悬臂弯曲加载表面裂纹扩展速率试验中各参量的变化规律

在悬臂弯曲加载方式下,采用逐级递增的六级名义应变控制模式,完成了三件10CrNiMo钢试样的低周疲劳表面裂纹扩展速率试验。试验数据处理结果表明:在每级名义应变控制下,位移和载荷的峰谷值是基本保持不变的,但随着名义应变级别的增加,位移和载荷的均值存在向负向增大的趋势;而在低名义应变级别控制下,应变峰谷值的变化规律和位移与载荷的峰谷值的变化规律相似,但随着名义应变级别的增加,应变的峰谷值和均值均存在向正向增大的趋势。分析认为,产生上述现象的原因主要和试样表面的残余应变有关。     

复合材料裂纹敏感性的评定──(Ⅱ)HTA/6376和T300/M10的Ⅱ型分层扩展行为

应用ENF试验研究了HTA/6376和T300/M10两种碳/环氧复合材料的静态与疲劳层间断裂行为。在静态载荷下,两种材料均呈现脆性不稳定和稳定的裂纹扩展特性。在R=0.1且△G_I大幅度变化的疲劳加载过程中,两种材料呈现稳定的裂纹扩展。采用位移控制方法,确定了裂纹扩展速率与循环应变能释放率的关系和应变能释放率门槛值。与T300/914C相比,HTA/6376和T300/M10具有较高的抗裂纹扩展能力。     

复合材料裂纹敏感性的评定──（Ⅱ）HTA／6376和T300／M10的Ⅱ型分层扩展行为

应用ＥＮＦ试验研究了ＨＴＡ／６３７６和Ｔ３００／Ｍ１０两种碳／环氧复合材料的静态与疲劳层间断裂行为。在静态载荷下，两种材料均呈现脆性不稳定和稳定的裂纹扩展特性。在Ｒ＝０．１且△Ｇ＿Ｉ大幅度变化的疲劳加载过程中，两种材料呈现稳定的裂纹扩展。采用位移控制方法，确定了裂纹扩展速率与循环应变能释放率的关系和应变能释放率门槛值。与Ｔ３００／９１４Ｃ相比，ＨＴＡ／６３７６和Ｔ３００／Ｍ１０具有较高的抗裂纹扩展能力。     

残余应变对表面裂纹扩展速率的影响

在悬臂弯曲加载方式下,采用逐级递增的多级名义应变控制表面裂纹前缘应变的试验方法,进行了在改换名义应变级别控制时残余应变调零和不调零时10CrNiMo结构钢的低周疲劳表面裂纹扩展速率试验,对试验结果进行了比较和分析,结果表明:残余应变会减缓表面裂纹的扩展速率,残余应变越大,这种减缓效果越显著;在过渡为下一级名义应变时残余应变调零将会获得较快的表面裂纹扩展速率。     

悬臂弯曲加载低周疲劳表面裂纹扩展路径的曲折性研究

通过悬臂弯曲加载方式,采用逐级递增的六级名义应变水平作为控制模式,完成了四件试样10CrNiMo钢的低周疲劳表面裂纹扩展速率(SCPR)试验。试验发现,在每级名义应变水平控制下,SCPR整体上趋于某一稳定值,但局部裂纹扩展出现时快时慢现象,在低名义应变水平控制下尤为明显。对上述现象进行了分析,结果表明:出现局部裂纹扩展不稳定的原因是由于表面裂纹扩展的路径呈现转折和分叉的曲折性特征,转折和分叉通常会降低表面裂纹的扩展速率,但有时也会加速表面裂纹的扩展。     

斜纹编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料II型分层性能及损伤演化表征

为研究编织复合材料在静载及疲劳载荷下的分层特性及损伤演化模式,对斜纹编织CF3052/3238A碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料II型静开裂及疲劳开裂性能进行了测试。结果表明:斜纹编织CF3052/3238A碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料裂纹扩展行为受纬向纤维影响存在周期性局部受阻现象,分层破坏模式除层间开裂外还存在纬向纤维脱粘;斜纹编织CF3052/3238A碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料裂纹扩展速率符合Paris公式,不同加载控制模式下编织复合材料疲劳驱动力增长规律存在本质区别:恒幅疲劳载荷下斜纹编织复合材料疲劳驱动力呈抛物线型单调增长;而恒幅疲劳位移下复合材料疲劳驱动力随分层长度呈波峰型分布;采用基于载荷控制模式和位移控制模式下的疲劳驱动力模型,可对斜纹编织CF3052/3238A碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料进行损伤演化表征,其表征效果良好,具有工程参考价值。      

几种潜艇耐压壳体用钢的低周疲劳性能研究

本文叙述了作者及其合作者在潜艇耐压壳体钢低周疲劳性能研究工作中取得的进展,重点介绍了光滑板状弯曲试样的低周疲劳性能和板状弯曲加载条件下的表面裂纹扩展行为,讨论了表面裂纹扩展速率与总应变范围的关系和与塑性应变范围的关系。通过对弯曲低周疲劳表面裂纹扩展特征的研究,确立了低周疲劳表面裂纹扩展试验程序。并且通过对三种潜艇耐压壳体钢进行的表面裂纹扩展速率测定,获得了d(2c)/dN=A(ΔεT)~n的定量关系(ΔεT为总应变范围)。文中示出的低周疲劳曲线和d(2c)/dN-ΔεT曲线,可供材料研究、潜艇结构设计工作者使用。     

一种悬臂弯曲加载表面裂纹扩展试样及其应用

介绍了一种带有上下对称圆弧的板状试样,试样上圆弧几何中心预制有半椭圆表面裂纹,这种设计能够较好地模拟压力容器具有表面裂纹时的特点.利用这种试样,可以完成悬臂弯曲加载恒总应变控制下的低周疲劳表面裂纹扩展速率试验,获得表面裂纹扩展长度和深度的关系,最终建立表面和深度裂纹扩展速率与总应变的函数关系.据此,可为含有表面裂纹体的压力容器低周疲劳剩余使用寿命评估提供依据.     

800MPa级钢悬臂弯曲加载低周腐蚀疲劳表面裂纹扩展特性研究

在悬臂弯曲加载方式下,研究了800MPa级10CrNiMo结构钢在3.5%NaCl水溶液中的低周腐蚀疲劳表面裂纹扩展特性,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及X射线能谱仪观察并分析了腐蚀疲劳试样断口,与空气中相同加载方式下该材料的低周疲劳表面裂纹扩展速率进行了比较,结果表明,在表面裂纹扩展初期,在3.5%NaCl水溶液中的表面裂纹扩展速率较空气中的快,但随着总应变范围的增加,这种快的趋势在逐渐减小,当总应变范围达到约1%时,在两种环境中的表面裂纹扩展速率基本相当;在表面裂纹扩展的后期,裂纹内部聚集了大量的腐蚀产物,该腐蚀产物主要为铁的氧化物,氧化物的存在增加了裂纹扩展的闭合效应,减缓了表面裂纹的扩展。     

服役条件下螺旋焊接管线钢疲劳裂纹扩展机理分析

对服役条件下螺旋焊接管线钢裂纹扩展机理进行了分析,通过试验测定了两种母材区和两种焊缝区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,通过扫描电子显微镜分析了螺旋焊接管线钢中裂纹扩展速率不同的原因。结果表明:焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展速率快于母材中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率;焊缝组织中分布着许多孔洞和表面裂纹,导致组织疏松,使焊缝金属的韧性降低,从而使管线钢承载能力降低,在循环波动载荷下易发生螺旋焊缝疲劳断裂失效。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.