一种高效的最大频繁项集挖掘算法DFMFI-Miner

分析最大频繁项集和完全频繁项集的关系,提出了一个挖掘最大频繁项集的高效算法DFMFI—Miner（The Miner Basedon Depth—First Searching for Mining Maximal Frequent Itemsets）,采用深度优先方法搜索项集空间,采用垂直位图及一定的压缩方法对表示事务数据库并进行约简,并采用多种有效剪枝策略和优化策略,提高了算法的效率。在多个数据集上进行了实验,实验结果表明该算法特别适于挖掘具有长频繁项集的数据集。     

一种基于ESEquivPS的封闭频繁项集挖掘算法

本文提出一种基于ESEquivPS(扩展支持度相等性剪枝策略)的封闭频繁项集挖掘算法ECFIMA。该算法采用深度优先和广度优先相结合的策略访问搜索空间,使用垂直位图向量格式存储表示项集和事务数据库,同时利用基本剪枝策略、相等性剪枝策略、扩展支持度相等性剪枝策略1和扩展支持度相等性剪枝策略2进行候选空间剪枝,并采用多种不同特性的测试数据集进行实验。实验结果表明,ECFIMA算法是一种高效的封闭频繁项集挖掘算法,在多种测试数据集上性能都优于CHARM算法,尤其是在拥有大量长的封闭频繁项集的测试数据集上,效率比CHARM算法提高约2~3倍。     

数据流最大频繁项挖掘方法

提出基于事务矩阵挖掘最大频繁项集的方法AFMI,该方法采取迭代精简事务矩阵的方式求解所有事务中的最大频繁项集,从精简后的事务向量交集的子集中搜索最大频繁项集,并运用逻辑运算和剪枝方法提高挖掘效率。基于AFMI方法,研究挖掘滑动窗口数据流最大频繁项集算法AFMI+,该算法可使用户周期性地挖掘当前窗口中的最大频繁项集。实验结果表明,AFMI和AFMI+算法均具有较好的性能。     

基于B-list的最大频繁项集挖掘算法

针对现有的最大频繁项集挖掘算法挖掘时间过长、内存消耗较大的问题,提出了一种基于构造链表B-list的最大频繁项集挖掘算法BMFI,该算法利用B-list数据结构来挖掘频繁项集并采用全序搜索树作为搜索空间,然后采用父等价剪枝技术来缩小搜索空间,最后再结合基于MFI-tree的投影策略实现超集检测来提高算法的效率。实验结果表明,BMFI算法在时间效率与空间效率方面均优于FPMAX算法与MFIN算法。该算法在稠密数据集与稀疏数据集中进行最大频繁项集挖掘时均有良好的效果。     

L-MAX频繁项集及挖掘算法

提出了项集长度受限且生成项集对应事务信息的最大频繁项集挖掘问题,定义为L-MAX频繁项集挖掘,并重点研究了项集长度约束特征和事务集信息的存储与生成策略.首先研究了L-MAX频繁项集的性质,然后扩展FP-tree提出了ExFP-tree结构并给出ExFP-tree生成算法.ExFP-tree利用FP-tree共享前缀路径的性质通过共享子孙节点事务信息策略实现大量事务信息的压缩存储;最后基于FP-MAX算法,提出基于ExFP-tree的L-MAX频繁项集挖掘算法,核心思想是先根据L-MAX频繁项集长度约束性质进行前瞻剪枝再进行最大频繁项集挖掘,并通过回溯策略直接定位生成对应事务集.     

改进的最大频繁项集挖掘算法

为了提高挖掘关联规则的效率,提出基于改进FP-Tree结构的最大频繁项集挖掘算法.介绍并分析了挖掘最大频繁项集的过程和现有算法,指出现有算法中耗时的关键步骤.克服了MMF1算法中需要反复从头表出发沿相同项目结点链搜索右侧结点的缺点,提出一种改进的最大频繁项集挖掘算法IMMFI.通过在有序FP-Tree中引入叶子链,用沿叶子链搜索取代沿同层结点链搜索,有效地减少了搜索的次数,提高了算法的效率.实验结果表明了该算法的性能良好.     

基于索引数组与集合枚举树的最大频繁项集挖掘算法

由于其内在的计算复杂性,挖掘密集型数据集的全部频繁项集非常困难,解决方案之一是挖掘最大频繁项集。集合枚举树是最大频繁项集挖掘算法中常用的数据结构,最大频繁项集的挖掘过程也可以看作是集合枚举树的搜索过程。为缩小集合枚举树的搜索空间,采用宽度优先和深度优先相结合的混合搜索策略,提出了一种新的最大频繁项集的挖掘算法Index-MaxMiner。该算法首先设计了索引数组这种新的数据结构,并给出了一个基于二进制位图技术的索引数组的计算方法。通过为每个频繁项增加包含索引,Index-MaxMiner利用一次宽度优先搜索得到了候选最大频繁项集,使集合枚举树的第一层结点个数大幅度减少。然后在候选最大频繁项集中通过深度优先搜索,得到全部最大频繁项集,从而实现了集合枚举树的跳跃式搜索,大大缩小了搜索空间。实验结果表明,该算法可有效提高最大频繁项集的挖掘效率。     

交集剪枝法挖掘最大频繁项集

发现最大频繁项目集是数据挖掘应用中的关键问题;为寻求避免生成大量的候选项集,或生成频繁模式树的挖掘算法,提出一种从事务项集对应的最大频繁项集求全部属性项集的最大频繁项集的新算法IPA（Intersection Pruning Algorithm）。该算法通过交集剪枝实现自顶向下和自底向上的搜索最大频繁项集,并使用属性项的分布数据和已生成的交集等多种信息来减少求交集的次数;该算法最多只用求（1-最小支持度）×|D|+1个事务项集和其他事务项集的交集,从而可有效降低算法的时间复杂度;实验表明该算法有效可行,并且该算法易于实现。     

数据流中基于滑动窗口的最大频繁项集挖掘算法*

挖掘数据流中最大频繁项集是从数据流中获得信息的一种有效手段,是数据流挖掘研究的热点之一。结合数据流的特点,提出了一种新的基于滑动窗口的最大频繁项集挖掘算法。该算法用位图来存储数据流中流动的数据;采用直接覆盖的方法存储和更新数据流上的数据;在深度优先搜索挖掘最大频繁项集时,除采用经典的剪枝策略外,还提出了与父等价原理相对应的子等价剪枝策略;最后将挖掘结果存储在索引链表中以提高超集检测效率,进一步减少挖掘最大频繁项集的时间。理论分析和实验结果证实了该算法在时间和空间上的有效性。     

基于向量的数据流滑动窗口中最大频繁项集挖掘*

针对相关算法在挖掘数据流最大频繁项集时所存在的问题,提出了一种基于向量的数据流滑动窗口中最大频繁项集挖掘算法。该算法首先用向量作为概要数据结构,采用定量更新滑动窗口策略解决时间粒度问题;其次通过位运算产生频繁项集,利用矩阵和数组存储辅助信息,深度优先搜索产生最大频繁项集时利用剪枝策略进一步减少挖掘时间;最后用索引链表存储挖掘结果以提高超集检测效率。理论分析和实验结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.