基于参考节点嵌入的图可达性查询

针对k步可达性查询算法无法解决带距离约束的图可达性查询问题,提出基于参考节点嵌入的图可达性查询算法。首先,从所有节点中选出极少数有代表性的全局参考节点,预先计算所有节点与全局参考节点之间的最短路径距离;然后,采用最短路径树和范围最小值查询技术求得局部参考节点;接着,利用三角不等式关系得到查询点对距离范围;最后,根据查询条件中的距离值与查询点对距离范围上、下限值的大小关系,可快速得出可达性结论。针对社会关系网络和公路网络数据,将所提算法与Dijkstra算法、K-Reach算法进行实验对比测试。相较于K-Reach算法,其索引建立时间小4个数量级,其索引规模小2个数量级;相较于Dijkstra算法,在公路网络和社会关系网络中,直接得出可达性结论的比例分别为92%和78.6%,其查询时间大大缩短,分别降低了95.5%和92%。实验结果表明：所提算法能够通过使用较小的索引开销,实现在线查询计算复杂度的降低,可很好地解决既适用于有权图又适用于无权图带距离约束的可达性查询问题。     

大规模标签图中的动态Top-K兴趣子图查询

针对传统算法由于时间或空间复杂度过高而难以实现规模大且动态变化情况下标签图的Top-K子图查询问题,提出一种适用于大规模标签图的动态Top-K兴趣子图查询方法DISQtop-K。该方法建立了包括节点拓扑结构特性（NTF）索引和边特性（EF）索引的图拓扑结构特性（GTSF）索引,利用该索引可有效剪枝过滤不满足限制条件的无效节点及边;基于GTSF索引提出了多因素候选集过滤策略,通过对查询图候选集进一步剪枝以获得较少的候选集;考虑到图的动态变化可能对匹配结果产生影响,提出了Top-K兴趣子图匹配验证方法——DISQtop-K,将匹配验证过程分为初始匹配和动态修正两个阶段,以尽可能保证查询结果的实时、准确。大量实验结果表明,相比RAM、RWM算法,DISQtop-K方法的索引创建时间较短且占用空间较少,能有效处理大规模标签图中的动态Top-K兴趣子图查询。     

标签约束图上的k步可达性查询

标签约束图上的k步可达性查询问题,回答了在一个标签约束图上两点之间是否存在一条长度不大于k的路径并且这条路径上的标签都在用户给定的标签集中的问题。标签约束图上的k步可达性查询问题在现实中有着广泛的应用,然而现有算法无法直接回答这个问题。因此,首先提出LK2H算法。LK2H算法主要包括构建索引和查询两个步骤。第一步是给图上的所有顶点构建一组包含k和标签信息的2-Hop索引,第二步是基于构建好的索引进行查询。在查询时,为了尽可能地为用户返回更多的信息,LK2H算法优化了一类不可达查询的返回结果：当用户无法明确所有的标签类型,不能给出完整的标签约束,进而导致查询结果为不可达时,将完整的标签集返回给用户。其次,提出优化算法LK2H+。LK2H+算法通过构建部分顶点的2-Hop索引进一步缩减索引大小和索引的构建时间,并基于构建好的索引进行查询。查询时,需要对顶点按照是否构建了索引进行分类讨论。最后,基于15个真实数据集进行测试。实验结果表明,LK2H算法和LK2H+算法都可以高效地解决标签约束图上的k步可达性查询问题。     

一种新的基于递归分解的图可达性查询算法

针对现实中许多超大规模图可达性查询的问题,提出了一种新的基于递归分解的算法,即将原图递归分解成一系列生成树和剩余图两类子图,并通过分别查询这两类子图来减少查询开销.相比于区间标记、链分解、2-hop标签和路径树等传统算法,该算法不仅空间开销更小,且时间复杂度更低.仿真实验表明,该算法对处理大规模有向图可达性问题上存储规模更小且查询效率更高.     

一种复杂XML Twig查询处理算法

根据复杂Twig查询的特点,充分利用DTD资源,建立一种基于DTD的索引结构,采用Dewey编码方法对XML文档进行统一编码,并提出一种基于DTD的复杂Twig查询处理算法STwigScan;查询时,通过扫描DTD索引,将复杂Twig查询定位在条件节点以及目标节点上,有效的减少查询处理算法的处理规模;实验证明,STwigScan算法处理规模比较小,查询效率比较高.     

无线传感器网络空间查询算法 IWQE 优化研究

针对当前流行的窗口路线查询处理 IWQE 算法,若查询路线上节点选择不当(节点剩余能耗过低或节点相距偏远)而导致通信传输中断、查询结果丢失的问题,提出了相应的优化算法 EIWQE。算法以剩余能耗为节点选择基础,采用基于位置的路由协议 GPSR 构建多边形,通过增加中继节点保证查询路线的连通性,并根据最大剩余能耗选择邻居节点分担信息收集与处理任务,以进一步降低查询路线上节点的能耗。给出了 EIWQE的详细实现流程,并在 OMNET ＋＋平台上用仿真方法从查询成功率、查询遍及率、节点能耗的均匀度等方面验证了 EIWQE 算法的优越性。     

大规模图上具有约束的多起点路径规划算法

路径规划查询是图数据上的一个基本问题,在众多的领域都有重要的应用价值。通常在实际问题中查询的路径是具有约束的,例如在外卖配送和共享出行问题中路径具有节点约束,其路径需要满足节点之间的先后关系约束。目前对于具有节点约束的路径查询问题,大多数的工作都在研究单起点的节点约束路径查询,但很难拓展到多起点节点约束问题中。因为具有节点约束的多起点路径查询问题是NP-hard的,所以该问题的大多数已有方法是使用贪心增量处理,但对于处理静态规则集拓展性不足。因此,提出了基于子路径的启发式算法和基于约束集拓展的精确算法,并在真实数据集上验证了算法的有效性。实验结果表明,启发式算法能够给出问题的精确解,而启发式算法能快速给出较好的近似解。     

以目标节点为导向的XML路径查询处理

XML查询语言将复杂路径表达式作为核心内容.为了加速路径表达式处理,基于路径分解和结构连接操作的处理策略需要更深入的研究.以目标节点为导向的XML路径查询处理框架被提了出来.该方法利用了扩展基本操作来减少连接操作的数目.在路径分解和查询计划选择的过程中,利用查询树中的目标节点来避免中间结果的传递.除了分解规则和策略以外,提出了一组扩展的基本操作和实现算法.初步的实验结果显示,该方法具有良好的性能.它为路径查询处理提供了更多的选择.     

一种对象代理数据库的跨类查询优化方法

对象代理数据库中跨类查询可以充分发挥对象代理模型的灵活性,为用户提供个性化数据服务,其执行效率十分重要。然而在处理多个跨类属性查询时,现有基于路径表达式的跨类查询实现存在对公共路径节点对象进行重复获取的情形,执行效率较低。针对跨类查询中加快获取终点对象的问题,优化核心思想是减少对路径上节点对象的重复与不必要的遍历,包括两个关键策略:首先是将路径节点整体作为虚拟路径视图统一获取节点对象,避免了多跨类属性查询下公共路径节点的冗余遍历;其次是针对路径复杂过长的跨类查询,依据代价估计策略选择物化查询涉及起点与终点对象,利用缓存减少执行时路径上中间节点的遍历。分别在属性数目与结果集规模两方面进行了对比实验,实验结果表明了优化方法的有效性。     

RLPI索引:一种处理连续不确定XML索引

针对目前连续不确定XML数据的概率阈值范围查询,提出一种新的包含路径索引和值索引的RLPI(Reverse Label Probabilistic Index)索引。RLPI路径索引以逆序标签路径作为索引项,通过逆序标签路径可区分不同路径上的同名节点,更具针对性地定位所需节点。RLPI值索引借鉴U树的思想,通过提前计算并存储叶子节点的相关信息,以减少查询中需处理的元素数目,并且其对满足任意连续pdf(probability density function)的不确定数据均适用。理论分析和实验结果表明,RLPI索引技术有效地提高了查询处理的性能。     

The exact distance to destination in undirected world

Shortest distance queries are essential not only in graph analysis and graph mining tasks but also in database applications, when a large graph needs to be dealt with. Such shortest distance queries are frequently issued by end-users or requested as a subroutine in real applications. For intensive queries on large graphs, it is impractical to compute shortest distances on-line from scratch, and impractical to materialize all-pairs shortest distances. In the literature, 2-hop distance labeling is proposed to index the all-pairs shortest distances. It assigns distance labels to vertices in a large graph in a pre-computing step off-line and then answers shortest distance queries on-line by making use of such distance labels, which avoids exhaustively traversing the large graph when answering queries. However, the existing algorithms to generate 2-hop distance labels are not scalable to large graphs. Finding an optimal 2-hop distance labeling is NP-hard, and heuristic algorithms may generate large size distance labels while still needing to pre-compute all-pairs shortest paths. In this paper, we propose a multi-hop distance labeling approach, which generates a subset of the 2-hop distance labels as index off-line. We can compute the multi-hop distance labels efficiently by avoiding pre-computing all-pairs shortest paths. In addition, our multi-hop distance labeling is small in size to be stored. To answer a shortest distance query between two vertices, we first generate the query-specific small set of 2-hop distance labels for the two vertices based on our multi-hop distance labels stored and compute the shortest distance between the two vertices based on the 2-hop distance labels generated on-line. We conducted extensive performance studies on large real graphs and confirmed the efficiency of our multi-hop distance labeling scheme.     

Coding-based Join Algorithms for Structural Queries on Graph-Structured XML Document

In many applications, XML documents need to be modelled as graphs. The query processing of graph-structured XML documents brings new challenges. In this paper, we design a method based on labelling scheme for structural queries processing on graph-structured XML documents. We give each node some labels, the reachability labelling scheme. By extending an interval-based reachability labelling scheme for DAG by Rakesh et al., we design labelling schemes to support the judgements of reachability relationships for general graphs. Based on the labelling schemes, we design graph structural join algorithms to answer the structural queries with only ancestor-descendant relationship efficiently. For the processing of subgraph query, we design a subgraph join algorithm. With efficient data structure, the subgraph join algorithm can process subgraph queries with various structures efficiently. Experimental results show that our algorithms have good performance and scalability. Support by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60533110; the National Grand Fundamental Research 973 Program of China under Grant No. 2006CB303000; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60773068 and No. 60773063.     

Answering reachability queries with ordered label constraints over labeled graphs

Reachability query plays a vital role in many graph analysis tasks. Previous researches proposed many methods to efficiently answer reachability queries between vertex pairs. Since many real graphs are labeled graph, it highly demands Label-Constrained Reachability (LCR) query in which constraint includes a set of labels besides vertex pairs. Recent researches proposed several methods for answering some LCR queries which require appearance of some labels specified in constraints in the path. Besides that constraint may be a label set, query constraint may be ordered labels, namely OLCR (Ordered-Label-Constrained Reachability) queries which retrieve paths matching a sequence of labels. Currently, no solutions are available for OLCR. Here, we propose DHL, a novel bloom filter based indexing technique for answering OLCR queries. DHL can be used to check reachability between vertex pairs. If the answers are not no, then constrained DFS is performed. So, we employ DHL followed by performing constrained DFS to answer OLCR queries. We show that DHL has a bounded false positive rate, and it’s powerful in saving indexing time and space. Extensive experiments on 10 real-life graphs and 12 synthetic graphs demonstrate that DHL achieves about 4.8–22.5 times smaller index space and 4.6–114 times less index construction time than two state-of-art techniques for LCR queries, while achieving comparable query response time. The results also show that our algorithm can answer OLCR queries effectively.     

不可达顶点剪枝算法及其在最短路径中的应用

[k]步可达性查询用于回答图[G]中从顶点[u]到达顶点[v]最多[k]步是否存在路径,但其多用于无权图的可达性研究。针对加权图,在图中构建了最早到达、逆向最早到达和最晚到达等三个索引,并应用这三个索引实现对不可达顶点的快速剪枝,从而有效地缩减了加权图的规模。运用该方法建立索引并剪枝顶点的时间复杂度与空间复杂度分别为[O(n+e)]和[O(n)],这里[n]和[e]分别为图中顶点的数目和边的数目。该方法可以与Dijkstra算法、Floyd算法和A*算法等多种传统算法相结合,并应用于最短路径求解,从而提高传统算法计算性能。最后以物流配送网络为例进行了实验验证,实验结果表明提出的方法可以正确并高效地对不必要计算的顶点进行剪枝,从而加快了最短路径求解速度,验证了提出方法的有效性。     

大图上跳数受限的可达查询算法研究与优化

判断有向图上两个顶点之间是否存在一条路径是一个经典问题,而对于一些路由规划和图分析等实际应用,要求查找是否存在跳数受限的可达路径,这是一个变种的图可达查询问题.对于大图上跳数受限的查询算法,不仅仅要对大图查询的时间效率和空间效率进行权衡,而且还要利用跳数受限的特性进行优化.普通的可达查询算法存在小度数顶点索引项占用空间过多的问题,造成空间浪费严重.为此我们提出了一种面向跳数受限的2-hop部分索引方法,采用改进的索引方法并结合局部搜索,实现跳数受限的有效可达性查询.实验结果表明,在Orkut社交网络数据集上与已有算法相比,该算法索引空间节省了32％,同时查询时间略微增加,使得我们算法可以计算更大规模图的跳数受限可达问题.     

层次序列索引的大规模动态标签图子图查询

标签图常用于智能交通网、生物信息网等新兴领域的建模。子图查询作为图数据分析的关键问题，引起了研究者的广泛关注。对现有子图查询算法的研究发现，随着图数据规模增大且频繁更新，传统子图查询算法普遍存在查询效率低，存储开销大，忽略顶点标签信息等问题。为此，提出了一种支持大规模动态标签图子图查询的层次序列索引（Dynamic Hierarchical Sequence，DHS），该索引提取数据图中带有顶点编号的层次拓扑序列关系以实现子图查询；针对图的动态变化，提出了更新点拓扑扩展式索引维护策略，仅从局部变化顶点及边开始进行增量式更新，大大降低了重建索引造成的巨大开销；提出了基于DHS索引的子图查询方法，仅需将查询图与数据图的层次序列进行匹配即可获得候选集，并在其上利用关系匹配策略获得最终查询结果。实验证明提出的方法在保证高效查询的同时降低了索引的创建及维护时间，提高了子图查询效率。     

基于SPB树的公路网络最短路径查询

针对在线地图服务和路程安排等领域中的点对点最短路径查询方法,提出一种新的数据结构——最短路径B+树(SPB树),以有效存储预先计算好的点空间信息和与之对应的最短路径信息.实验结果证明,利用SPB树在公路网络上进行最短路径查询比经典的Dijkstra算法最高快出3个数量级.     

基于资源描述框架图切分与顶点选择性的高效子图匹配方法

在SPARQL查询过程中，含有复杂结构的资源描述框架（RDF）图的查询效率低下。为此，通过分析几种RDF图的基本结构与RDF顶点的选择性，提出RDF三元组模式选择性（RTPS）——一种基于RDF顶点选择性的图结构切分规则，以提高面向RDF图的子图匹配效率。首先，根据谓词结构在数据图与查询图中的通性建立RDF相邻谓词路径（RAPP）索引，将数据图结构转化为传入-传出双向谓词路径结构以确定查询顶点的搜索空间，并加快顶点的过滤；接着，通过整数线性规划（ILP）问题计算建模将复杂RDF查询图结构分解为若干结构简单的查询子图，通过分析RDF顶点在查询图中的相邻子图结构与特征，确立查询顶点的选择性以确定最优切分方式；然后，通过RDF顶点选择性与相邻子图的结构特征来缩小查询顶点的搜索空间范围，并在数据图中找到符合条件的RDF顶点；最后，遍历数据图以找到与查询子图结构相匹配的子图结构，将得到的子图进行连接并将其作为查询结果输出。实验采用控制变量法，比较了RTPS、RDF子图匹配（RSM）、RDF-3X、GraSS与R3F的查询响应时间。实验结果充分表明，与其他4种方法相比，当查询图复杂度高于9时，RTPS的查询响应时间更短，具有更高的查询效率。     

Partial Evaluation of Views

Many database applications and environments, such as mediation over heterogeneous database sources and data warehousing for decision support, lead to complex queries. Queries are often nested, defined over previously defined views, and may involve unions. There are good reasons why one might want to remove pieces (sub-queries or sub-views) from such queries: some sub-views of a query may be effectively cached from previous queries, or may be materialized views; some may be known to evaluate empty, by reasoning over the integrity constraints; and some may match protected queries, which for security cannot be evaluated for all users.In this paper, we present a new evaluation strategy with respect to queries defined over views, which we call tuple-tagging, that allows for an efficient removal of sub-views from the query. Other approaches to this are to rewrite the query so the sub-views to be removed are effectively gone, then to evaluate the rewritten query. With the tuple tagging evaluation, no rewrite of the original query is necessary.We describe formally a discounted query (a query with sub-views marked that are to be considered as removed), present the tuple tagging algorithm for evaluating discounted queries, provide an analysis of the algorithm's performance, and present some experimental results. These results strongly support the tuple-tagging algorithm both as an efficient means to effectively remove sub-views from a view query during evaluation, and as a viable optimization strategy for certain applications. The experiments also suggest that rewrite techniques for this may perform worse than the evaluation of the original query, and much worse than the tuple tagging approach.     

Containment of partially specified tree-pattern queries in the presence of dimension graphs

Nowadays, huge volumes of data are organized or exported in tree-structured form. Querying capabilities are provided through tree-pattern queries. The need for querying tree-structured data sources when their structure is not fully known, and the need to integrate multiple data sources with different tree structures have driven, recently, the suggestion of query languages that relax the complete specification of a tree pattern. In this paper, we consider a query language that allows the partial specification of a tree pattern. Queries in this language range from structureless keyword-based queries to completely specified tree patterns. To support the evaluation of partially specified queries, we use semantically rich constructs, called dimension graphs, which abstract structural information of the tree-structured data. We address the problem of query containment in the presence of dimension graphs and we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for query containment. As checking query containment can be expensive, we suggest two heuristic approaches for query containment in the presence of dimension graphs. Our approaches are based on extracting structural information from the dimension graph that can be added to the queries while preserving equivalence with respect to the dimension graph. We considered both cases: extracting and storing different types of structural information in advance, and extracting information on-the-fly (at query time). Both approaches are implemented, validated, and compared through experimental evaluation.