金属基复合材料蠕变性能的研究现状和展望

综述了国内外金属基复合材料的抗高温蠕变性能的研究进展。重点分析了蠕变理论研究中的3种理论模型的特点,指出理论研究的核心问题是位错越过第二相的机制以及门槛应力的来源。详述了目前蠕变实验研究的各种实验方法与特点。讨论了利用计算机有限元分析来进行蠕变研究的优点。针对目前我国金属基复合材料的抗高温蠕变性能的研究方法提出了一些看法和展望。     

3003铝合金蠕变行为与本构方程

研究了3003铝合金冷轧变形后再结晶组织控制和175~250℃、外加应力25~50 MPa条件下3003铝合金的蠕变行为。采用弹性模量归一化应力幂律蠕变本构方程,对实验数据进行线性拟合,建立了能够较好描述稳态蠕变速率与应力、温度三者之间关系的本构方程。结果表明:采用350℃和600℃的两步再结晶退火,可获得有利于提高合金蠕变性能的长条状再结晶组织;温度越高,应力增加对稳态蠕变速率增加的贡献越大;不同温度下3003铝合金的蠕变机制不同,175℃时,应力指数n=3.5,蠕变主要由位错滑移控制;在200~250℃范围内,n处于5.1~8.6之间,蠕变主要由位错攀移控制。     

Numerical Modeling of Grain Boundary Effects in the Diffusional Creep of Copper Interconnect Lines

We propose a numerical simulation technique to model the process of diffusional creep and stress relaxation that occurs in Cu-damascene interconnects of integrated circuit devices in processing stage. The mass flow problem is coupled to the stress analysis through vacancy flux and equilibrium vacancy concentration. The technique is implemented in a software package that seamlessly integrates the problem-oriented code with commercially available finite element program MSC.Marc. It is utilized to model the Coble creep phenomenon by introducing the nanoscale grain boundary region having the thickness on the order of several layers of atoms. As an illustration, the two-dimensional problem of stress relaxation in a single grain subjected to prescribed displacements and tractions is examined.     

升温速率对2219铝合金蠕变时效行为的影响

研究2219铝合金在蠕变时效成形过程中,升温速率对其蠕变行为及力学性能的影响规律。实验模拟构件在热压罐中的升温条件,降低材料的升温速率(0.75℃/min),延长其升温时间至4h(某典型构件真实蠕变时效升温时间),分别在0,150,210MPa 3种应力条件及不同的时效时间下进行蠕变实验,并对材料拉伸力学性能和微观组织(TEM)进行分析。结果表明:对比在材料尺度下0.5h的升温条件(5.5℃/min),升温速率的降低,在一定程度上提高了材料的力学性能,并且延长了材料强度达到峰值的时间;铝合金析出相的形状因子随着时效时间呈现先增长,到达峰值后下降的趋势;降低升温速率,材料在升温阶段即已发生了显著蠕变形变,在150MPa和210MPa应力条件下升温阶段的蠕变量分别占总蠕变量的29.28%和21.56%,且蠕变变形量和稳态蠕变速率会随着应力的升高而增加;由此,基于材料尺度(标准蠕变试样)的蠕变时效研究,用于表征构件尺度蠕变时效行为时,须进一步考虑升温速率对其成形及性能演变的影响。     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的蠕变时效行为研究

目的 研究2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的蠕变变形行为、力学性能及其微观组织演变规律,探明焊接态铝合金材料的蠕变变形与强化机制,为超大型高筋薄壁构件板坯搅拌摩擦拼焊+蠕变时效形性一体化制造提供理论与技术支撑。方法 通过蠕变时效实验和室温性能测试,研究了有焊缝和无焊缝材料的蠕变时效行为与力学性能演变,结合应力指数、激活能计算和透射电镜表征,分析了焊缝对2219铝合金蠕变时效特性的影响。结果 与母材相比,有焊缝铝合金整体蠕变量更低,但前期短时蠕变速率高而后期长时变形速率低,变形机制由母材的扩散蠕变转为位错攀移;有焊缝材料蠕变时效后抗拉强度增加量相对更少,屈服强度增加量基本相同,表现为加工硬化能力降低。同时,焊核区晶粒细小、晶内析出大量弥散的GPⅡ区、θʹʹ和θʹ相,且晶界附近出现无沉淀析出带,热影响区和热机影响区析出相长大,但热机影响区析出相开始出现粗化。结论 在蠕变时效过程中,搅拌摩擦焊后的2219铝合金复杂的微观组织演变会提高材料的蠕变变形和强度提升敏感性,上述发现为优化搅拌摩擦焊与蠕变时效成形工艺参数匹配提供了基础。     

Superplasticity

Superplasticity is the phenomenon of extraordinary ductility exhibited by some alloys with extremely fine grain size, when deformed at elevated temperatures and in certain ranges of strain rate. To put the phenomenology on a proper basis, careful mechanical tests are necessary. These are divided into (i) primary creep tests, (ii) steady state deformation tests, and (iii) instability and fracture tests, all of which lead to identification of macroscopic parameters. At the same time, microstructural observations establish those characteristics that are pre-requisites for superplastic behaviour. Among the macroscopic characteristics to be explained by any theory is a proper form of the equation for the strain rate as a function of stress, grain size and temperature. It is commonly observed that the relationship between stress and strain rate at any temperature is a continuous one that has three distinct regions. The second region covers superplastic behaviour, and therefore receives maximum attention. Any satisfactory theory must also arrive at the dependence of the superplastic behaviour on the various microstructural characteristics. Theories presented so far for microstructural characteristics may be divided into two classes: (i) those that attempt to describe the macroscopic behaviour, and (ii) those that give atomic mechanisms for the processes leading to observable parameters. The former sometimes incorporate micromechanisms. The latter are broadly divided into those making use of dislocation creep, diffusional flow, grain boundary deformation and multimechanisms. The theories agree on the correct values of several parameters, but in matters that are of vital importance such as interphase grain boundary sliding or dislocation activity, there is violent disagreement. The various models are outlined bringing out their merits and faults. Work that must be done in the future is indicated.     

基于EBSD技术的P91钢蠕变过程中小角度晶界演化行为表征

在620℃、145 MPa条件下对给定的P91钢进行高温蠕变持久与间断试验,采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术研究其在蠕变过程中小角度晶界的演化行为。通过引入EBSD图像中的取向差分布来表征小角度晶界处(0.5~5°)的边界位错密度,分析了边界位错密度在蠕变过程中与小角度边界的数量、塑性应变以及内部微观组织演化之间的关系。此外,通过改变EBSD像素点与像素点之间的计算步长,探讨了步长选择对边界位错密度计算结果的影响。结果表明,小角度晶界处的位错密度在蠕变过程中先迅速上升,在最小蠕变率处达到极值后缓慢下降,直到最后基本保持不变;同时,EBSD的计算步长越小,得到的位错密度值越准确。     

Application of Time-Based Fractional Calculus Methods to Viscoelastic Creep and Stress Relaxation of Materials

The quasi-static viscoelastic response of polymeric materialsis investigated utilizing constitutive models based on fractionalcalculus. Time-based fractional calculus analysis techniques areemphasized. Analytic solutions to quasi-static boundary value problemsin which the viscoelastic behavior is characterized by thefour-parameter fractional calculus-based solid model are given. Varioussets of data from the literature are fit with existing and newfractional calculus-based constitutive equations.     

Stress Relaxation of Nonlinear Thermoviscoelastic Materials Predicted from Known Creep

A method to predict the stress relaxation response of nonlinear thermoviscoelastic materials from known creep data is presented. For given nonlinear creep properties, and creep compliance represented by the Prony series, it is shown that the Schapery creep model can be transformed into a set of first order nonlinear differential equations. By solving these equations the nonlinear stress relaxation curves for different strain and temperature levels are established. The strain/temperature-dependent constitutive equation can then be constructed for any nonlinear thermoviscoelastic model, as needed for engineering applications. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

原位微米/纳米TiC颗粒弥散强化304不锈钢的高温蠕变特性

以304SS不锈钢为母合金采用原位合成工艺制备微米/纳米TiC颗粒弥散强化304不锈钢(TiC-304SS强化钢),研究了强化钢和母合金的高温蠕变性能。结果表明：原位生成的TiC颗粒大多呈多边形,在母合金中均匀分布且与其良好结合。TiC颗粒的加入对强化钢的母合金晶粒有明显的细化作用。在700/100 MPa蠕变条件下母合金304SS蠕变后晶粒明显长大,且沿应力方向拉长。而TiC颗粒的加入抑制了母合金晶粒的长大,阻止了蠕变变形。显微组织和蠕变性能的结果表明,在强化钢和母合金的蠕变过程中位错的运动符合位错攀移机制。但是与304SS母合金相比,TiC颗粒的加入提高了TiC-304SS强化钢的蠕变表观应力指数和蠕变激活能。门槛应力、载荷传递和微结构的增强,是TiC-304SS强化钢的蠕变增强特征。     

Creep and Superplasticity of Gadolinium-Doped Ceria Ceramics under AC Electric Current

Shaping of dense ceramics is difficult due to their inherent brittleness. Nanograined ceramics like tetragonal zirconia (TZP) can be superplastically deformed and shaped at high temperatures owing to grain boundary sliding (GBS). Herein, the enhanced plasticity of gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) ceramics under mild and strong AC electric current in terms of steady state creep rate under both compressive and tensile loading is demonstrated. A current density of 25 and 200 mA mm⁻² is used for the creep deformation. The creep rate increases by up to two orders of magnitude under electric current. The stress exponent remains unchanged for creep experiments at 1200 °C with and without electric current, suggesting a GBS mechanism of plastic deformation in both cases. The field-enhanced creep rate is attributed to the interaction of space–charge layer and the electric field resulting in enhanced GBS. A higher current density results in enhanced ductility of GDC even when the Joule heating effect is compensated by reducing the furnace temperature.     

聚丙烯木塑复合材料蠕变行为的模拟与预测

通过三点弯曲蠕变试验,研究了聚丙烯木塑复合材料在23℃左右室内环境五种应力水平下的短期蠕变行为,并采用四元件模型对其蠕变行为进行模拟。依据时间-温度-应力等效原理,以5MPa为参考应力水平,将其它四种应力水平下的蠕变曲线移位成5MPa应力水平下的主曲线,从而可以预测聚丙烯木塑复合材料在5MPa应力水平下大约3年内的蠕变行为。     

稀土对ZA27合金压蠕变的影响

采用自制的实验装置研究了稀土 (Ce≥ 45 % )对ZA2 7合金在常温及高温时的压蠕变行为的影响。研究表明 ,在所试验的温度为 2 0℃～ 160℃和压应力为 5 0MPa～ 13 7 5MPa的范围内 ,加稀土的ZA2 7—RE合金和未加稀土的ZA2 7合金的压蠕变量均随着温度和应力的升高而增大 ,ZA2 7—RE合金的压蠕变速率小于ZA2 7合金的压蠕变速率。加入稀土后 ,合金在压蠕变过程中的负蠕变量及出现负蠕变的温度和应力范围增大。两种合金的稳态蠕变速率均符合于半经验公式ε　 's=Aσnexp( -Qa RT)。但在不同的温度 ,ZA2 7—RE合金的应力指数平均值n( 4 66)和表观激活能平均值Qa( 70 45KJmol- 1 )均大于ZA2 7合金的应力指数平均值n( 3 87)和表观激活能平均值Qa( 68 2 2KJmol- 1 ) ,而合金的材料结构常数A为 4 82× 10 - 5,低于ZA2 7合金的材料结构常数A( 0 0 0 2 )。两种合金的稳态蠕变速率均是由锌的点阵自扩散和位错的攀移所控制     

弥散强化铂基材料的研究现状

弥散强化铂基材料是一种先进的结构型与高温型贵金属复合材料,并且是玻璃纤维漏板材料发展的主要方向.综述了弥散强化铂基材料的制备方法及其优缺点,总结了目前弥散强化铂基材料中存在的固溶强化、晶界强化及弥散强化的强化机理及其研究进展,介绍了弥散强化铂基材料的组织结构特点及其蠕变特征、常温高温下的主要性能、应用以及新的发展动向,为弥散强化铂基材料的选择、研究以及工业化应用提供了参考依据.     

The Synergistic Effects of Boron and Impression Creep Testing during Paced Controlling of Temperature for P91 Steels

This article induces the quadruple knowledge on effects of 100 ppm (P91B) and 22 ppm (P91) boron in as-received 9Cr steels in normalized and tempered conditions (NT) and impression crept conditions (ICC). Herein, impression creep testing is improved through paced temperature to fast evaluate creep performance. P91B performs the utmost by advancing activation energy and 30% better creep life, leading to same targeted creep life to 574 °C than P91 at 550 °C. Further, it incisively discusses variations in microstructure, precipitate size, geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), pseudo-rocking curve, grain size (GS), several types of grain boundaries (GBs), effective GB energy, and elastic stiffness. Novel phenomenological mechanisms like GB hardening/softening; antithetical mechanisms; boron-dependent mosaicity; grain refinement/fragmentation/coarsening/homogenization; interaction among various types of GBs, triggering re/degeneration of dislocations and Σ boundaries as Σ reactions; super-continuous and geometric dynamic recrystallizations; enhanced creep immunity of like-oriented GBs than unlike oriented GBs; primary/secondary recrystallization; specialness; boron/NT/ICC-dependent stiffness; high stiffness is dependent on low GNDs and big GS, and vice versa are observed. The synergistic effects of [100 ppm boron in NT/ICC] and ICC in manifestation of 22/100 ppm boron are ascertained. However, dependency [proportionally and antithetically] and independency of GB character on creep-microstructural reciprocity discourse and converse into the mathematical relationship.     

Al2O3-SiO2(sf)/AZ91D镁基复合材料蠕变本构方程

利用常应力拉伸蠕变试验法对体积分数为25%的硅酸铝短纤维(Al2O3-Si O2(sf))增强AZ91D镁基复合材料及其基体合金AZ91D在温度为473 K和573 K、外加应力为30～100 MPa下进行蠕变测试。根据应变和应变速率曲线,计算出复合材料的真应力指数、真蠕变激活能、真门槛应力、载荷转移因子和蠕变本构方程。TEM分析结果表明,复合材料蠕变后的门槛应力来源于短纤维表面上的MgO颗粒和Mg17Al12析出相对可动位错的钉扎作用,短纤维具有承载和传递载荷作用,从而提高了复合材料的抗蠕变性能。     

高强度超细晶金属材料塑性行为及增塑研究进展

强度和塑性是金属结构材料最重要的力学性能指标,金属高性能化的关键是在高强度水平下保证良好的塑性,然而两者往往不能兼顾。在众多强化方法中,晶粒细化长期以来被认为是强化金属最理想的手段,在传统晶粒尺寸范围,细化晶粒既可以显著提高材料的强度,又能改善材料的塑韧性。因此,近几十年来超细晶/纳米晶金属得到了广泛研究和发展,出现了以大塑性变形(SPD)、先进形变热处理(ATMP)技术为代表的超细晶制备方法,所得晶粒可以细化到亚微米或纳米尺度,金属性能大大提高。然而,大量研究证实当晶粒细化到亚微米或纳米尺度时金属强度提高但塑性显著下降,与传统的细晶强化规律不符。对此,国内外学者进行了很多研究,试图阐明其机理、揭示晶粒超细化导致塑性降低的物理本质。此外,由于细化晶粒方法受到塑性的限制,新的高强度水平下增强塑性的方法成为钢铁材料高性能化的研究热点。针对塑性下降的事实,为了进一步提高超细晶金属材料性能,研究者开展了许多增强塑性的工作,获得了较好的效果,但仍存在一些不足。关于金属晶粒超细化导致塑性降低的普遍共性现象,目前广泛认可的理论主要有晶界捕获(吸收)位错的动态回复理论、位错运动湮灭理论、高初始位错密度以及位错源缺失机制等。前三者都主要关注超细晶金属材料低(无)加工硬化能力,并将其归结为延伸率降低所致。主要是因为低(无)加工硬化使材料在变形早期发生塑性失稳或局部变形从而表现出低塑性。超细晶金属增塑研究主要体现在增塑方法和机理方面,目前,增塑方法主要有(1)形成纳米孪晶;(2)获得粗晶-细晶双峰组织;(3)利用相变诱发塑性/孪生诱发塑性(TRIP/TWIP)效应;(4)引入铁素体软相;(5)利用纳米第二相粒子等。这些增塑方法的主要机理是利用组织结构的改变提高超细晶金属的加工硬化能力以维持良好的均匀塑性变形以及利用组织相变提高塑性。本文归纳了常用的超细晶金属制备方法,综述了超细晶金属材料塑性降低的研究进展,总结了超细晶金属增塑的研究结果,分析了目前研究中存在的不足,探讨了超细晶金属增强增塑的发展趋势,以期为超细晶金属塑性降低理论及增强增塑研究提供参考。     

Creep Behavior of As-Cast Ti-48Al-2Cr Intermetallic Alloy for Aerospace and Automotive Applications

The creep properties of as-cast Ti-48Al-2Cr (at%) alloy which had been strengthen with addition of 2 at% Cr were investigated. Tensile creep experiments were performed in air at temperatures from 600-800°C and initial stresses ranging from 150 to 180 MPa. Stress exponent and activation energy were both measured. Data indicates that the alloy exhibits steady state creep behavior and the steady state creep rate is found to depend on the applied load and temperature. The measured power law stress exponent for steady state creep rate is found to be close to 3 and the apparent activation energy for creep is calculated to be 15.7 kJ/mol. The creep resistance of the present alloy was also compared with binary Ti-48Al (at%) to evaluate the effect of Cr addition on creep resistance of TiAl. It is concluded that addition of 2 at% of Cr does not have significant effect on the creep resistance of TiAl.     

GH3625合金管材冷变形行为及热处理工艺研究

通过室温压缩试验、数学模型拟合、光学显微镜和洛氏硬度计等手段,并建立GH3625合金管材冷变形本构方程,研究了冷变形及热处理对GH3625合金管材组织和性能的影响。研究表明,GH3625合金管材加工硬化规律基本符合Hollomon方程,其中冷变形量是影响加工硬化的主要因素;随着冷变形量的增大,晶粒的变形程度增大,晶粒的变形均匀性逐渐改善,平均晶粒尺寸减小;合金的平均晶粒尺寸随热处理温度的升高呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,在1 100~1 250℃范围内晶粒长大激活能为180.46kJ/mol;硬度随热处理温度的升高而降低,且在晶粒长大过程中合金的硬度值与平均晶粒尺寸满足Hall-Patch关系式。