ABSORPTION OF GASES IN GROWING DROPLETS

The situation where a stationary droplet in a supersaturated medium is growing by condensation of a vapor and simultaneously absorbing a gas is theoretically analyzed to study the effect of growth on absorption rate. The absorption rate is assumed to be liquid phase diffusion controlled, and the unsteady state liquid phase diffusion equation with moving boundary has been solved by a similarity technique. The results indicate that for fast droplet growth rates, induced by relatively high degrees of supersaturation, the absorption rate is significantly enhanced, leading to higher solute concentration near the surface than that observed for a similar droplet of finite size. For slow growth rates, the results are not significantly different from the quasi-stationary results.     

ABSORPTION OF GASES IN GROWING DROPLETS

The situation where a stationary droplet in a supersaturated medium is growing by condensation of a vapor and simultaneously absorbing a gas is theoretically analyzed to study the effect of growth on absorption rate. The absorption rate is assumed to be liquid phase diffusion controlled, and the unsteady state liquid phase diffusion equation with moving boundary has been solved by a similarity technique. The results indicate that for fast droplet growth rates, induced by relatively high degrees of supersaturation, the absorption rate is significantly enhanced, leading to higher solute concentration near the surface than that observed for a similar droplet of finite size. For slow growth rates, the results are not significantly different from the quasi-stationary results.     

水平表面水-酒精混合蒸气Marangoni瞬态凝结过程的凝结液形态

设计搭建了水平表面上凝结实验系统,利用高速摄像机对水-酒精混合蒸气Marangoni瞬态凝结过程的凝结形态进行观察记录,获得了初始过冷度、酒精蒸气浓度及蒸气流速对凝结形态的影响规律。采用图像边缘提取技术对凝结图像进行处理,统计得到了作为定量表征Marangoni凝结形态参数之一的最大液珠半径的变化规律。研究结果表明：凝结开始的一段时间内凝结形态变化剧烈,液珠经历形成、合并及逐渐长大的过程,最终凝结形态基本保持不变,液珠成长时间数量级约为10 s。在凝结的初始阶段,当过冷度较大时,膜状凝结与珠状凝结同时存在于凝结表面;随着过冷度降低,小液珠数目增多;过冷度继续降低,凝结面全部被大量小液珠所覆盖。随着初始过冷度降低、酒精蒸气浓度增高,凝结液珠成长时间增长,液珠的生长速度变慢。蒸气流速对液珠的成长过程影响相对不明显。随着凝结进行,最大液珠半径从2 mm增大到10 mm的数量级;同一凝结时刻,随着初始过冷度增加、酒精蒸气浓度降低,最大液珠半径逐渐增大。     

疏水表面结霜初期液滴生长的理论分析

研究了自然对流条件下疏水表面结霜初期冷凝液滴的生长过程, 建立了考虑不凝气影响的液滴传热及生长模型, 分析了表面接触角和冷面温度对液滴生长的影响。结果表明, 液滴生长过程中的主要热阻为液滴内部导热热阻和相界面热阻, 随着表面接触角的增大, 这两个主要热阻均增大, 因此表面疏水性越好, 液滴生长越缓慢;而由于冷凝传热温差随冷面温度降低而增大, 因此冷面温度越低, 液滴生长越快。     

Nonisothermal Droplet Growth in the Free Molecular Regime

The growth rates of nonane and D₂O nanodroplets produced in supersonic expansions are characterized using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and pressure trace measurements (PTM). The experimental growth rates are compared to the predictions of a Hertz–Knudsen model that assumes either isothermal or nonisothermal droplet growth in the free molecular regime. For nonane, the predicted growth rates are insensitive to both droplet temperature and the evaporation coefficient, and agree well with the experimentally measured growth rates assuming a condensation coefficient of 1. For D₂O, droplet growth rates are quite sensitive to droplet temperature, and the best agreement between experiments and theory are achieved for a condensation coefficient of 1 and an evaporation coefficient in the range from 0.5 to 1. Under our experimental conditions, incorporating coagulation is important to match the measured D₂O growth rates but not those of nonane.

Copyright 2013 American Association for Aerosol Research     

微纳结构超疏水表面参数影响含不凝气蒸汽冷凝传热的理论分析

超疏水表面结构参数对滴状冷凝传热性能、液滴生长和分布均会产生影响。首先利用竖直壁面液滴的受力平衡确定了不凝气条件下蒸汽冷凝过程中液滴的脱落半径,随后建立了含不凝气蒸汽滴状冷凝的传热模型,研究了不同不凝气浓度和过冷度下超疏水表面微柱的柱间距对滴状冷凝传热性能的影响,得到了使超疏水表面冷凝传热性能达到最佳的柱间距值,并对其随不凝气浓度和过冷度的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明在所研究的过冷度范围内,当不凝气浓度较低时（<20%）,最佳柱间距随不凝气浓度升高而增大;而当不凝气浓度高于20%时,最佳柱间距随不凝气浓度升高而减小。为驱动含不凝气蒸汽冷凝传热性能的超疏水微纳结构参数的优化提供了必要的基础数据。     

竖直超疏水翅片间霜层动态生长特性

搭建了竖直翅片间霜层生长可视化实验平台,分别制备了铝基亲水、超亲水和超疏水平板换热器,研究了翅片间距、表面润湿性能和环境温湿度等对竖直翅片间霜层生长动态特性的影响。实验结果表明,翅片间霜层的生长过程以临界间距（约1 mm）为界可分为线性快速增长阶段和缓慢增长阶段;相同工况下,亲水表面、超亲水表面和超疏水表面翅片间结霜持续时间分别为177、387和482 min。亲水表面霜层的增长速度分别为超亲水表面和超疏水表面的2倍和3倍。较低的表面温度和较高的环境湿度由于相变过饱和度的增加而提升了霜层增长速度;此外,翅片间霜层积聚过程中霜层密度随时间变化先增长,之后霜层密度增速放缓甚至不再增长直至结霜过程结束。     

湿蒸汽非平衡凝结流动的热力学特性

水蒸气凝结两相流动呈现高度的非平衡特性。目前,凝结参数都是利用半经验公式得出,很少考虑两相间传热温差以及耦合问题。在湿蒸汽两相流输运方程的基础上,建立了一种准确简单的凝结成核和水滴生长模型,采用具有较好激波捕获效果的高精度二阶TVD格式进行离散,计算了湿蒸汽非平衡凝结流动参数及凝结冲波分布。着重研究了湿蒸汽非平衡凝结流动的热力学特性,讨论了进口压力对凝结特性的影响,归纳了进口过冷度对成核率、水滴数、凝结冲波形态的变化规律。研究表明:进口压力增加,凝结位置逐渐向上游移动;进口过冷度降低,凝结位置向下游移动,达到较高的Mach数后,才会出现凝结成核;进口过冷度越高,非平衡凝结相变产生的湿度越高。凝结冲波出现后,湿蒸汽沿喷管继续高速流动,其流动规律与等熵流动相似。     

Investigation of Surface Properties of Ultrafine Particles by Application of a Multistep Condensation Nucleus Counter

The fate of atmospheric ultrafine particles is determined by their size, chemical composition, and especially by their physical and chemical surface properties. To characterize the surface of ultrafine particles, their behavior as condensation nuclei can be used. Monodisperse ultra-fine particles with different surface structures were investigated by observing the onset of droplet formation at a fixed electrical mobility diameter. Droplet growth was detected by application of a multistep condensation nucleus counter (CNC). The particles were generated under well-controlled conditions and monodisperse fractions were obtained using an electrostatic classifier. For studying the influence of changes in the surface structure, ultrafine sulfuric acid droplets were coated with different organic materials. Different surface films required different supersaturations for droplet growth depending on the molecular structure and layer thickness of the material used for coating. Therefore it was concluded that certain compounds, enriched on the particle surface, affect condensation of water vapor in such a way that higher supersaturations are required in comparison to the particle core material. Additionally, it was observed that remarkably high supersaturations of water vapor were required for condensation on particles consisting of the following materials: metals, carbon, and Aerosil (spherical silica particles).     

自然工质R290与R22滴状凝结换热特性的对比分析

通过对自然工质R290与传统工质R22滴状凝结换热特性的对比分析得出,表面过冷度要远大于蒸气饱和温度对直接凝结长大小液滴的最小半径和临界半径的影响,过冷度越大,小液滴半径和临界半径越小,R290的小液滴半径和临界半径与R22的相比相差不大。通过R290与R22制冷工质单个液滴的传热量随着接触角的增加呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势,存在最大值。通过单个液滴的传热量随着表面过冷度的增加而增大,随着饱和温度的升高而减小,通过R290单个液滴的传热量要明显大于通过R22单个液滴的传热量。通过R290与R22滴状凝结换热表面的热通量随接触角的变化具有最大值,存在最佳的接触角。R290滴状凝结换热的热通量要明显大于R22滴状凝结换热的热通量。     

梯度表面能材料表面上滴状凝结换热

采用气相沉积（CVD）的方法,以十二烷基三氯硅烷和辛基三氯硅烷为扩散工质,制备了梯度表面能材料表面。对空气中水滴在水平梯度表面能材料表面上的运动现象和表面倾角为0°、30°、60°和90°情况下,梯度表面能材料表面上的水蒸气滴状凝结换热进行了可视化实验,研究了凝结液滴的长大、聚并、运动和脱落现象。结果表明：直径大于1 mm的凝结液滴峰值运动速度达到110 mm·s-1,远大于空气中液滴的运动速度。通过图像分析,分别讨论了壁面过冷度、凝结表面倾角和表面能梯度对换热和液滴运动的影响。结果表明：随着壁面过冷度的增加,凝结表面传热系数先增加后减小;当凝结表面倾角大时,由于重力作用加大,凝结表面传热系数也高;当表面能梯度较大时,运动液滴尺寸更小,速度更快,凝结表面传热系数更高。     

A new liquefaction method for natural gas by utilizing cold energy and separating power of swirl nozzle

A swirl nozzle with a central body was newly designed to make full use of the cold energy and separating power, and the coupling of swirling flow and condensation was realized based on a condensation model, a droplet surface tension model and a Reynolds stress model turbulence model. The flow and condensation characteristics of methane gas under supersonic swirling flow conditions were studied. The results show that the flow and condensation parameter distribution in the swirl nozzle are similar under varying swirling intensities, but the swirling performance improves with the increase in swirling intensity, and a tangential velocity is beneficial before the gas enters the nozzle. As the inlet temperature decreases or the inlet pressure increases, the liquefaction efficiency increases, and the gas condensation process can be promoted. With the advancement of the initial nucleation position and the increase in the droplet radius, the separation efficiency of the swirl nozzle increases.     

Growth Rate Measurements for Single Suspended Droplets Using the Optical Resonance Method

An experimental technique described with which the growth rate of a single solution droplet by water vapor condensation can be repeatedly measured with high precision. The technique involves the use of an electrodynamic cell to suspend a NaCl solution droplet in water vapor and a CO₂ laser to momentarily perturb the droplet-vapor equilibrium. The droplet size change during condensational growth is monitored with a tunable dye laser for a particular optical resonance due to Mie scattering. A consideration of the coupled heat and mass transfer processes during droplet growth indicates that the best agreement between theory and the experimental results is obtained with a condensation coefficient close to unity.     

Influence of concentration and temperature on the flow behavior of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by sucrose palmitate

To study the influence that concentration and temperature exert on the viscous behavior of emulsions stabilized by a sucrose ester (SE) of high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), flow curves and droplet size distributions were determined. Flow curves of presheared emulsions always exhibited a shear-thinning behavior at intermediate shear rates, a tendency to a limiting viscosity at high shear rates, and a metastable region at low rates. This behavior can be fitted to a Carreau model. Both SE and oil concentrations increase emulsion viscosity as a result of a more structured system with a lower droplet size and polydispersity. An increase in temperature usually leads to a decrease in emulsion viscosity. However, at high oil concentration, coalescence and phase separation take place at low temperature. On the other hand, at high temperature, droplet bursting due to shear forces, leading to an increase in viscosity, may result. Despite the strong structural breakdown caused by steady shear, master flow curves may be obtained by using superposition methods.     

初始冷凝液滴尺寸分布的分子团聚模型

Initial dropwise condensation of moist air on a hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer（SAM）surface was investigated with a high speed camera and a microscope.The transient initial droplet size distribution and the growth of micro-droplets by direct condensation on the surface without coalescence were analyzed from the concept of molecular clustering.Based on the general characteristics of nucleation of dropwise condensation,a molecular clustering physical model was proposed to describe the state of steam molecules in the bulk steam phase before condensing on the cooled surface.     

组合表面调控液滴特性强化蒸汽冷凝传热

制备了具有不同疏水区宽度和面积分率的疏水-亲水间隔规则排列的组合表面。观测常压蒸汽在组合表面上冷凝时疏水区液滴的特性(液滴移除方式和最大液滴半径),利用格子Boltzmann方法模拟组合表面上凝液的运动。考察疏水区、亲水区宽度和表面过冷度对组合表面强化蒸汽冷凝传热的影响。利用滴状-膜状组合传热模型分析组合表面蒸汽冷凝传热性能的影响因素,并与实验结果比较。发现疏水区液滴自发地向亲水区定向迁移,精细设计的组合表面可以实现蒸汽滴状冷凝传热的强化,实验中强化因子可达1.20。疏水区宽度约为0.55 mm时组合表面的传热性能最大。表面过冷度越大,组合表面强化传热的效果越差,模型分析与实验结果吻合良好。     

Aerosolbildung bei der Absorption und Partialkondensation

Aerosol formation on absorption and partial condensation. The phenomenon of aerosol or mist formation on absorption and partial condensation has hardly been investigated but causes serious problems in the practice of industrial exhaust air purification, e.g. in the absorption of hydrogen chloride or on low-temperature condensation of solvent vapours. The mist droplets formed in these processes remain suspended in the gas phase and lead to unacceptably high pollutant concentrations in the exhaust air. This present study first surveys currently available knowledge and then goes on to explain under what thermodynamic boundary conditions aerosols are formed by certain substance systems. The author also applies known results relating to nucleation and growth mechanisms from aerosol physics to technical processes. It is seen that aerosols with very small droplet sizes, which are difficult to precipitate, are formed particularly during absorption processes.     

Water condensation behavior on the surface of a network of superhydrophobic carbon fibers with high-aspect-ratio nanostructures

We have explored the condensation behavior of water on a superhydrophobic carbon fiber (CF) network with high-aspect-ratio hair-like nanostructures. Nanostructures ranging from nanopillars to hairy shapes were grown on CFs by preferential oxygen plasma etching. Superhydrophobic CF surfaces were achieved by application of a hydrophobic siloxane-based hydrocarbon coating, which increased the water contact angle from 147° to 163° and decreased the contact angle hysteresis from 71° to below 5°, sufficient to cause droplet roll-off from the surface. Water droplet nucleation and growth on the superhydrophobic CF were significantly retarded due to the high-aspect-ratio nanostructures under super-saturated vapor conditions. CFs are observed to wet with condensation between fibers of the pristine surface under super-saturated vapor conditions, which eventually leads to flooding. However, dropwise condensation became dominant in the superhydrophobic CF network, allowing for easy removal of the condensed droplets, which largely allowed the interstitial spaces of the fiber network to remain dry. It is implied that superhydrophobic CF can provide a passage for vapor or gas flow in wet environments such as a gas diffusion layer requiring the effective water removal in the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell.     

Test of the applicability of Kulmala's analytical expression for the mass flux of growing droplets in highly supersaturated systems: growth of homogeneously nucleated water droplets

The formation of aerosols proceeds through nucleation, growth and ageing stages. The understanding of nucleation and droplet growth is essential for handling the more complex atmospheric condensation processes. Following the approach of Fuchs and Sutugin, Fladerer and Strey reported in a previous paper, calculations of theoretical growth curves are performed. Calculated growth curves and experimental data on homogeneously nucleated droplets were shown to agree quantitatively. The analytical mass flux expression derived earlier by Kulmala, which implicitly includes the heat flux to the droplet due to the latent heat of condensation, yields growth curves similar to those obtained according to Fuchs and Sutugin for the extreme conditions of homogeneous nucleation (small initial droplet radii, high supersaturations). We show in this note that Kulmala's formula is applicable to all growth regimes and to initial conditions of high supersaturation, for which it was not expected to work properly.     

波浪结构超疏水表面对液滴聚并弹跳的影响

液滴自发聚并在自然和工业中广泛存在,如何高效去除聚并液滴是强化滴状冷凝换热、防结冰等的重要环节。采用数值模拟方法研究了不同半径比液滴在超疏水平壁面和超疏水波浪形壁面上的聚并起跳行为。研究发现,在平壁面上聚并的液滴水平速度与竖直速度差1～2个数量级,液滴的水平方向位移小,聚并后难以有效去除;在波浪形壁面上,由于液桥撞击在斜面上,产生较大的水平分力,聚并后其水平速度保持与竖直速度在同一数量级,水平位移显著增大;并且波浪结构对液滴弹跳过程影响显著,随波浪高宽比的增大液滴水平位移增大且弹跳高度减小,有效促进了液滴的水平运动,且当高宽比为0.21时,促进作用接近峰值。研究结果为聚并液滴的有效去除提供了新参考。