Effect of different offshore seabed sediment on steel corrosion

A series of simulation experiments on corrosion behaviour of carbon steel (A₃ Steel) and low alloy steel (16Mn steel) in marine atmosphere (MA), seawater (SW) and seabed sediment (SBS) including rough sea sand, fine sea sand and seabed mud were carried out indoors for a year or so by means of individually hanging plates (IHP) and electrically connected hanging plates (ECHP). Results showed that the corrosion rates of A₃ and 16Mn steel in marine environment were in the order: MA > SW > SBS by the IHP method, MA > SBS > SW by the ECHP method. The corrosion rates of steels in the water/sediment interface were directly proportional to the grain size of the SBS by the ECHP method, but those of steels in the water/sediment interface did not vary with the grain size of SBS by the IHP method. The corrosion rate of low alloy steel was a little higher than that of carbon steel. The corrosion in seabed sediment was mainly determined by the macrogalvanic cell (oxygen concentration difference cell) between steel plates in different sediment and depth.     

Localised effects of macrofouling species on electrochemical corrosion of corrosion resistant alloys

Abstract

Interactions between macrofouling and corrosion have been studied on two duplex stainless steels (UNS S31803 and UNS S32760), an austenitic stainless steel (UNS S31354), a nickel base alloy (UNS N06625), and a cobalt base alloy (UNS R30006) in long term tests conducted in natural sea water off the west coast of Scotland. After an 18 month exposure period, the specimens were heavily fouled primarily with barnacles and mussels and all the materials exhibited crevice corrosion at the specimen/resin interface, although this was less extensive on the nickel base alloy. Localised corrosion was observed under the base of live barnacles on UNS S31603 stainless steel. Direct current electrochemical anodic polarisation tests undertaken after the 18 month exposure period yielded unusually high currents in the range of potentials between the free corrosion value and the breakdown potential. However, long term exposure and associated macrofouling had little effect on the overall breakdown of general surface passivity as indicated by values of the breakdown potential. The higher currents were associated with the appearance, after the anodic polarisation, of black sulphide corrosion products at the specimen/resin crevices, around barnacles, and around mussel byssus threads.     

SEM-EDS characterization of natural products on corrosion inhibition of Al-Mg-Si alloy

The corrosion resistance of aluminum and its alloys is the subject of tremendous technological importance due to their increased industrial applications. The corrosion protections and the mechanism of corrosion inhibitions of natural products for an Al-Mg-Si alloy in seawater were investigated at room temperature. The surface morphology was studied by means of macro scale electrochemical techniques and localized microscopic methods, i.e., Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with associated elemental analysis by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). SEM examinations provided morphological characterization of the surface of Al-Mg-Si alloy sample before and after immersion in seawater; meanwhile surface analytical techniques by the EDS allowed us to investigate detail the chemical composition of aluminum oxide layers. The experiments were performed with Al-Mg-Si alloy, immersed in a 5 L beaker containing seawater with and without the natural products for 60 days at room temperature. The SEM results indicate that the natural products (natural honey, vanillin, and tapioca starch) absolutely inhibited the corrosion products on the specimen surfaces. They also protected the passive film from dissolution in seawater. The EDS spectrums were determined that carbonaceous, carbonyl, methoxy and hydroxyl groups as functional groups of natural products in inhibition mechanism.     

Corrosion behavior of steel in Chengdao offshore oil exploitation area

From September 1992 to September 1995, the corrosion behavior of three marine steels was studied in Chengdao offshore area by means of individually and electro‐connectedly hanging plates in order to provide data for anticorrosion design of oil‐exploitation structures there. The variation trend of corrosion rate with exposure time showed that the variation curves and degrees of three steels were generally identical and had nothing to do with the exposure time. The whole change trend of corrosion rates in three years showed that the corrosion rates of 20^# steel were nearly identical in different positions, each of which was a little lower than that of 16 Mn steel specimens in corresponding positions, also was lower than that of A₃ steel specimens in tidal zone and immersion zone. Although 20^# steel corroded rapidly at first, its corrosion rate has a decreasing trend in the long‐term service. Therefore, 20^# steel is feasible to be applied for a long time in various marine zones, especially nearby the low tidal line and immersion zone. The results of A₃ steel, 16 Mn steel and 20^# steel by means of electrically connected hanging plate in three years indicated that the corrosion of the steel specimens in the splash zone was the most severe as the result of dry‐wet cycle and macrocell effect. Specimens in the other positions corroded mildly, and that in tidal zone corroded most slowly. The corrosion rate of 20^# steel was the highest among the three steels in the test, and the corrosion rates of A₃ steel and 16 Mn steel were identical on the whole. When the specimens were hanged electro‐connectedly, the macrocell effect generally tended to increase with exposure time. The highest corrosion rate of A₃ steel in the splash zone in the three years was about 0.278 mm/a, while that of 16 Mn steel was about 0.321 mm/a, and that of 20^# steel was 0.330 mm/a or so. In contrast, the corrosion rate of the steels in the tidal zone was the lowest in three years, which were 0.052 mm/a (A₃ steel), 0.048 mm/a (16 Mn steel) and 0.040 mm/a (20^# steel).     

Das Elektronenmikroskop als Hilfsmittel der Korrosionsforschung

The electron microscope as a tool in corrosion research The author explains possibiliies and limitations of the individual electron-optical methods of investigation, manely electron diffraction of corrosion products on he specimen, investigation of mechanically isolated corrosion products, direct irradiation of thin laers, and preparation of surface replicas. The interpretation of te electron microphotos is made difficult by certain factors, namely specimen alternation during preparation specimen deterioration by the electron beam, and mistakes connected with the replica method used. Potential and limitations of the technique are explained on the following examples: oxidation of pure iron, corrosion of Zn in bcarbonate solution and passivation of lead in concentrated sulfuric acid.     

同种金属在异种土壤中的腐蚀行为研究

研究了电连接的２０无缝钢管试件在穿过两种相邻但理化性质迥然不同的土壤时的腐蚀行为,在粘土中部分表现为阳极,有较严重的腐蚀,在沙土中部分表现为阴极,腐蚀较轻。     

氟化处理对植入材料Mg-Ca二元合金腐蚀行为的影响(英文)

在室温下,将Mg-0.5Ca合金在不同浓度的氢氧化钠和HF溶液浸渍不同的时间,研究HF处理对合金腐蚀行为的影响。采用原子力显微镜、X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜表征样品的微观组织变化。通过动电位极化和Kokubo溶液浸泡试验测试样品的耐腐蚀性。结果表明,与35%HF处理的样品相比,经40%HF溶液处理的Mg-0.5Ca合金具有更均匀、更致密、更薄的涂层(12.6μm)。电化学测试表明,在Kokubo溶液中,经氟化物处理的Mg-0.5Ca合金样品的耐腐蚀性比未处理样品的高35倍;前者的体外降解速率远远低于后者的。在40%HF溶液处理过的样品表面只出现了一些腐蚀点,而未经处理的样品完全被腐蚀产物覆盖且出现了分层现象。40%HF处理的Mg-0.5Ca合金,具有低的降解速率和良好的生物相容性,是一种有潜力的植入材料。     

Investigation on lead corrosion products in sea water and in neutral saline solutions

A method was developed to characterize and quality lead corrosion products in sea water and in saline neutral solutions. This method is based on selective dissolution of various compounds, using suitable reagents (methanol, glycine, potassium nitrate etc.) and on subsequent chemical analysis of the various dissolved elements. The findings are then verified by X-ray diffractometer analysis. This method was used for an examination of the corrosion products adhering to a lead plate of a Roman ship wrecked in the Gulf of Toulon about two thousand years ago. The following corrosion products were determined: These products were compared with those obtained on sea water immersed lead specimen. In the latter case, the products were the following: The difference between the two test specimen is deemed to be due to the known formation caused by bacterial fouling processes (desulfovibrio desulfuricans) of hydrogen sulphide in marine sediments which, by altering the pH value, also alter the equilibrium of the CO₃^??-HCO₃^?-CO₂-SO₄^??? HSO₄^? systems thus affecting the differentiated formation of the corrosion products. Lead, despite its improved corrosion resistance in various environments as compared with other normally used metals (e.g. iron), is not so commonly employed because of its poor mechanical properties (deformation, grain coarsening, brittleness [1], etc.) so that it is only used for certain structures like pipings or coverings (roofs, chemical vats etc.) not exposed to strong mechanical stresses. These applications were common even in ancient times, when the Romans already covered their hulls with lead plates because they did not corrode easily and thus had a long life.     

Weathering structural steels corrosion in atmospheres of various degrees of pollution in Romania

The atmospheric corrosion behaviour of CORTEN weathering steel grade in various atmospheric environments in Romania is presented. The researches were accomplished on two types of weathering structural steels exposed 20 years in urban‐industrial and rural environments (characterised according to ISO 8565 and ISO 9223 as corrosivity classes C5 and C1). The experimental results emphasise that corrosion rate stabilised at 0.08–0.10 mm/year after about 10 exposure years, and electronic microscope examination showed that corrosion products layer enriches in alloying elements (Cr, Ni, P, Cu) and in stable crystalline products like Fe₂O₃ and α‐FeOOH that passivate steel. Passive layer compactness, studied by its moistening capacity, increases with time. Corrosion products layer composition and elements distribution was studied using an electronic microprobe; crystalline phases composition was determined by X‐ray diffraction.     

Effects of alternating magnetic field on the corrosion rate and corrosion products of copper

The effects of alternating magnetic field on the corrosion morphologies, corrosion rate, and corrosion products of copper in 3.5% NaCl solution, sea water, and magnetized sea water were investigated using electrochemical test, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive analysis system of X-ray (SEM/EDAX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the corrosion rate of copper in magnetized sea water is minimal. Moreover, the surface of the specimen in magnetized sea water is uniform and compact as compared with those in 3.5% NaCl solution and sea water. The corrosion products of copper in magnetized sea water are mainly Cu2O and CuCl2. However, the corrosion products in sea water are CuCl, Cu2Cl(OH)3, and FeCl3·6H2O. The electrochemical corrosion mechanisms of copper in the three media were also discussed.     

Influence of microstructure on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of 3%Cr steel in CO2 environment

Corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of two 3%Cr pipeline steels were studied which have same chemical compositions but different microstructures, bainite‐ferrite and ferrite‐pearlite microstructures. Analysis of chemical compositions and surface morphology of the corrosion scale were performed using X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The semi‐passive character of corrosion scale was investigated using polarization curves measurements. The influence of microstructure on the chromium enrichment in the corrosion scale for different test periods was investigated. The microstructure was observed to affect the corrosion behavior even when the steel surface has been covered with corrosion scales and continue to have an effect until the corrosion scale possessing semi‐passive character. Possessing both good strength and corrosion resistance, 3%Cr steel with bainite‐ferrite microstructure was very promising for pipeline steel applications.     

Conditions for stress corrosion cracking to occur from crevice corrosion sites and related electrochemical features

The occurrence of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) from crevice corrosion sites was studied using a kind of occluded U‐bend specimen of Type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel. It was done in 0.5 M NaCl solution at room temperature and 50°C. The galvanostatic and potentiostatic polarization methods were adopted. It was found that a tight crevice and high polarization current were the necessary conditions for SCC to occur relative rapidly from crevice corrosion sites. Meanwhile, if there was obvious SCC developing from a crevice corrosion site, the IR drop (or solution resistance) in the crevice path would increase. The increase of IR was attributed to the corrosion product deposition and/or hydrogen bubbles evolved from the cracks. On the other hand, the usually high aspect ratio of stress corrosion cracks, i.e. the inhibited dissolution on the crack walls, might be explained as due to the existence of high IR drops in them.     

Morphology of corrosion products of steel in concrete under macro‐cell and self‐corrosion conditions

In this paper investigations into the formation of specific corrosion products during the process of chloride induced corrosion of steel in concrete are presented. The extension of corrosion products within concrete was established by means of X‐ray tomography analyses. Then a detailed analysis of the nature of corrosion products has been conducted by means of Raman micro‐spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Results emphasize two different corrosion patterns. The first one is composed of shallow cavities, where mostly magnetite and goethite were identified, traducing aerated to moderate aerated conditions in these media. The second pattern was identified as deep, needle‐like pits, where chlorinated‐iron‐oxides phases were present associated with more or less important chloride enrichments. The presence of these particular species is indicating low redox and low pH conditions within these pits.     

Oxidation and alkali sulfate‐induced corrosion of aluminide diffusion coating with and without platinum

A platinum‐free (MDC210) and a platinum‐rich (MDC150L) aluminide diffusion coating applied to a CMSX4 single crystal Ni‐based superalloy were investigated after exposure to sulfate‐induced corrosion and oxidation at 900 °C for a total of 100 h. Weight changes, microstructural, and microchemical analyses of the products were performed by the means of gravimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Platinum was found to have a beneficial effect on both the oxidation and corrosion resistance of the coating. In both cases the scale was thicker on the platinum‐free coating. However, the difference in the extent of oxidation of the two coatings was small.     

Atmospheric corrosion of carbon steels pre‐corroded by different pollutants

Carbon steels were pre‐corroded in atmospheres containing certain pollutants such as sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide or nitrogen dioxide for certain period of time. Then the pre‐corroded samples were further exposed at two central test stations in the country to evaluate the influence of pre‐corrosion on the behavior of long‐term atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel by gravimetric measurement and rust examinations with FT‐IR and XRD. The results showed that the corrosion rates of every kind of carbon steel at Jiangjin station were two times higher than that at Beijing station. The influence of different pre‐corrosion conditions on the long‐term atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel was analyzed. It followed that the pre‐corrosion conditions made the long‐term atmospheric corrosion performance of three kinds of carbon steels different, but the differences were small. Among the three pollutants, NO₂ showed the strongest influence to the process. As the exposure time was going on, all the samples corroded slowly at Beijing and Jiangjin stations.     

Anticor type Romanian made corrosion inhibitors for refinery and petrochemical plant equipment

The anticorrosion treatment of refinery and petrochemical units in many cases are using corrosion inhibitors. SC ZECASIN‐Brazi is a research and manufacturing company specialised in following products: neutralizers, cathodic inhibitors, organic inhibitors, filmforming inhibitors, antifouling agents, biodispersant agents, inhibitors for chemical decrustation, passivators. The products are manufacturing under the name “ANTICOR”. The corrosion tests have been performed using gravimetric, volumetric, electrochemical and metallographic methods. Recommendations for the continuous use of the inhibitors have been made, based on the results of the laboratory, pilot and industrial scale tests. The effect of using inhibitors mentioned is in 80% decreasing of the corrosion process, and previous localized corrosion and blistering by diffussion of atomic hydrogen.     

Detection and characterisation of intergranular stress‐corrosion cracking on austenitic stainless steel

Intergranular stress‐corrosion cracking (IGSCC) on a sensitised type AISI 304 stainless steel specimen was monitored simultaneously by acoustic emission, electrochemical noise, elongation measurements and a digital imaging system. The specimen was exposed to an aqueous sodium thiosulphate solution in combination with a constant load. It was established that before the final fracture two large cracks and numerous smaller cracks had developed. Detection and characterisation of the stress‐corrosion processes which generated these cracks are discussed. The results confirm and generalise previously established correlations between various parameters obtained by the implemented characterisation methods and IGSCC processes. Additionally, a clear differentiation between crack related and crack non‐related AE signals was made based on an analysis of the AE signals. The relationship between the crack lengths calculated by means of digital image correlation analysis and the electrochemical current noise was also established.     

含砂海水中环氧树脂/Q235钢体系的冲刷腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究环氧树脂/Q235钢体系在含砂流动海水中的耐冲刷腐蚀性能.方法 采用旋转冲刷腐蚀试验装置进行不同流速、不同含砂量下环氧树脂/Q235钢体系的冲刷腐蚀试验,利用表面观测、电化学测试以及扫描开尔文探针(SKP)技术研究冲刷腐蚀后体系的腐蚀规律.采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法模拟计算冲刷流场和砂粒分布.结果 高流速下的砂粒不断冲击涂层表面,导致涂层破损,使基体与海水直接接触,造成基体腐蚀,基体腐蚀又导致涂层的进一步破损.当冲刷流速在5～6 m/s之间时,涂层发生破坏,涂层底部腐蚀连接成片,生成片状腐蚀产物,腐蚀产物表面有较长裂缝.当含砂量达到1.5％(质量分数)时,涂层也发生破坏,但是其以孤立的腐蚀坑为主.Q235钢基体发生点蚀后,点蚀周围的腐蚀敏感性增加.随着腐蚀时间的增加,阳极区逐渐变宽,阴极区逐渐向外移动.腐蚀区域逐渐扩大,形成腐蚀通道.最终,腐蚀通道相互连接,从而在涂层下引起更大范围的腐蚀.结论 与含砂量相比,环氧树脂涂层的冲刷腐蚀对流速敏感性更高.     

Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Sn–Ag–Cu (SAC) eutectic alloy in a chloride containing environment

The corrosion behaviour of the Sn_94.5Ag_3.8Cu_1.5 (SAC) eutectic alloy was investigated in 0.1 M NaCl solution by potentiodynamic polarization and impedance spectroscopy measurements and compared with that of the conventional Sn_73.9Pb_23.1 eutectic solder employed for a long time in the packaging of microelectronic components and devices. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were used to characterize the SAC eutectic alloy prior to and after the electrochemical tests. The electrochemical results indicated that the Sn–Ag–Cu eutectic alloy exhibits better corrosion behaviour than the Sn–Pb eutectic solder in NaCl solution. The presence of a corrosion products layer constituted by tin oxy‐chloride was detected at the surface of both alloys investigated after the electrochemical tests. The better corrosion behaviour of SAC eutectic alloy compared to Sn–Pb eutectic solder is ascribed to the formation of a more compact surface film of corrosion products with improved protective properties owing to the presence of copper and silver, as revealed by EPMA.     

Effects of erosion on corrosion of type 430 and 316 stainless steels in aqueous environments

Abstract

The effects of erosion on the corrosion of two types of stainless steel in aqueous 0·5M NaCl and 1M NaCl environments at ambient temperature have been studied using a modified rotating cylinder electrode system. Erosion by silica particles greatly increased the passive current density for both ferritic type 430 and austenitic type 316 stainless steels. It is suggested that two factors were largely responsible for the observed effects. The impact of the eroding silica particles on the specimen surface destroyed the passive film and removed corrosion products from the specimen surface; and impact with the fast moving silica particles generated numerous microplastic deformation sites on the metal surface which were activated owing to the presence of residual stress, dislocations and defects, etc., and the emission of low energy electrons.