TiNi形状记忆合金的氢致滞后断裂

用单边缺口拉伸试样研究了TiNi形状记忆合金在恒载荷下动态充氢时的滞后断裂过程，以及原子氢、氢致马氏体和氢化物在氢致滞后断裂中所起的作用，结果表明，TiNi合金能发生氢致滞后断裂，归一化门槛应力强度因子随总氢浓度对数的增加而线性下降，即KIH/KIC=2.01-0.25lnCT。在恒载荷动态充氢时氢化物含量不断升高，材料的断裂韧性不断下降，这是氢致滞后断裂的主要原因；而原子氢和氢致马氏体在氢致滞后断裂中所起的作用则极小。     

Effects of tungsten on the hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of microalloyed steels

The effects of tungsten (W) additions (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 wt.%) on the hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of microalloyed steels were systematically investigated by means of slow strain rate tests on circumferentially notched cylindrical specimens, and the mechanism of hydrogen-induced embrittlement was discussed. W addition is found to increase the activation energy of hydrogen desorption. Microstructural features affect the hydrogen embrittlement behaviour and fracture modes of microalloyed steels. It is suggested that the hydrogen-induced embrittlement in the studied microalloyed steels with different W additions is caused by the combined effects of decohesion and internal pressure in the presence of hydrogen.     

Hydrogen embrittlement and fracture toughness of a titanium alloy with surface modification by hard coatings

The effect of hydrogen embrittlement on the fracture toughness of a titanium alloy with different surface modifications was investigated. Disk- shaped compact- tension specimens were first coated with different .hard films and then hydrogen charged by an electrochemical method. Glow discharge optical spectrometry (GDOS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x- ray diffractometry (XRD) were applied to analyze the surface characteristics. The results revealed that fracture toughness of the as- received titanium alloy decreased with the increase of hydrogen charging time. Fracture toughness of the alloy after plasma nitriding or ion implantation, which produced a TiN _x layer, decreased as well, but to a lesser extent after cathodic charging. The best result obtained was for the alloy coated with a CrN film where fracture toughness was sustained even after hydrogen charging for 144 h. Obviously, the CrN film acted as a better barrier to retard hydrogen permeation, but it was at the sacrifice of the CrN film itself.     

5Cr油管电化学充氢后的力学行为

通过拉伸实验研究电化学充氢对5Cr油管钢拉伸性能的影响表明：随充氢时间和充氢电流密度的增加,5Cr油管的强度和塑性有所减小。用扫描电镜（SEM）观察断口发现其形貌以韧窝为主要特征,与未充氢试件相比,充氢试样拉伸断裂后韧窝尺寸变小、变浅,数量增多,这说明材料的塑性损失增大。充氢到一定值后材料由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂。     

Influence of the applied stress rate on the stress corrosion cracking of 4340 and 3.5NiCrMoV steels under conditions of cathodic hydrogen charging

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of as-quenched 4340 and 3.5NiCrMoV steels was studied under hydrogen charging conditions, with a cathodic current applied to the gauge length of specimens subjected to Linearly Increasing Stress Test (LIST) in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution containing 2 g/l arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) at 30 °C. Applied stress rates were varied from 20.8 to 6 × 10⁻⁴ MPa s⁻¹. Both the fracture and threshold stress decreased with decreasing applied stress rate and were substantially lower than corresponding values measured in distilled water at 30 °C at the open circuit potential. The threshold stress values correspond to 0.03–0.08 σ_y for 4340 and 0.03–0.2 σ_y for the 3.5NiCrMoV steel. SCC velocities, at the same applied stress rate, were an order of magnitude greater than those in distilled water. However, the plots of the crack velocity versus applied stress rate had similar slopes, suggesting the same rate-limiting step. The fracture surface morphology was mostly intergranular, with quasi-cleavage features.     

Environment-induced cracking of Al–Cu alloy (AA2017P-T3) under constant load in distilled water and sodium chloride solutions

The environment-induced cracking (EIC) of a commercial Al–Cu alloy has been investigated as functions of applied stress, chloride ion concentration and test temperature in distilled water and sodium chloride solutions by using a constant load method. The effect of chloride ion on EIC is complex. The EIC susceptibility increased, unchanged and then decreased with increasing the chloride ion concentration. However, whenever EIC takes place with and without chloride ion, the fracture appearance and the value of t_ss (transition time to deviation from linear elongation)/t_f (time to failure) are the same, and further the relationship between log t_f and log l_ss (steady state elongation rate) becomes the identical straight line irrespective of applied stress, chloride ion concentration and test temperature. The latter means that l_ss becomes a relevant parameter for predicting t_f. It has been concluded that EIC of Al–Cu alloy takes place by hydrogen embrittlement (HE) associated with the fracture of hydride, and a HE mechanism is qualitatively proposed to explain the results obtained.     

X80管线钢不同电化学充氢状态下的断裂特性

采用拉伸和慢拉伸试验,研究了X80管线钢在静态充氢与慢拉伸动态充氢条件下的断裂特性.结果表明:在静态充氢条件下,当充氢电流密度小于12.5 mA/cm2时,材料的断裂韧性随电流密度的增加而增加,当电流密度大于该值时,随电流密度增加,材料的断裂韧性呈下降趋势;在慢拉伸动态充氢条件下,随电流密度的增加,材料的断裂韧性显著降低,并满足一定的函数关系.静态充氢试样断口主要呈韧窝特征,但与未充氢试件比较,韧窝的尺寸变小,数量变多;慢拉伸动态充氢试样断口呈现解理形貌.     

Sintered stainless steels: Fatigue crack propagation resistance under hydrogen charging conditions

Monophasic and multiphasic (two and three phases) sintered stainless steels were prepared both considering premixes of AISI 316LHC and AISI 434LHC stainless steels powders and using a prealloyed duplex stainless steel 25% Cr, 5% Ni, 2% Mo powder. Their fatigue crack propagation resistance was investigated both in air and under hydrogen charging conditions (0.5 M H₂SO₄ + 0.01 M KSCN aqueous solution; applied potential = −700 mV/SCE), considering three different stress ratios (R = 0.1; 0.5; 0.75). Fatigue crack propagation micromechanisms were investigated by means of fracture surface scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis.For all the investigated sintered stainless, fatigue crack propagation resistance is influenced by hydrogen charging and an increase of crack growth rates dependent on the steel microstructure is obtained. Experimental results also allow to identify the sintered stainless steel obtained from the prealloyed 25% Cr, 5% Ni, 2% Mo powder as the most resistant to fatigue crack propagation in air and under hydrogen charging conditions.     

Hydrogen embrittlement of nodular cast iron

Ferritic nodular cast iron, intended for use as the material for inserts of canisters for long-term geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel, was studied for hydrogen sensitivity. In the canisters, the insert provides the mechanical strength against external loads. Hydrogen was charged from 0.1 N H₂SO₄ solution in free-corrosion tests and under controlled cathodic potential. Hydrogen uptake and trapping were then measured using thermal desorption spectroscopy. The hydrogen desorption rate after hydrogen charging manifests two distinct peaks. Plastic deformation during hydrogen charging increases the hydrogen uptake considerably. Hydrogen reduces the elongation to fracture and time to fracture in slow strain rate testing and constant load testing (CLT), respectively. Especially, the strain rate in CLT is dramatically increased. The appearance of hydrogen-induced cracking in the ferrite phase changes from ductile dimple fracture to brittle cleavage fracture due to hydrogen charging, which initiates from the interphases of the graphite nodules. The results are discussed in terms of the role of hydrogen and the graphite nodules in hydrogen embrittlement of ductile cast iron.     

静态及动态充氢对SM490B纯净钢拉伸性能的作用

用拉伸的方法研究了静态充氢和动态充氢对SM490B纯净钢力学性能的作用,结果表明:随着充氢电流密度的增加,试样的延伸率连续降低。动态充氢试样的氢致塑性损失明显大于静态充氢拉伸试样的氢致塑性损失。氢原子提高了试样的屈服强度,而试样的抗拉强度随电流密度增大而减小。随着充氢电流密度的增加,静态拉伸试样的断口均为韧窝状,而动态拉伸试样的断口形貌由韧窝状向准解理状变化。     

The effect of grain size and aging on hydrogen embrittlement of a maraging steel

Notched tensile tests were conducted under a slow displacement rate to evaluate the influences of grain size and aging on hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of T-200 maraging steel. In addition, an electrochemical permeation method was employed to measure the effective diffusivity (D_eff) and apparent solubility (C_app) for hydrogen of various heat-treated specimens. The results indicated that the aged (482 °C/4 h) specimens comprised of numerous precipitates led to a raised C_app and a decreased hydrogen diffusivity as compared to those of the solution-treated ones. The solution-treated specimens were resistant to gaseous HE, whereas aged specimens were susceptible to it, implying the strength level was the controlling factor to affect the HE susceptibility of the specimens. Nevertheless, all specimens suffered from sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) severely but to different degrees. The aged specimens were more likely to form intergranular (IG) fractures in H₂S but quasi-cleavage (QC) in H₂. For the solution-treated specimens, a fine-grained structure was susceptible to HE in H₂S and revealed mainly QC that differed from the IG fracture of the coarse-grained one. The fracture mode of the specimens could also be related to the transport path and / or the supply of hydrogen to the plastic zone of notched specimens in hydrogen-containing environments.     

Hydrogen damage and delayed fracture in bulk metallic glass

Initiation, propagation, arresting and breaking of hydrogen blistering and hydrogen-induced delayed fracture (HIDF) under sustained load in a bulk metallic glass of Zr_41.2Ti_13.8Ni₁₀Cu_12.5Be_22.5 have been investigated. Results show that when the current density, i, is smaller than 20 mA/cm² corresponding to total hydrogen concentration of 3310 wppm, there are no hydrogen blistering and microcrack on the surface of the specimen without loading, but HIDF under sustained load can occur, and the threshold stress intensity factor for a single edge notched sample, K_IH, is 0.63 times of the notched toughness, K_Q, which is 62.2 MPa m^1/2. When i is equal to or larger than 20 mA/cm², hydrogen blistering or blistering plus microcrack appears on the surface of specimen without loading, as well as K_IH is 0.26 times of K_Q and independent upon i. The relative losses of the notched toughness induced by both atomic hydrogen and the blistering are all 37%. The critical pressure necessary for a stable blister formation, P_i, is 3.6 GPa, and that for cracking of the blister, P_C, is 3.9 GPa. The blister cracking will arrest after propagating for 20-30 μm, and the arrested crack will propagate again because of entering of hydrogen atoms. At last, the blister with cracking will break and leave local cleavage fracture surface with arrested lines on the sample surface without loading.     

Effect of hydrogen on the fracture behavior of high strength steel during slow strain rate test

The effect of hydrogen on the fracture behavior of the quenched and tempered AISI 4135 steel at 1450 MPa has been investigated by means of slow strain rate tests on smooth and circumferentially-notched round-bar specimens. Hydrogen was introduced into specimens by electrochemical charging and its content was measured by thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS) analysis. Results showed that the steel had high hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility. For both smooth and notched specimens, the fracture mode was changed from microvoid coalescence (MVC) to brittle intergranular (IG) fracture after the introduction of a small amount of diffusible hydrogen. Fracture initiated in the vicinity of the notch root for notched specimens, while it started from around the center in smooth specimens. The fracture stress decreased with increasing diffusible hydrogen content, and the decreasing trend was more prominent for specimens with a higher stress concentration factor. Taking into account the stress-driven hydrogen diffusion and accumulation in the vicinity of the notch root, the local diffusible hydrogen concentration and local fracture stress in notched specimens have been calculated. According to numerical results, the relationship between the local fracture stress and local diffusible hydrogen concentration was independent of stress concentration factor, which could account for the effect of hydrogen on the fracture stress of the steel.     

Hydrogen uptake in 316L stainless steel: Consequences on the tensile properties

Different charging conditions aimed at introducing significant hydrogen concentrations without microstructural damages in a 316L austenitic stainless steel were investigated. The equivalent hydrogen pressure developed at the surface of the samples during cathodic charging was estimated from hydrogen concentration measurements. A clear hydrogen absorption, controlled by diffusion, was evidenced during the immersion of 316L steel samples in 30% MgCl₂ at the open circuit potential at 117 °C. Deuterium profiling by SIMS was performed to check the validity of the few literature data on hydrogen diffusivity in the near room temperature range in this material. On the other hand, the macroscopic effects of hydrogen on the tensile characteristics of the steel were investigated and compared at 20 °C and at −196 °C with samples cathodically pre-charged, charged during tensile straining or pre-charged at high temperature-high pressure in gas phase. Hydrogen is shown to affect both the short range and the long range forces exerted on the strain-induced mobile dislocations. The hydrogen-induced softening effect observed at 20 °C and the systematic decrease of the ductility support a mechanism involving the enhanced transport of hydrogen atoms by mobile dislocations. This mechanism is confirmed by the absence of softening and of ductility loss at −196 °C and by the strain-enhanced tritium desorption from samples cathodically pre-charged with tritium, measured by β counting during tensile deformation.     

Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength pipeline steels

A comparison was made between three API grade pipeline steels (X60, X80 and the X100 grade) from the point of view of their susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. The main aim was to determine whether the development of higher strength materials led to greater susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. This was achieved by straining at 2.8 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ after cathodic charging. The results showed that there is a distinct susceptibility to loss of ductility after charging and this tends to increase with the strength level of the steel at a charging current density above 0.44 mA mm⁻². All three steels exhibited fine cracks parallel to the major rolling direction after charging and an increasing amount of brittleness on the fracture surface.     

Effect of atomic ordering on the hydrogen-induced environmental embrittlement of Ni4Mo intermetallics

Hydrogen induced environmental embrittlement of a Ni₄Mo alloy in different degree of ordered conditions was investigated by tensile tests in various atmosphere. The results show that the disordered Ni₄Mo alloy is not susceptible to embrittlement in hydrogen gas, but very susceptible to embrittlement in hydrogen charging. However, for the ordered Ni₄Mo alloy, there is similar deterioration in ductility when the environment changes from oxygen to hydrogen gas and simultaneous hydrogen charging. It indicates that the atomic ordering does not influence the dynamic hydrogen charging-induced environmental embrittlement, but has a considerable effect on the gaseous hydrogen-induced environmental embrittlement. In addition, hydrogen absorption and desorption of the Ni₄Mo alloy with disordered and ordered structures were also investigated using gas chromatographic analysis. The results show that the atomic ordering can promote gaseous hydrogen absorption at room temperature. This suggests that the atomic ordering accelerates the kinetics of the catalytic reaction for the dissociation of molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen due to the change of the outer layer electron structure and therefore exacerbates the hydrogen gas-induced environmental embrittlement.     

Study on hydrogen absorption of pipeline steel under cathodic charging

The hydrogen electrochemical oxidation method was used to determine the total amount of hydrogen absorbed by pipeline steels under cathodic charging. The oxidation currents were obtained for the hydrogen pre-charged specimen maintained at a certain positive potential in dilute NaOH electrolyte. The area under the current curve demonstrated a relationship with the hydrogen concentration. Hydrogen concentrations in pre-charged X70 and 16Mn steels were estimated using this method. It is shown clearly that hydrogen concentration in specimens increase as the applied current density increased, but the sensitivities of different materials to hydrogen are different. The effect of solution pH and pre-charging time on absorbed hydrogen is also studied.     

Effects of hydrogen on the anodic behavior of Alloy 690 at 60 °C

Polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, Mott-Schottky (M-S) analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to investigate the effects of hydrogen on the anodic behavior of a one-dimensionally (1D) 25% cold worked (CW) Alloy 690 thermal treated (TT) in a boric acid and sodium sulphate solution at 60 °C. The pre-hydrogen-charged specimen exhibited a higher anodic current than that of the uncharged specimen below the transpassive potential. The charged hydrogen can be trapped in the metal. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the resistance capacitance loop of the hydrogen-charged specimen was significantly smaller than that of the uncharged specimen. Mott-Schottky analyses indicated that the passive film formed on Alloy 690 at −0.2 V_SCE was an n-type semiconductor, with a p-n hetero-junction at 0.2 V_SCE. Charged hydrogen increased the carrier density and the thickness of the passive film both at −0.2 V_SCE and 0.2 V_SCE. The Ni/Cr ratio in the surface film decreased after hydrogen charging, indicating that charged hydrogen could enhance the oxide film growth by increasing the OH⁻ (O²⁻) concentrations through its reaction with vacancies.     

Characterization of hydrogen charging of 2205 duplex stainless steel and its correlation with hydrogen‐induced cracking

The effect of various experimental conditions (i.e., hydrogen charging current density, charging time, solution concentration, and temperature) on the embrittlement and cracking susceptibility of 2205 duplex stainless steel was studied by electrochemical hydrogen charging and slow strain rate tests. The results showed that the choice of the experimental conditions had obvious effect on the hydrogen concentration in the specimens. A relationship between the embrittlement and hydrogen charging conditions was established by the investigation of the fracture morphology. Under the free‐charging condition, the fracture surfaces were characteristic of dimples, while on the condition of the dynamic hydrogen charging, the hydrogen‐induced fracture showed the appearance of cleavage. Further examination of fracture cracks confirmed that the ferrite phase acts as a preferential path for crack propagation.