Adsorption of saccharides from aqueous solution onto activated carbon

The Freundlich's adsorption constants of 13 saccharides and 4 polyhydric alcohols from aqueous solutions onto an activated carbon have been determined and correlated with various physical constants. A good linear relationship is obtained between the adsorption constants and the physical constant such as molecular refraction or parachor. Further, the adsorption isotherms of saccharides can be predicted from the carbon atom number and the oxygen atom number in the molecular formula.     

Adsorption of anionic surfactants and related compounds from aqueous solution onto activated carbon and synthetic adsorbent

The adsorption isotherms of two anionic surfactants and sodium alkyl sulfonates with various carbon numbers onto activated carbon and synthetic adsorbent were measured in aqueous solutions. The adsorption affinities remarkably increased with an increase in the length of alkyl group in the adsorbates for both adsorbents. Furthermore, the amount of adsorption increases with addition of sodium chloride into the solutions. These behaviors suggested that the effect of hydrophobic interactions seem to play an important role on adsorption of both adsorbents.     

聚乙烯亚胺改性碳纳米管对溶液中甲基橙的吸附

由于羧基化碳纳米管孔径结构和表面性质在制备过程中具有广泛的可调控性,通过聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)对其进行化学改性和表面修饰。系统地研究了改性碳纳米管(PEI-CNT/COOH)与污染物吸附特性之间的关系。实验证实PEI-CNT/COOH对甲基橙的吸附符合假二阶方程与Langmuir等温吸附模型。通过研究热力学参数证实PEICNT/COOH对甲基橙的吸附是一个自发放热过程。25℃下,PEI-CNT/COOH对甲基橙的吸附量为1 218.8 mg/g,远远高于未改性CNT/COOH对甲基橙的吸附量(466.6 mg/g)。     

Adsorption of perchlorate onto raw and oxidized carbon nanotubes in aqueous solution

Perchlorate (ClO₄^?) is an emerging trace contaminant. The adsorption of ClO₄^? on raw and oxidized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was investigated to elucidate the affinity mechanism of CNTs with anion pollutants. The adsorption of ClO₄^? into different CNTs increased in the order multi-walled CNTs < single-walled CNTs < double-walled CNTs (DWCNTs). Co-existing anions (SO₄^2?, NO₃^?, Cl^?) significantly weakened ClO₄^? adsorption, while the co-existence of Fe³⁺ and cetyltrimethylammonium cations increased ClO₄^? adsorption 2- to 3-fold. ClO₄^? adsorption was promoted by oxidized DWCNTs due to the introduction of more oxygen-containing functional groups, which served as additional adsorption sites. The pH values significantly affected the zeta potential of raw and oxidized DWCNTs and thus ClO₄^? adsorption. The pH-dependent curves of ClO₄^? adsorption on CNTs were distinct from those of conventional sorbents (e.g., activated carbon and resin). Maximum ClO₄^? adsorption occurred at pH = the isoelectric point (pH_IEP) + 0.85 rather than at pH < pH_IEP, which cannot be explained by electrostatic interactions alone. Hydrogen bonding is proposed to be a dominant mechanism at neutral pH for the interaction of ClO₄^? with CNTs, and variations of ClO₄^? affinity with CNTs in different pH ranges are illustrated.     

Adsorption of polyethylene from solution onto starch film surfaces

We prepared starch films by jet‐cooking aqueous dispersions of high‐amylose starch and then allowing the jet‐cooked dispersions to air‐dry on Teflon surfaces. When the starch films were immersed in 1% solutions of polyethylene (PE) in 1‐dodecanol, dodecane, and xylene at 120°C and the solutions were allowed to slowly cool, PE precipitated from the solutions and adsorbed onto the starch film surfaces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to estimate the micrograms of PE adsorbed per square centimeter of starch film. PE was preferentially adsorbed onto the film side that was in contact with the Teflon surface during drying. The amount of PE adsorbed ranged from about 8 to 45 μg/cm² and depended upon the solvent used and the final temperature of the cooled solution. Scanning electron microscopy of the starch film surfaces showed discontinuous networks of adsorbed PE on the Teflon side and widely spaced nodules of adsorbed PE on the air side. NMR analysis showed that the PE adsorbed onto the starch surface was more linear and/or had a higher molecular weight than the starting PE. Possible reasons for the selective adsorption of PE onto the Teflon side of the starch film surface are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Adsorption of trivalent chromium from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon

The adsorption of chromium (III) onto activated carbon was investigated as a possible alternative method for its removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorption data were obtained in a batch adsorber and fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm well. The effect of pH on the adsorption isotherm was investigated at pH values of 2, 4, 5 and 6. It was found that at pH values below 2 the Cr(III) was not adsorbed and at pH values above 6.4 the Cr(III) was precipitated as Cr(OH)₃. Maximum adsorption occurred at pH 5. The pH plays a very important role in the adsorption of Cr(III) since Cr(III) can form different complexes in aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity was increased by about 20% as the temperature was raised from 25 to 40°C. It was concluded that Cr(III) is adsorbed to an appreciable extent on activated carbon and that the adsorption is highly dependent upon pH.     

Adsorption of zinc onto anionic ion-exchange resin from cyanide barren solution☆

Removal of zinc from cyanide barren solution is obligatory for its reuse in leach process. Batch experiments were carried out to evaluate the adsorption capacity of resins under different experimental conditions, including con-centration, resin amount, initial pH, contact time and temperature. More than 99%of adsorption was achieved under the optimal condition. High adsorption rates on the resin were observed at the beginning and plateau values were obtalned in 60 min. The thermodynamic parameters (free energy changeΔG, enthalpy changeΔS and entropy changeΔH) for the adsorption were evaluated. The adsorption kinetic mechanism was studied with four models. The experimental results show that the adsorption follows the Langmuir isotherm and the kinetics follows the pseudo-second-order model.     

Adsorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solution onto pyrite

The physicochemical factors such as equilibrium time, solution pH, initial concentration of Cd(II), particle size and temperature that control the adsorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions onto pyrite has been investigated through batch experiments. Prior to this study, pyrite was characterized through chemical and XRD-analysis. The point of zero charge, pH_pzc was determined using the batch equilibrium technique and was found to be 6.4. The equilibrium time was 30 min at the solution pH of 6.0. The pH influence of Cd(II) adsorption was remarkable and maximum metal uptake was observed at 6.0 which is closer to pH_pzc. Under this weakly acidic condition Cd(II) ions are responsible for adsorption. Concentration dependence of metal uptake indicates that saturation of pyrite surface by adsorbate occurs at an initial Cd(II) concentration of 350 mg/L and the corresponding metal uptake was 576.5 mg/L of −150 mesh size pyrite at pH 6.0 and 30 °C. Particle size affects the adsorption capacity to a great extent and a decrease in particle diameter enhances metal uptake. The effect of temperature on adsorption performance reveals that the effective temperature for Cd(II) adsorption is 30 °C. The empirical Freundlich isotherm was applied to represent the adsorption process, which fits the experimental data quite well. The work reveals that natural pyrite is a very good choice as an adsorbent for the removal of toxic metals from industrial wastewater and bears significant industrial implications.     

Adsorption of carbon dioxide onto BDA-CP-MS41

Carbon dioxide was adsorbed onto mesoporous adsorbent of butylene diamine immobilized CP-MS41 (BDA-CP-MS41), which was synthesized by chloropropyl functionalized MCM-41 (CP-MS41) with butylene diamine in a laboratory-scale packed-bed. The adsorber was operated batchwise with the charge of adsorbent in the range of 1–3 g to obtain the breakthrough curves of CO₂. Experiments were carried out at different adsorption temperatures (20–40 °C) and flow rates of nitrogen (10–20 cm³/min) to investigate the effects of these experimental variables on the breakthrough curves. The deactivation model was tested for these curves by combining the adsorption of CO₂ and the deactivation of adsorbent particles. The observed values of the adsorption rate constant and the deactivation rate constant were evaluated through analysis of the experimental breakthrough data using a nonlinear least squares technique. The experimental breakthrough data fitted very well to the deactivation model than the adsorption isotherm models in the literature.     

Adsorption of organic molecules from aqueous solutions on carbon materials

Adsorption of organic molecules from dilute aqueous solutions on carbon materials is a complex interplay between non-electrostatic and electrostatic interactions. Non-electrostatic interactions are essentially due to dispersion and hydrophobic interactions, whereas the electrostatic or coulombic interactions appear with electrolytes when they are ionized at the experimental conditions used. Both interactions depend on the characteristics of the adsorbent and the adsorptive and the solution chemistry. Among them the carbon surface chemistry has a great influence on both electrostatic and non-electrostatic interactions, and can be considered one of the main factors in the adsorption mechanism from dilute aqueous solutions. In this paper the current knowledge about the fundamental factors that control the adsorption process from aqueous phase will be presented.     

活性炭对苯酚的吸附研究

进行了活性炭处理含苯酚废水的应用研究,考察了影响苯酚吸附效果的因素。确定了处理水中苯酚的最佳条件:吸附平衡时间为30 min;最佳pH值为6左右;苯酚初始浓度为10 mg/L;投炭量为20～25 mg/L;苯酚的吸附率高达97.4%;温度对苯酚吸附率的影响不明显。研究了活性炭对苯酚的吸附动力学特性,分别用伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程、修正伪一级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散模型进行拟合,对于不同浓度的苯酚废水都只有伪二级动力学方程拟合程度比较高,伪二级动力学方程更为真实地反映苯酚在活性炭上的吸附机理。     

Adsorption of chromium by activated carbon from aqueous solution

Adsorption isotherms of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions on two samples of activated carbon fibres and two samples of granulated activated carbons from aqueous solutions in the concentration range 20–1000 mg/l have been studied. The adsorption isotherms have been determined after modifying the activated carbon surfaces by oxidation with nitric acid, ammonium persulphate, hydrogen peroxide and oxygen gas at 350°C and after degassing at different temperatures. The adsorption of Cr(III) ions increases on oxidation and decreases on degassing. On the other hand, the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions decreases on oxidation and increases on degassing. The increase of Cr(III) and the decrease of Cr(VI) on oxidation and the decrease of Cr(III) and the increase of Cr(VI) on degassing have been attributed to the fact that the oxidation of the carbon surface enhances the amount of acidic carbon–oxygen surface groups while degassing eliminates these surface groups. Thus while the presence of acidic surface groups enhances the adsorption of Cr(III) cations, it suppresses the adsorption of Cr(VI) anions.     

Adsorption of silver complexes on carbon from aqueous solution

The adsorption of silver diammine complex on graphitized carbon black has been studied in aqueous ammonia solution. The carbon black has been gasified to various levels of burnoff in order to increase its active surface area (ASA). The effect of different parameters, ASA, concentrations of silver diammine and of ammonium cations on the silver adsorption has been investigated. The metal complex interacts specifically with the active sites located in the ASA where it undergoes a reduction to metallic silver. A phenomenological model of the adsorption and decomposition reactions of the silver complex is proposed.     

Adsorption of propane and propylene onto carbon molecular sieve

Equilibrium data for propane and propylene adsorption on a carbon molecular sieve (CMS) 4A from Takeda are presented in the temperature range 343-423 K and 0-300 kPa pressure. The pellet adsorption loading is 0.9 mol/kg for propane and 1.2 mol/kg for propylene at 100 kPa and 373 K. The equilibrium selectivity for propylene in the low-pressure range are 2.3 (343 K) and 1.7 (423 K). Experimental data were fitted with the Toth and Dubinin models. Zero length column (ZLC) technique has been used to determine the controlling mechanism and estimate the diffusivity parameters. Transport of both hydrocarbons in the pellets is controlled by micropore diffusion. Breakthrough curves were measured in the same temperature range and atmospheric pressure, at the low partial pressure of adsorbate (linear region of the isotherm). Simple models have been used in the simulation of breakthrough curves.     

Adsorption of carbon dioxide onto PDA-CP-MS41 adsorbent

Carbon dioxide was adsorbed onto mesoporous adsorbent of PDA-CP-MS41, which was synthesized by CP-MS41 with propylene diamine, in a laboratory-scale packed-bed. Experiments were carried out at different adsorption temperatures (30–60 °C), amounts of adsorbent (1–3 g), and flow rates of nitrogen (15–60 cm³/min) to obtain the breakthrough curves of CO₂. These curves were tested by the deactivation model, which combined the adsorption of CO₂ and the deactivation of adsorbent particles. The adsorption rate constant and the deactivation rate constant were evaluated through analysis of the experimental breakthrough data using a nonlinear least squares technique. The experimental breakthrough data were fitted very well to the deactivation model than the adsorption isotherm models in the literature.     

Adsorption of cationic platinum complex onto carbon support

Adsorption of cationic Pt complex, Pt(NH₃)₄²⁺, in aqueous solution onto carbon was carried out by varying the initial pH of the solution. The Pt uptake showed a maximum as a function of the uptake time and afterward decreased gradually, showing that the adsorbed species is desorbed from the carbon surface. It was found that the degree of desorption was strongly dependent on the solution pH, as well as on the IEP (Isoelectric point) of the carbon support. In the solution pH lower than the IEP of the carbon, the desorption was almost complete. The desorption was found to be caused by a gradual decomposition of the ion-exchanged and/or electrostatically adsorbed Pt amine complex after giving the ligand ammonia to the acidic sites of the carbon surface, most probably, positive sites like protonated carboxyl group. The desorption could be prevented to a considerable extent by using a carbon support treated by nitric acid, because lowering the IEP of the carbon by acid treatment must result in a decrease in the interaction of basic ligand ammonia and positive surface sites, which eventually leads to the desorption of Pt complex. Measurements of the Pt dispersion of the catalysts that have undergone desorption indicate that the desorption of the adsorbed Pt complex occurs on relatively weak adsorption sites like carboxyl group, rather than strong adsorption sites (e.g., phenolic hydroxyl or lactonic groups.).     

Adsorption of thiram from aqueous solution on activated carbon and sepiolite

Adsorption of thiram on activated carbon and acid-heat treated sepiolite from aqueous solution at 10° C, 20° C, 30° C and 40° C has been studied. The adsorption isotherms may be classified as L type of the Giles classification which suggests that there is no strong competition from the solvent for adsorption sites. The experimental data points have been fitted to the Langmuir equation in order to calculate the adsorption capacities of the solids as well as their surface areas available to the thiram molecules. The removal efficiency (P) has been calculated for both adsorbents resulting that activated carbon is more effective (P = 98–100%) in removing thiram from aqueous solution than acid-heat treated sepiolite (P = 14–52%).     

Adsorption of bromine by carbons from solution in carbon tetrachloride

Adsorption of bromine from solution in carbon tetrachloride by a number of carbon blacks as well as sugar charcoal is shown to be partly reversible and partly irreversible. While reversible adsorption appears to be due to surface effects, irreversible adsorption is found to be only partly due to chemisorption in substitution for hydrogen and addition at unsaturated sites. A fairly large amount of it seems to be entrapped within some of the pores of the adsorbents or imbibed by the particles and requires energy of activation to diffuse out of the system.     

Field emission from carbon nanotubes on a graphitized carbon fabric

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been directly grown over a flexible graphitized carbon fabric by water assisted chemical vapor deposition. Field emission properties are compared with randomly oriented multi-walled and single walled carbon nanotube field emitters obtained by spin coating on to carbon fabric. The MWCNTs and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) used in spin coating were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the field emitters. The use of graphitized carbon fabric as substrate has brought in flexibility in the fabrication of carbon nanotube field emitters. The samples show good field emission properties with a fairly stable emission current. Analysis of field emission based on the Fowler-Nordheim theory reveals current saturation effects at high applied fields for all the samples.     

含氮超交联聚合物对磺胺二甲基嘧啶的吸附

通过一步法制备了一种含氮超交联吸附剂,探究了对水中磺胺二甲基嘧啶的去除能力,通过扫描电镜和红外光谱对超交联聚合物的表面结构和化学性质进行表征。结果表明,该吸附剂的最大吸附容量能够高达336.45 mg/g;吸附动力学过程符合准二级模型。