谷物真菌毒素污染及其控制技术

谷物遭受真菌毒素污染,不但影响其品质,而且严重威胁人类的食品安全。本文综合分析了几种谷物真菌毒素的特性及其危害,阐述了真菌毒素的预防控制措施。     

我国部分地区2010年产谷物及其制品中多组分真菌毒素污染状况研究

目的 了解我国部分地区2010年产谷物及其制品中多组分真菌毒素污染状况.方法 2010年在安徽、云南、福建、甘肃、广西、海南、黑龙江、湖北、湖南、江西、山西和上海12个省(市/自治区)采集玉米及其制品、小麦粉、大米和花生共计650份样品,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法检测14种真菌毒素.结果 玉米制品和小麦粉样品中污染的真菌毒素主要是B类单端孢霉烯族化合物和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN).215份玉米样品中有84.65％检出脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON),其中7份样品中的DON污染水平超过我国规定的1 000μg/kg限量标准,超标1.08 ～2.51倍(平均1.77倍);69.30％ (149/215)的玉米样品ZEN阳性,其中23份样品中的ZEN水平超过我国规定的60 μg/kg限量标准,超标1.06～19.19倍,平均4.32倍.53.02％的玉米样品还受到黄曲霉毒素的污染,其中有12份样品中AFB1含量超过了我国规定的20 μg/kg限量标准,尤以云南、广西样品受污染较重.125份小麦粉样品中,仅有1份来自湖北的样品其DON污染水平(1 016.80 μg/kg)超过我国规定的1 000 μg/kg限量标准.40.41％的花生样品不同程度地受到黄曲霉毒素的污染,其中有5份样品中的AFB1水平超过20 μg/kg的国家限量标准;大米受真菌毒素的污染较轻.结论 我国玉米制品和小麦粉受多种真菌毒素污染,且以B类单端孢霉烯族化合物和ZEN为主;玉米和花生不同程度地受到黄曲霉毒素的污染.     

农产品真菌毒素混合污染与累积风险评估研究进展

真菌毒素混合污染危害人畜及农作物健康。目前真菌毒素累积风险评估研究多针对常见的混合污染物,且国内研究较少。此外,毒理学数据及居民消费数据较缺乏,科学的采样方法及人体暴露量的测定方法有待改进。本文阐述了现有的农产品真菌毒素混合污染物的累积风险评估方法以及存在的问题,在危害描述方面,不同含量的真菌毒素混合物在不同动物细胞的体内或体外实验中产生的联合毒性存在差异;在暴露评估方面,基于概率评估的膳食暴露评估和基于生物标记物的暴露评估方法研究日益增多;在风险描述方面,已报道的针对真菌毒素的方法包括危害指数(hazard index,HI)和联合暴露限量值指数(combined margin of exposure index,MOET)。提出了开展真菌毒素混合污染风险评估的必要性,以期为保护人体健康、制定真菌毒素混合污染物限量标准和健康指导值提供基础。     

污染食品的真菌毒素问题

1 真菌毒素(mycotoxin) 所谓真菌毒素,是霉菌产生的代谢产物,对人和家畜等的健康具有损害特性的有毒物质。真菌毒素引起的疾病称为霉菌中毒症或真菌中毒症。最早引起人类中毒的真菌毒素是田麦角菌产生的。1953年日本发生的黄变米事件也是由真菌毒素中毒引起的。有关真菌毒素的问题世界各国都很重视。黄曲霉毒素的研究和发现在真菌毒素的研究上具有划时代的意义。1960年英国发生了10万只火鸡的中毒事件,后来经研究确定是由黄曲霉毒素引起的。这种真菌毒素具有较强的毒性和致癌性。黄曲霉毒素之所以引人注目,还因     

肉制品中真菌毒素污染现状与控制研究进展

简要介绍了肉制品中常见真菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮、展青霉素、桔霉素)的来源及其危害,重点介绍了肉制品中常见真菌毒素的污染现状及其控制方法,并展望了肉制品中真菌毒素未来的研究方向。     

无锡市谷物重金属污染状况及健康风险评估

目的 了解无锡市市售谷物重金属污染状况以及对人体的潜在健康风险。方法 采集无锡市市售大米、面粉、杂粮等谷物,根据国家标准方法对谷物中的铅、镉、总汞、总砷进行检测。运用单因子污染指数和尼梅罗综合污染指数评价谷物中重金属污染状况,采用美国国家环境保护局（US EPA）推荐的环境健康风险评价模型对重金属通过膳食途径所引起的健康风险做出评估。结果 大米、面粉、杂粮的单因子污染指数均小于0.6,在安全范围内。谷物总致癌风险值为1.71×10^-4,大米的致癌风险值最高,为3.29×10^-4。4种重金属的非致癌危险商（HQ）均小于1,由高到低依次为总砷、镉、总汞和铅,不同种类谷物的重金属非致癌危险指数（HI）均小于1,由高到低依次为大米类、面粉类、杂粮类。结论 无锡市谷物重金属污染在安全范围内,对健康风险进行评估显示,谷物中重金属对人体健康的整体风险在可接受范围内,致癌风险在EPA推荐的可接受范围内,其中大米的致癌风险最高,主要贡献为总砷;非致癌风险也在可接受范围内,其中大米的非致癌风险最高,主要贡献仍为总砷。     

广东省稻谷中真菌毒素污染状况研究

目的 了解广东省主要水稻种植区稻谷中真菌毒素的污染模式,分析不同地区真菌毒素的分布,为实施精准防控措施提供参考。方法 2018—2019年在广东省珠三角、粤北、粤东、粤西四个片区的8个地市采集120份稻谷样品,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪多反应监测模式测定16种真菌毒素的污染状况。结果 本次监测的稻谷中19.17%(23/120)样品检出真菌毒素,主要污染种类为黄曲霉毒素和伏马菌素。伏马菌素B₁(FB₁)检出率为9.17%(11/120);黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)的检出率为8.33%(10/120),有2份样品超过国家限量值(10 μg/kg),污染水平分别为73.90和18.80 μg/kg。6种单端孢霉烯族化合物中仅检出脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)及其乙酰化化合物,其中DON的检出率为1.67%(2/120),3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON的检出率均为0.83%(1/120)。玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的检出率为3.33%(4/120),杂色曲霉素检出率为1.67%(2/120)。监测的120份样品未检出赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(NIV)、T-2和HT-2毒素。8.33%(10/120)样品受到2种及以上真菌毒素污染,以AFB₁和其他真菌毒素的混合检出多见。不同地市的污染模式有所差异,湛江市样品中FB₁、FB₂、DON和3-Ac-DON的含量较高,河源市样品中AFB₁、AFB₂、杂色曲霉素、FB₁、FB₂的含量较高,韶关市样品中ZEN、DON和3-Ac-DON的含量较高。结论 广东省稻谷中受到多种真菌毒素污染,且受污染的真菌毒素种类存在地域差异。应针对稻谷中多种真菌毒素的混合污染模式,科学评估暴露风险,采取针对性的控制措施,保护消费者的饮食安全。     

谷物及制品中真菌毒素前处理及检测技术研究进展

谷物及其制品在生产、贮藏、运输的各个环节均易受到真菌毒素的污染,且真菌毒素种类多、浓度低、毒性强、性质差异大,防治困难。文章综述了谷物及其制品中真菌毒素的前处理技术(液液萃取技术、固相萃取技术、QuEChERS技术、免疫亲和层析技术)和检测技术(免疫层析技术、光谱技术、液相色谱技术、液质联用技术),并对真菌毒素检测技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

粮食中隐蔽型真菌毒素污染的研究进展

真菌毒素污染是影响全球食品安全问题的重要因素之一。真菌毒素是真菌产生的次级代谢产物,对人体、动植物皆可产生危害。自然条件下,真菌毒素分子可与葡萄糖、丙二酸或谷胱甘肽等极性较强的基团结合,生成结合型真菌毒素。由于毒素结构发生改变,现有的常规检测手段不能有效地检测其存在,因此称其为隐蔽型真菌毒素(masked mycotoxins)。已有文献报道,隐蔽型真菌毒素往往与其原型同时存在于粮食中,而隐蔽型毒素在进入人和动物体内后,经水解、氧化还原等代谢过程,可释放出有毒的毒素原型分子,给食品安全、人和动物健康造成严重隐患。因此对隐蔽型真菌毒素的形成机制、污染状况和毒理研究应尽快展开。本文综述了国内外近几年以来几种常见隐蔽型真菌毒素的最新研究进展,为隐蔽型真菌毒素的研究提供有价值的参考。     

谷物杂粮与中国公共营养的现状与未来

本文基于对我国谷物杂粮资源分布、营养及功能的特点以及我国社会发展与饮食的关系的分析,对我国发展谷物杂粮方便食品的战略意义、思路与措施做了系统阐述。     

我国谷物及其制品中单端孢霉烯毒素污染及风险评估现状

小麦、玉米和稻谷等作为我国谷物粮食的主体,易受到单端孢霉烯毒素（TCT）的污染,因此有必要对这3类谷物及其制品中TCT污染状况开展调查及居民暴露风险评估。本研究分析了2011—2021年发表的有关我国小麦、玉米和稻谷等谷物及其制品中TCT污染状况与居民暴露风险评估的研究结果,发现各研究中谷物及其制品多数受到了TCT的污染,个别研究还发现TCT含量超标的问题。从地区上看,南方的污染状况比北方严重。从谷物种类看,小麦及其制品的污染状况比玉米、稻谷及其制品严重。居民暴露风险评估主要针对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物,多数地区居民的平均暴露水平在可接受范围内,但也有部分人群存在健康风险。今后应继续加强对谷物及其制品中各类TCT的防控以及居民暴露风险评估等工作。     

开菲尔粒增殖的最佳工艺条件的研究

本文从影响开菲尔粒增殖的三个因素入手，利用三因素三水平的正交实验设计，探索出影响开菲尔粒增殖的最佳工艺条件；同时，确定了开菲尔粒在每一代的增殖速度及清洗对开菲尔粒增殖的影响，具有一定的理论和较强的现实意义。     

Mass spectrometry-based detection and risk assessment of mycotoxin contamination of ‘kankankan’ used for roasted meat consumption in Abidjan,Côte d’Ivoire

ABSTRACT

‘Kankankan’ is a popular spice powder used to season roasted meat in Côte d’Ivoire. However, produced in a traditional way, the conditions of production and storage of kankankan favour the proliferation of mycotoxin-producing fungal strains. The aim of this study was to carry out an inventory of mycotoxin contamination of this spice powder and to assess risk exposure to consumers. In total, 75 samples of kankankan were collected from wholesalers (6), sellers of kankankan in the markets (35) and sellers of roasted meat (34) across three municipalities of Abidjan, the economic capital of Côte d’Ivoire. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to detect and quantify nine different mycotoxins. Dietary exposure was calculated by using estimated daily intake (EDI), whereas risk characterisation was assessed using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. Aflatoxins and fumonisins were found in 99% of samples assessed, while contamination with beauvericin was proportionally lowest (28%). At all the three types of actors within the food production chain (wholesalers, kankankan sellers and roasted meat sellers) the mean concentrations of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB1) in samples exceeded the European standard for spice mixtures, with concentrations reaching up to 502 µg/kg. The estimated daily intakes of aflatoxins observed in the different populations were above the recommended level of 0.017 ng kg^?1 b.w. day^?1. The MOE_S values for adolescents and adults were 8.10 and 12.78, respectively, well below the safe margin of 10,000. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins in kankankan samples together with high aflatoxin exposure to consumers represent a potential risk to public health, calling for immediate risk management and education of kankankan producers and consumers.     

Less Fusarium infestation and mycotoxin contamination in organic than in conventional cereals

A total of 602 samples of cereals, consisting of organically and conventionally produced barley, oats and wheat, were collected at harvest during 2002–2004 in Norway. Organic and conventional cereals were sampled in comparable numbers regarding cereal species, localisation and harvest time, and analysed for Fusarium mould and mycotoxins. Fusarium infestation and mycotoxin content were dependent on cereal species and varied year-by-year. However, in all cereal species, Fusarium infestation and levels of important mycotoxins were significantly lower when grown organically than conventionally. Concerning the most toxic trichothecenes, HT-2 and T-2 toxin, lower concentrations were found in organic oats and barley. Wheat was not contaminated by HT-2 and T-2, but lower concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and moniliformin (MON) were found when organically produced. For mycotoxins considered to constitute the main risk to humans and animals in Norwegian cereals, i.e. HT-2 in oats and DON in oats and wheat, the median figures (mean levels in brackets) were as follows: HT-2 in organic and conventional oats were <20 (80) and 62 (117) µg/kg, DON in organic and conventional oats were 24 (114) and 36 (426) µg/kg, and DON in organic and conventional wheat were 29 (86) and 51 (170) µg/kg, respectively. Concentrations of HT-2 and T-2 in the samples were strongly correlated (r = 0.94). Other mycotoxins did not show a significant correlation to each other. Both HT-2 and T-2 concentrations were significantly correlated with infestation of F. langsethiae (r = 0.65 and r = 0.60, respectively). Concentrations of DON were significantly correlated with F. graminearum infestation (r = 0.61). Furthermore, nivalenol (NIV) was significantly correlated with infestation of F. poae (r = 0.55) and MON with F. avenaceum (r = 0.37). As lower Fusarium infestation and mycotoxin levels were found in organic cereals, factors related to agricultural practice may reduce the risk of contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins. Studies of these issues will be presented separately.     

免疫分析技术在检测真菌毒素中的研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌在适宜条件下产生的次级代谢产物。真菌毒素不仅会危害人类和动物的健康,还对农业经济造成无法估量的损失。常见的真菌毒素检测方法以大型仪器检测为主,需要专业的实验人员进行检测,且耗时长。新兴的免疫分析技术具有操作简便、耗时短、成本低、干扰小、能同时处理大量样品等优点。本文综述了近年来几种常见的免疫分析技术中免疫原、抗体的开发,系统地对比了各类免疫分析技术的优缺点,为免疫分析技术在检测真菌毒素中的发展提供了新的思路。     

食品中新兴真菌毒素检测技术及其污染现状研究进展

真菌毒素是由曲霉菌、青霉菌和镰刀菌等丝状真菌在适当的环境条件下产生的有毒次生代谢产物，是谷物、水果、坚果等食品中常见的污染物，可引起广泛的毒性效应，主要表现为致癌性、致突变性、肝毒性、肾毒性、免疫毒性、神经毒性、致畸性等，对人类和动物的健康构成威胁。近些年来，由于自然气候的改变及检测技术的创新发展，一些新出现的真菌毒素逐渐引起大家的广泛关注，如已报道的交链孢毒素、新兴镰刀菌毒素等。这些尚未得到监管，并且如何产生、浓度水平和毒理数据有限的真菌毒素被定义为“新兴”真菌毒素。本文综述了两大类12种新兴毒素的结构性质、检测分析技术进展及在食品中的污染状况，以期为真菌毒素污染的全面评估及防控提供思路。     

Influence of agronomic and climatic factors on Fusarium infestation and mycotoxin contamination of cereals in Norway

A total of 602 samples of organically and conventionally grown barley, oats and wheat was collected at grain harvest during 2002–2004 in Norway. Organic and conventional samples were comparable pairs regarding cereal species, growing site and harvest time, and were analysed for Fusarium mould and mycotoxins. Agronomic and climatic factors explained 10–30% of the variation in Fusarium species and mycotoxins. Significantly lower Fusarium infestation and concentrations of important mycotoxins were found in the organic cereals. The mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2) constitute the main risk for human and animal health in Norwegian cereals. The impacts of various agronomic and climatic factors on DON and HT-2 as well as on their main producers F. graminearum and F. langsethiae and on total Fusarium were tested by multivariate statistics. Crop rotation with non-cereals was found to reduce all investigated characteristics significantly – mycotoxin concentrations as well as various Fusarium infestations. No use of mineral fertilisers and herbicides was also found to decrease F. graminearum, whereas lodged fields increased the occurrence of this species. No use of herbicides was also found to decrease F. langsethiae, but for this species the occurrence was lower in lodged fields. Total Fusarium infestation was decreased with no use of fungicides or mineral fertilisers, and with crop rotation, as well as by using herbicides and increased by lodged fields. Clay and to some extent silty soils seemed to reduce F. graminearum in comparison with sandy soils. Concerning climate factors, low temperature before grain harvest was found to increase DON; and high air humidity before harvest to increase HT-2. F. graminearum was negatively correlated with precipitation in July but correlated with air humidity before harvest. F. langsethiae was correlated with temperature in July. Total Fusarium increased with increasing precipitation in July. Organic cereal farmers have fewer cereal intense rotations than conventional farmers. Further, organic farmers do not apply mineral fertiliser or pesticides (fungicides, herbicides or insecticides), and have less problem with lodged fields. The study showed that these agronomic factors were related to the infestation of Fusarium species and the concentration of mycotoxins. Hence, it is reasonable to conclude that farming system (organic versus conventional) impacts Fusarium infestation, and that organic management tends to reduce Fusarium and mycotoxins. However, Fusarium infestation and mycotoxin concentrations may be influenced by a range of factors not studied here, such as local topography and more local climate, as well as cereal species and variety.     

Mycobiota and mycotoxin contamination of maize flours and popcorn kernels for human consumption commercialized in Spain

Mycobiota and co-occurrence of aflatoxins, citrinin, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in 30 samples of maize flours and 30 of popcorn kernels purchased in Spain for human consumption were determined. The mycotoxin-producing ability of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium spp. was also studied.     

茶叶中产毒真菌污染现状及其生物防控研究进展

茶是世界上三大饮品之一, 其饮用安全性对于消费者健康以及茶产业发展尤为重要。产毒真菌在自然界中分布广泛, 茶叶在生长、采摘、加工、运输以及仓储过程中存在潜在的真菌污染。真菌毒素是真菌代谢产生的一类有毒次级代谢产物, 会在茶叶基质中积累, 不仅给人类健康造成严重威胁, 也给全球经济带来巨大损失。我国是茶叶生产和出口大国, 随着国际贸易壁垒的日益森严, 进口国对茶叶中残留的微生物和真菌毒素检测愈加严格。此外, 检测茶叶中真菌及真菌毒素对于茶叶安全、茶叶仓储及相关行业标准具有一定的指导意义。本文综述了国内外红茶、黑茶、绿茶、白茶、青茶和黄茶中产毒真菌污染现状及生物防控的研究进展, 并就今后防范措施提出建议, 以期为茶叶中真菌及其真菌毒素安全控制提供参考, 促进茶产业健康可持续发展。