨试验机和Taber试验机对无釉砖和有釉砖进行耐磨性的测定,研究同一种试验方法是否能同时对两种陶瓷砖作精确的评判.结果表明,无釉砖耐磨深度法和Taber耐磨试验法可通过磨损...     

Evaluation of the abrasion resistance of enamel coatings

Vitreous enamel coatings have been used for many centuries to protect metallic substrates from corrosion phenomena and improve the aesthetics of the coated objects. They are manufactured by smelting frits, thus forming an inorganic, adherent and protective layer on the metal.The durability of aesthetic properties is related to the resistance of the surface to mechanical damage. One kind of possible damages is the abrasion which can impair the characteristics of the enamel layer.In this work the abrasion resistance of different enamel samples has been investigated. Low-carbon steel panels were coated with three distinct enamels applied by two different methods: wet dip coating and electrostatic powder coating. The composition of the enamel samples is characterized by refractory mill additions that improve the high temperature resistance for applications as ovens or burners. The abrasion resistance has been studied by the standard abrasion test ISO 10545-7 and the Taber test comparing the level of damage and the morphologies.     

轻薄涤棉织物的防紫外线整理

分析了防紫外线整理中防紫外线整理剂UV-531的质量浓度、烘焙温度、烘焙时间、洗涤次数和摩擦次数对涤棉织物紫外线透过率的影响。测试结果表明:当整理剂质量浓度为40 g/L、烘焙温度为100℃、烘焙时间为6 min时,涤棉织物的防紫外线效果能达到非常优异的防护标准,而且织物也具有良好的耐洗涤性和耐磨性。     

Fabrication of abrasion-resistant micro-nano hierarchical structure on glass surface by a hydrothermal corrosion method

When applying an additional coating method to fabricate micro-nano hierarchical structure required for superhydrophobic function on glass surface, the hierarchical structure does generally not have good abrasion resistance, due to the weak adhesion between coating and glass surface. However, glass itself is a material with good abrasion resistance. A micro-nano hierarchical structure with honeycomb-shaped micro-armor protection on glass surface by a two-step hydrothermal corrosion method has been constructed: the first step of hydrothermal corrosion in water to construct micro-armor structure, and the second step of hydrothermal corrosion in sodium citrate aqueous solution to fabricate micro-nano hierarchical structure. The advantages of this new method are: the treatment process is simple, and there is no need to apply additional coatings. The micro-nano hierarchical structure constructed on glass surface by this method has a great abrasion resistance. After 1,000 cycles of abrasion under harsh conditions, the nano-structure on glass surface can still be remained intact. It provides a new method for fabricating abrasion-resistant micro-nano hierarchical structure on glass surface, as well as a new approach to the preparation of abrasion-resistant superhydrophobic glass.     

Experimental investigations on enhanced alternating-magnetic field-assisted finishing of stereolithographic 3D printing zirconia ceramics

Zirconia ceramic components have great applications in the fields of medical, aerospace, and energy. Stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printing technology is widely employed for zirconia ceramic fabrication. However, the surface quality of manufactured components by direct SLA 3D printing is hard to meet stringent requirements of industrial application. In this work, an enhanced alternating-magnetic field-assisted finishing (A-MFAF) method was proposed for SLA printed zirconia ceramics. The A-MFAF was achieved using a flexible alternating-magnetic-field generator, integrating a rectangular magnetic pole and radial magnetic column. The novel finishing tool was fabricated to regulate finishing media behaviors for ensuring desirable finishing force. The unique construction of the magnetic field generator provided a controllable alternating magnetic field in the finishing zone. The magnetic control characteristics were investigated with finite element analysis (FEA). A serial of finishing experiments were carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed A-MFAF method for SLA printed zirconia ceramics. The finishing efficiency with the developed magnetorheological shear thickening finishing (MSTF) media was improved by over 24% compared to that with the conventional magnetorheological finishing (MRF) fluids. The variation of surface roughness was qualitatively evaluated under different finishing conditions. The surface roughness of 89 nm was obtained from the initial 1.79 μm at 0.6 mm working gap and 700 r/min spindle rotational speed. Digital microscope, optical profiler and surface hydrophobicity measuring instrument were employed to investigate the surface characteristics of the finished SLA printed zirconia ceramics. Ultra-smooth surface with slight defects and deformations was obtained. The feasibility of A-MFAF method for the ultra-precision finishing of SLA printed zirconia ceramics was verified.     

Abrasion erosion of concrete by water-borne sand

Hydraulic concrete structures frequently experience long-term abrasive erosion by water-borne sand, resulting in surface damage and eventually limiting their service life. In this study, the investigation of abrasion erosion tests on concrete with various water to cementitious material ratios (w/cm) was performed. The effects of the constituent materials on concrete structure abrasion erosion resistance were studied. The test results show that: (1) reduction in the w/cm ratio increases the tested concrete abrasion resistance; (2) the splitting tensile strength is a viable indicator for concrete abrasion resistance; (3) high permeability concrete exhibits weak abrasion resistance; and (4) concrete and low strength concrete made with coarser aggregate exhibit greater abrasion resistance.     

用室内磨耗试验机研究胎面胶的耐磨性和抗湿滑性

使用室内磨耗试验机LAT100研究含NR、SBR、BR及不同品种炭黑胎面胶的耐磨性和抗湿滑性。结果表明,在各种使用条件下,BR耐磨性最佳。其中在极苛刻条件下,SBR耐磨性略优于NR;在温和路面条件下,SBR耐磨性略低于NR。抗湿滑性大小顺序依次为SBR,NR,BR。在极苛刻路面条件下,轮胎胎面胶建议使用N220和N330系列炭黑;胎面胶采用炭黑N234和N375,其耐磨性基本相同。     

Abrasion Resistance of Some Dry-Process Enamels

The resistance to abrasion of some dry-process cast-iron enamels was investigated using the new weight-loss method of testing abrasion resistance now under development by the Porcelain Enamel Institute. Some modifications of the test procedure based on preliminary studies, and which were accepted by the P.E.I. Quality Development Committee, were adopted for the investigation. The test differentiated between surface and subsurface abrasion resistance. Data obtained on eight commercial enamels showed the general superiority of acid-resistant enamels compared with non-acid-resisting compositions. It was found that longer smelting times and small mill additions of tin oxide improved the abrasion resistance. Changes in firing treatment had little effect on this property.     

ABRASION RESISTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS*

The abrasion resistances of enamels, differing in composition and properties, were determined by the test for resistance of porcelain enamels to surface abrasion (a standard of the Porcelain Enamel Institute, March, 1942). Four to five classes of abrasion resistance were obtained, but for the most part, the results fell within relatively narrow limits. Differences in abrasion index, in general, were not distinguishable by visual inspection. No one class or kind of enamel was superior. While changes in abrasion index were affected by changes in frit formula, it seems that many compositions will give comparable results.     

Particle abrasion at high solids concentration in stirred vessels—II

In the first paper, it was shown that the fragments detached from particles undergoing abrasion in stirred vessels were of approximately constant size independent of the time over which abrasion had been occurring. This paper reports data from an experiment conducted to test the accuracy and the effec of the constant fragment size approximation. It is shown to be reasonable if size and size distributions are determined on a number basis (as they were in the previous work) but it is unsatisfactory if an area or volume basis is used. In the latter two cases, the mean size decreases with time. By considering the underlying theory of particle-particle impact and abrasion, it is shown that a different basis should be used for different aspects of the determination of E, the “energy” required to produce a unit area of fragment surface. When this is done, it is found that E is independent of time though the mass abrasion rate is greatest initially when the particle asperities are being removed.The experimental technique and model offer a convenient means of assessing the abrasion resistance of brittle materials in stirred vessels and of selecting suitable operating conditions to enhance or reduce abrasion.     

水泥窑用特种硅莫砖的研制及应用

以高铝矾土熟料、90碳化硅、棕刚玉为主要原料,添加红柱石粉、广西白泥等外加剂,通过合理的颗粒级配,采用高压成型、高温烧成等方法,制备出水泥窑用特种硅莫砖,并研究了烧成后试样的体积密度、气孔率、强度、微观结构和耐磨性.结果表明:添加6％红柱石粉在1420℃制备的硅莫砖的性能最优,其体积密度为2.74 g/cm3,抗热震性30次,磨损量为1.06 cm3,热导率为1.65 W/(m·K),耐压强度高达159 MPa,在5000 t/d水泥回转窑过渡带上使用该产品,寿命可达一年以上,这是由于窑简体外表面温度比使用镁尖晶石砖平均降低80℃以上,极为有效地延长了该砖衬的使用寿命.     

合金钢导套微损伤外表面的修复研究

利用电镀技术并辅助适度的低温热处理,镀覆Ni-Si C纳米复合镀层作为修复层,修复合金钢导套微损伤外表面。采用扫描电镜表征修复后导套外表面的显微结构,用划痕法检测修复层的附着强度,并通过干摩擦试验和盐雾试验检测修复后导套外表面的耐磨性能和耐蚀性能。结果表明,修复后导套外表面平滑、均匀,组织结构致密,修复层附着牢固;修复后导套外表面的磨损量和腐蚀率均低于全新导套,磨痕形貌和腐蚀形貌也不同。Ni-Si C纳米复合镀层能够起到减摩和防护的双重作用,修复后导套外表面的耐磨性能和耐蚀性能均符合预期。     

填料-弹性体相互作用对填充硫化胶滞后损失、湿摩擦性能和磨耗性能的影响(续完)

(接上期) 5 耐磨性能 磨耗或磨损是受到填料强烈影响的性能之一.通常认为橡胶磨耗机理是非常复杂的,它不仅涉及材料的机械破坏,如疲劳损坏、撕裂等,而且还涉及机械-化学和热-化学过程.