不同热加工对萌动青稞营养成分和加工特性的影响

研究干热熟制、微波熟化、挤压膨化3种热加工方式对萌动青稞营养成分与加工特性的影响。结果表明,不同热加工后的萌动青稞粉总膳食纤维、β-葡聚糖、总酚等含量均有所提高。对照组萌动青稞与不同热加工粉色度存在很大差异,其中挤压膨化对色度影响最大;扫描电镜结果显示,3种热加工方式均使淀粉颗粒遭到一定程度的破碎,其中挤压膨化粉的淀粉颗粒分布的更加紧密,糊化也更完全。在100℃时,挤压膨化粉吸水指数、膨胀势均最高,干热熟制粉的水溶性最高;3种热加工粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、回生值、糊化温度及热焓值均升高。综合实验结果,挤压膨化更利于萌动青稞粉工业化生产。     

青稞棒挤压膨化工艺优化及其品质特性的研究

为了开发青稞新产品,以青海纯青稞粉为原料,采用挤压膨化探索青稞棒最佳工艺条件,并研究挤压膨化对青稞粉理化指标、糊化特性和质构特性的影响。结果表明,青稞棒挤压膨化的最佳工艺条件为:加水量为18%,Ⅳ区挤压温度为180℃,螺杆转速为377 r/min,喂料速度为40 Hz;4个因素对产品品质影响的主次顺序为:加水量挤压温度喂料速率螺杆转速;青稞经挤压后水分、脂肪、蛋白质、淀粉含量分别减少40%,53%,13.5%,12.2%,膳食纤维含量增加27.1%;挤压前后对青稞粉糊化特性分析表明,其峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、回生值和峰值时间均有不同程度下降,淀粉稳定性增强;质构特性分析表明,挤压膨化处理后,青稞硬度、黏着性、弹性、咀嚼性下降,回复性增加。挤压膨化青稞棒不仅具有良好的感官品质,其理化特性和加工品质也有所提高。     

回添法糙米粉制备及其糊化与储藏特性研究

通过气流膨化与挤压膨化分别处理米糠,并研究米糠处理前后基本成分及其吸水性指数与脂肪氧化酶酶活的变化。选择挤压膨化处理的米糠回添到湿磨法制备的白米粉中,制得回添法糙米粉,将其与湿磨法制得的全粉碎糙米粉和白米粉的糊化特性及储藏特性进行比较。结果表明,3种米粉的糊化特性有显著性差异(P0.05),除糊化温度外,白米粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、衰减值、最终黏度和回生值均最高,回添法糙米粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、回生值和糊化温度均显著高于全粉碎糙米粉,更接近白米粉的糊化特性。在不同储藏温度期间,3种米粉的脂肪酸值均有明显的升高趋势,其中白米粉最低,全粉碎糙米粉最高,回添法糙米粉的脂肪酸值更接近于白米粉的脂肪酸值。因此用挤压膨化处理的米糠制得的回添法糙米粉的糊化特性及储藏特性优于全粉碎糙米粉,更接近于白米粉的糊化特性及储藏特性,用挤压膨化处理米糠并制备回添法糙米粉是一种糙米粉制备的较好方法。     

糯玉米粉-膨化粉混粉的功能性质研究

本文以黑糯玉米粉一膨化粉混粉为试材，研究其功能性质，结果表明，挤压膨化粉具有较高的糊化度、水溶指数和吸水指数，其值随混粉中膨化粉的比例的增加而增加；由于挤压膨化过程中淀粉的降解使膨化粉产生较低的RVA黏度，混粉的冷黏度随膨化粉的比例的增加而增加，而最终黏度随膨化粉的比例的增加而降低；随混粉中膨化粉的比例的增大，其吸热焓值降低。     

挤压膨化对紫糙米粉营养品质及理化性质的影响

以紫糙米为原料,采用双螺杆挤压膨化技术制备紫糙米挤压粉,分析其挤压前后营养成分、水合性质、糊化特性、热特性以及流变特性等理化性质的变化。结果表明:与原料粉相比,经挤压处理的紫糙米粉总淀粉、支链淀粉、脂肪含量分别下降了12.45%、16.03%、67.45%;蛋白质、总氨基酸、钙和锌含量变化不显著（P>0.05）;总酚、总黄酮、总花色苷含量分别减少了23.70%、28.34%和29.16%,抗氧化性活性减弱。水溶性指数与吸水性指数分别提高了2.80和1.07倍,颜色加深。同一剪切速率下,挤压粉具有更低的剪切应力,更易搅拌。RVA及DSC结果显示,紫糙米挤压粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、回生值分别下降了3528.50、2038.83、1489.00、3975.33、1937.00 cP,糊化度为93.15%,糊化焓由5.23 J/g下降至0.74 J/g,表明大部分的淀粉已糊化。据此说明,紫糙米挤压粉营养价值保留仍处于较高水平,水合能力显著提升,食用口感佳,具有较好的应用价值。     

烘焙和喷雾干燥对紫米粉特性和结构的影响

研究烘焙和喷雾干燥处理对紫米粉色泽、糊化及热特性的影响。结果表明:烘焙尽管对样品的短程有序结构及蛋白质二级结构影响不显著,但由于引起淀粉颗粒部分凝胶化及膨化,样品的结晶度及峰值黏度、最终黏度、崩解值、回生值等糊化相关黏度参数和热焓值均降低,而糊化温度升高;喷雾干燥不仅降低了样品的结晶度和粒径,也引起蛋白质部分α-螺旋和β-折叠结构转变β-转角结构,进而使样品的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、峰值时间及糊化温度均略有升高,而崩解值和回生值及热焓值略有降低;烘焙处理紫米粉的色泽较暗淡,而喷雾干燥样品的色泽更鲜亮。总之,2种热处理方式尽管均引起紫米粉中淀粉发生部分凝胶化,但对样品的色泽和物化特性的影响效果明显不同。     

5种青稞淀粉的理化性质比较

研究了藏青320、肚里黄、北青3号、北青6号和昆仑12号5个品种的青稞淀粉理化性质,结果表明:5种青稞淀粉的透光率大体上随着膨润力的增大而增大。电镜扫描结果表明,5种青稞淀粉颗粒大部分呈圆形,小部分呈椭圆形。粒径分析表明,这5种青稞淀粉颗粒的体积平均粒径和表面积平均粒径之间均存在显著性差异。用差式扫描量热仪测定了淀粉糊化的平均开始温度、结束温度和峰值温度(分别为46.83,79.85,60.24℃)。快速黏度分析结果表明,肚里黄的峰值黏度(2954.67±53.5)、谷黏度(2105±18.52)和崩溃值(849.67±34.99)最高。综合试验结果,不同品种的青稞淀粉具有不同的理化性质,而昆仑12号更适合用于工业化生产。     

青稞全粉挤压米工艺优化及品质研究

将青稞全粉原料添加碎米粉复配混合后,采用双螺杆挤压改性,使青稞全粉适度糊化和膨化,青稞口感得以改善,且同时保留青稞特有营养元素。采用响应面实验,优化了青稞挤压制粒工艺,得出最佳工艺参数为青稞添加比例为15%、单甘酯添加量为0.6%、水分添加量为22%、挤压糊化区温度为112℃、物料进料量为13 kg/h、双螺杆转速为107.5 r/min、切割刀转速为1110 r/min,最佳工艺产品感官评价得分为94.2分,其中糊化区温度、双螺杆转速、温度和螺杆转速交互作用对青稞米产品影响较显著,制得的青稞米米粒膨化度为1.50,容重0.76 g/mL,碱消值为4～5级,糊化温度适中。RVA快速黏度测量结果为挤压后的米粉糊化温度降低,回生值减小。SEM扫描电镜观察到青稞挤压米米粒内部板结,有明显裂痕;DSC差示量热扫描的青稞米吸热减少,热量变化稳定;X-RD结晶测定显示青稞米挤压后晶型由A-型变为V-型晶体,淀粉由玻璃态变为半晶型高弹态,米粒抗回生性较好。质构结果显示青稞米硬度适当,米饭胶黏性和咀嚼性良好。     

紫糙米粉挤压工艺优化及其理化性质分析

以紫糙米粉为原料,通过响应面分析法优选紫糙米粉的挤压工艺,利用黏度测定仪（RVA）、X-射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）表征挤压前后紫糙米粉的糊化特性、结晶特性及微观结构的变化。结果表明:挤压温度147 ℃,水分含量18%,螺杆转速27 Hz,进料速率18 Hz,测得样品的WSI为11.32%、糊化度为93.15%、花色苷含量为97.38 mg/100 g,综合评分为92.43。与原料粉相比,该条件下制备的挤压膨化紫糙米粉,峰值黏度、低谷黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、回生值均显著降低（P<0.05）。挤压膨化后紫糙米粉的淀粉晶体结构由A型转变为V型,结晶度下降;紫糙米粉表面变得光滑,呈现出较多的孔洞结构。表明挤压膨化技术能显著改善紫糙米粉的糊化性质与水化特性,为紫糙米即食代餐粉产品开发提供理论与技术参数依据。     

膨化萌动青稞粉油茶的制备及其品质评价

以萌动青稞粉为原料,通过双螺杆挤压膨化技术制得膨化青稞粉。研究物料水分含量、螺杆转速和挤压温度对膨化萌动青稞粉吸水性指数和水溶性指数的影响,通过单因素和正交试验,确定最佳工艺参数为:物料水分含量为26%、螺杆转速为220 r/min、挤压温度为180℃。在传统油茶制作的基础上研制新型膨化萌动青稞粉油茶,主要考察了膨化萌动青稞粉添加量、花生油添加量、炒制温度、炒制时间对青稞粉油茶溶解度指数和感官评分的影响,通过单因素和正交试验,确定最优工艺配方为:青稞粉添加量为68%、花生油添加量为4%、炒制温度60℃、炒制时间为6 min。此时,油茶感官评分为9.26分,具有高蛋白、高膳食纤维、低脂肪和低钠等特点。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the