考虑包辛格效应的高强钢U型件冲压回弹规律分析

回弹问题限制高强钢的广泛使用。数值模拟预测高强钢回弹的精度很大程度上取决于所应用的材料模型是否能对材料的包辛格效应准确描述。本研究旨在将力学解析方法、数值模拟技术、响应面分析法综合应用于高强度薄钢板U型件冲压回弹的预测中。基于考虑包辛格效应的材料模型实现高精度模拟预测回弹,随后利用理论解析方法结合有限元模拟与响应面法分析压边力、摩擦系数、模具圆角半径对回弹的影响规律。结果表明,摩擦系数较小时,板料的回弹程度随压边力的增大而减小;而摩擦系数较大时,板料的回弹程度随压边力的增大而增大。选择合适的模具圆角半径可以显著减小零件的回弹量。     

深冲用电镀钢板的摩擦特性及表面损伤的研究

采用扳成形动卷摩擦因数测试装置对两种铡扳(热浸镀 电镀,即GA-E钢板;IF钢电镀锌钢扳,即EG钢板）以及未电镀的裸板进行摩擦特性研究,着重研究了成形模具温度对摩擦的影响,并对两种镀层钢板经拉深后的表面损伤进行了分析。研究结果表明：(1)在相同的变形条件下,与EG钢板相比,GA-E钢板的摩擦因数随温度增加的变化幅度较小;(2)两种镀层钢板的摩擦因数均随冲头速度的增加而降低;(3)GA-E钢板接触表面损伤的主要形式为微裂纹,而EG钢板的接触表面损伤为犁划痕。     

Analysis of surface topography changes in steel sheet strips during bending under tension friction test

In order to investigate the frictional behaviour and the change in surface roughness of different sheet topographies, a bending under tension friction test, BUT, was used. This test exposes the material to bulk-plastic deformation under conditions similar to those present in the drawing radius of a real tool. Each steel sheet material has been tested under different lubrication conditions. To measure the sheet surface topography a 3D stylus technique was used.For each steel strip the original surface, the area in contact with the tool and the resulting surface topography were measured. When comparing “standard” 3D surface roughness data for original and final surfaces, no correlation with friction data was obtained. However, with a special evaluation technique good correlation with oil retention volume and frictional behaviour was found for the surface in contact with the tool. By using measurements from the contact area, filtering the measured surface in two steps, firstly with a 5th degree polynom to get rid of the circular form and secondly with a ball filter to get rid of the waviness located in the topmost layer in the surface and then plotting the bearing area curve for the filtered surface on a probability paper, the real area of contact for each steel sheet surface can be determined, as well as the number of oil pockets and their mean area. The oil pockets were estimated by using a software in which areas of peaks were estimated, on a surface inverted at the level of the real area of contact.By plotting the mean area of the oil pockets versus the coefficient of friction for a sheet material with an excess amount of lubricant, a relationship is determined.     

The effect of process and material parameters on the coefficient of friction in the flat-die test

The effects of process and material parameters on the coefficient of friction in the flat-die test were examined. Low carbon steel, a hot-dip galvanized steel and ExtraGal?,¹ another hot-dip galvanized steel were used in the tests. As the die surface roughness increased, the coefficient of friction increased most of the time. Under some conditions an optimum roughness was evident. The bare steel produced the highest coefficient of friction in the majority of the tests. The hot-dip galvanized steel and the ExtraGal? alternated as the material that produced the lowest coefficient. The speed and load effects, found in other applications, have been confirmed, in general: the coefficient decreased for increases in load and speed in most cases. The contact rarely appeared to be starved of lubricants. In most instances the die made of the hardened tool steel created lower coefficients of friction than the cast iron dies. The results can be best understood in terms of micro-plasto-hydrodynamic lubrication, aided by the flow of the lubricants in micro-channels.     

三元磷酸盐体系无机预润滑试剂的研发及其在改善热镀锌汽车板成形方面的应用

目的旨在合成一种用于改善热镀锌汽车板材料成形性能的无机预润滑试剂,以期降低热镀锌板表面摩擦系数,进而减少冲压过程中开裂等缺陷的发生。方法以磷酸、金属硝酸盐等为主要试剂合成机预润滑试剂,在热镀锌汽车板材料表面得到均匀、连续的无机预润滑薄膜。采用扫面电子显微镜、辉光光谱仪等手段对材料表面所形成的无机预润滑薄膜的基本形貌、厚度等进行表征。采用平板摩擦、深冲实验对材料涂覆预润滑膜后的表面摩擦系数及冲压性能进行分析。同时,根据汽车板材料认证特点,对无机预润滑处理后的热镀锌汽车板材料的焊接/胶接、涂装性能进行分析。结果采用辊涂法在热镀锌汽车板材料表面可形成厚度为50～60 nm连续、均匀的薄膜。较之普通热镀锌材料,上述表面涂覆无机预润滑薄膜后的热镀锌材料表面摩擦系数可有效下降13%。,且伴随板面温度升高,无机预润滑热镀锌材料表面摩擦系数的下降愈发明显;同时,无机预润滑处理热镀锌材料的焊接性能(包括焊接窗口、焊接寿命)符合同等厚度汽车板材料的认证需求。涂覆无机预润滑薄膜热镀锌板表面与汽车结构胶具有良好的兼容性;此外,汽车主机厂挂片实验结果证实,现有的脱脂工艺可将材料表面无机预润滑膜彻底脱除,所得磷化膜厚度、晶粒大小与普通热镀锌板无异。结论当前所研发的无机预润滑试剂在热镀锌板表面形成薄膜,在不影响材料其他各项性能的前提下,可有效降低材料摩擦系数,为减少冲压缺陷的发生提供保证。     

考虑温变效应的搅拌工具磨损有限元分析

根据搅拌摩擦焊接过程材料热物参数温变特性，基于库伦摩擦做功和经典Archard磨损理论，分别建立了6061铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊热源修正模型和搅拌工具H13模具钢磨损模型，并嵌入到Deform有限元仿真软件中，模拟了有无考虑温变下搅拌工具的磨损量分布形貌和磨损规律. 结果表明，两种情况下搅拌工具磨损量分布形貌基本一致，温变效应使得搅拌工具和接头材料间力热作用加剧，在焊接过程中，搅拌工具的磨损系数对温变效应的敏感性要大于材料硬度的变化. 考虑温变效应的搅拌工具磨损模型能更加反映其磨损变化规律，具有较高的磨损预测精度.     

工艺参数和材料性能对板料成形回弹的影响

分析总结了数值模拟中模拟参数（有限无算法、单元类型、材料模型、本构方程、积分点选取、接触和摩擦法则等）对回弹模拟精度的影响。对一细长支腿零件的工艺成形过程进行了数值模拟,研究了工艺参数及材料性能参数（压边力、凸模圆角半径、凸凹模间隙、板料厚度、摩擦系数、材料硬化指数）对工件回弹的影响。回弹角随凸模圆角半径和凸凹模间隙的增大而增大,随压边力、扳料厚度、摩擦系数和材料硬化指数的增大而减小。     

An approach to evaluation of sheet bending force under successive multiaxial stress condition

A new bending under tension test is presented in this paper. This method tries to evaluate bending forces in sheet under successive multiaxial stress condition. This test is carried out in only one step with a pinned cylinder over a material that has been previously deformed to pure shear condition. Due to that, the bending process is made under higher back tension forces than the ones involved in the common methods previously studied in the literature. This entails high pressure values in the sheet-bending tool contact that affects the corresponding friction process. Material is strongly strengthened as a consequence of the deformation practiced in it, and as a result of that, bending forces have higher values if compared with the ones considered in traditional assays. Then, in order to reproduce die radius conditions in deep drawing processes, this test establishes more real results than BUT tests commonly used. We have tried out electrogalvanized DDQ steel as an application of the test. Moreover, apparent pressure in bending tool has been determined by direct measures, that has been added to the traditional methods. Taking into account the apparent pressure values, friction has been evaluated in bending tool and finally the bending force has been obtained from the experimental data. Three bending angles and three tool radii have been experimented and their influence has been evaluated. It has been proved that bending force depends on bending angle to a great extent. Finally, we have shown that die radius has a minor effect on the bending force.     

FEM analysis of contact mechanism in press-forming of lubricant pre-coated steel sheet

This paper describes the contact situation between the die and the lubricant pre-coated steel sheet in the press-forming by using FEM simulation. The FEM simulation is carried out by supposing that the lubricant pre-coated steel sheet consists of the lubrication layer and thick galvanized layer. Both the lubrication layer and galvanized layer are assumed as rigid–plastic material. The variations in the contact situation between the die and the lubricant pre-coated steel sheet are investigated by changing the friction coefficient between the die and lubrication layer, the thickness and hardness of lubrication layer, the velocity ratio of the relative sliding velocity to pressing velocity, etc. The simulated results show that the contact area ratio is influenced largely by the average contact pressure, the velocity ratio, the thickness of lubrication layer, and friction coefficient.     

温模条件下镀锌钢板摩擦行为研究

开发了温模条件下钢板摩擦行为的评估装置,在此基础上研究了模具温度变化对镀锌钢板成形表面摩擦行为的影响。结果表明,不同镀层特性的镀锌钢板的摩擦系数随模具温度变化呈现出不同的变化规律。当模具温度升高时,热镀纯锌、电镀纯锌和热镀锌铁合金的摩擦系数均有所升高。由于预磷化膜的存在,预磷化电镀锌钢板的摩擦系数随模具温度变化有所波动,且总体维持在较低的数值。电镀纯锌钢板表面摩擦系数在模具温度较低时变化不大,但在模具温度较高时大幅度上升。     

板材成形拉延摩擦试验机系统设计与实践

文章在系统研究板材拉延成形中摩擦系数测定、拉延筋约束阻力测试以及镀锌板粘附性测试等3种试验方法的基础上,自主开发了专用的板材成形拉延摩擦试验机系统。该试验机系统由机械系统、控制系统、控制软件以及相应的规范等组成。开发了拉延摩擦高温试验模具系统,实现了板材成形高温拉延摩擦试验测定,建立了基于PID调节技术实现提高试验机载荷控制精度的方法。实际应用表明,该试验机性能稳定、可靠,为促进板料拉延成形试验水平的提高,及国产汽车板的开发和应用提供了保障。     

拉形动态摩擦系数的正交试验分析

用正交设计法对拉形时的摩擦系数进行了测定,方差分析结果表明,平整量越大摩擦系数越小;润滑剂对摩擦系数的影响最大;摩擦系数随凸模行程的增大而增大,且基本为线性关系。凸模圆角半径处的摩擦系数比凹模圆角半径处的摩擦系数普遍大,这是由凸模圆角半径处的板材变形程度大、板材表面粗糙化大所引起。     

方形盒制件圆角处拉深破裂的数值模拟

金属薄板成形的数值模拟技术在冲压件生产和模具设计中起着重要的作用。文章借助Dynaform软件对某方形盒制件拉深破裂现象进行数值模拟,分析其产生原因和影响因素,并利用正交实验找出防止该制件圆角破裂的拉深条件组合。结果表明,在冲压速度、凸模圆角半径、摩擦系数和板料厚度4个因素中,凸模圆角半径对盒形件拉深破裂的影响最大。为降低因圆角处板料剧烈减薄而产生破裂的几率,盒形件拉深时应采用较大的凸模圆角半径。     

The effect of die materials on the strain distribution in electro-galvanized sheet steel forming

The punch load and strain distribution of two deformed sheet steels, aluminum killed drawing quality steel (AKDQ Bare) and electro-galvanized drawing quality steel (AKDQ E.G.), are examined under the various process conditions including, die materials, punch speed, blank holding force, drawbead height and lubricant. The punch load and strain distribution ot Bare sheet steel forming is higher than that of E.G.sheet steel on the Kirkesite die set and are reversed on the GM 241 die set. The punch load and strain distribution on the Kirkesite die set is lower than those of the GM 241 die set. The changes of punch load and strain distribution ot the deformed cup for two sheet steels are affected by the frictional behavior of each sheet steel. It shows that the changes of frictional behavior having to be considered in the die design.     

Evaluation of frictional characteristic for Zinc-coated steel sheet

Draw bead simulator (DBS) tests were performed to investigate the friction behaviors of various zinc-coated steel sheets. The friction of the coated steel sheet was evaluated by the ratio of drawing force for the coated steel sheet, T_c, to that for the uncoated steel sheet, T_s. The drawing force ratio, T_c/T_s, was compared with the coefficient of friction measured from Nine’s DBS test. It is clear that the drawing force ratio can be used as a convenient parameter to evaluate the friction of a coated steel sheet compared to the coefficient of friction. Due to the simplicity of the test procedure, this evaluation method is a useful for assessing the stamping formability of the coated steel sheet with respect to the friction behavior and also to investigate the lubricity of the stamping lubricant.     

Evaluation of friction condition in cold forging by using T-shape compression test

Friction plays an important role in metal forming, and numerical simulation of forging processes requires precise informations about the material properties and the value of the friction factor m or coefficient μ. This paper describes the T-shape compression, a new friction testing method by combined compression and extrusion of a cylinder between a flat punch and a V-grooved die. It can realize actual cold forging condition and allows measuring the friction on the cylindrical surface of the billet during forging process. The results of experiments and simulations show that the stroke–load curve and the height of the extruded part are both sensitive to friction. In order to obtain the highest sensitivity to friction, a FE parametric study of this test has been performed: it indicates that small corner radius and V-groove angle in the die should be chosen. Two commercial FE codes, FORGE 3D and ABAQUS, were used and provided very similar results for a given friction condition. Low carbon steel drawn bar with phosphate and soap coating was chosen as specimens. Friction tests with three different lubrication conditions (solid coating, oil and oil + solid coating) were carried out, and then friction factor m and friction coefficient μ were determined by using experimental results and the calibration by numerical simulation of T-shape compression test.     

板成形中摩擦系数测定的研究进展

本文阐述了摩擦系数在板成形中的作用及板成形中摩擦系数测定的国内外的发展状况 ,采用作者设计的新型摩擦系数测定装置进行了摩擦系数测定的实验研究 ,为进一步开展摩擦系数测定及摩擦边界的研究打下了基础 ,为有限元模拟的真实性提供了重要的参考依据。     

基于有限元法的油孔卡环弯曲回弹分析及控制

随着对冲压件尺寸精度要求的不断提高,精确预测给定冲压件的回弹量大小显得非常重要。借助Dynaform软件对油孔卡环弯曲后的回弹规律进行了数值模拟,分析回弹产生的原因和影响因素,并利用正交实验找出制件最小回弹的条件组合。结果表明:在凸模圆角半径、活动夹块圆角半径、接触间隙、摩擦因数这4个因子中,凸模圆角半径对油孔卡环回弹的影响最大;最优成形参数为:凸模圆角半径30 mm、夹块圆角半径29 mm、接触间隙为1.1 mm、摩擦因数0.3。     

An experimental study on forming characteristics of pre-coated sheet metals

To analyze the forming and friction characteristics of pre-coated metals (PCMs) that are widely used in household appliances, rectangular deep drawing and friction tests were performed. There were four types of die materials (STD11(TiCN), STD11(TD), STD11, AMPCO) used in the deep drawing tests, and the results show that STD11 and AMPCO are better than others in respect to forming load and surface roughness. The friction mechanism, the thickness of materials and the effect of the roller’s diameter on the friction coefficient and surface roughness were examined in the friction test. The PCMs used in the tests had low friction coefficients (μ=0.15–0.20) in non-lubricated condition due to the coating film acting as lubrication. The friction coefficient decreased as the radius of the roller increased and the surface of product became better as the thickness of the material decreased.     

Tribocorrosion of 316L stainless steel and TA6V4 alloy in H2SO4 media

Tribocorrosion of stainless steel 316L and titanium alloy TA6V4 has been conducted in a sulphuric acid solution using an apparatus designed and built for evaluating the joint action of corrosion and wear. The material electrochemical and wear behaviours have been investigated during friction tests under electrochemical potential control. The specimens have been submitted to friction against an alumina ball under cathodic, free and anodic potentials. The friction coefficient, the wear rate and the current density were measured and the obtained results were discussed in terms of passivating film stability and repassivation kinetics.