考虑降雨入渗条件下边坡稳定性的研究进展

在导致滑坡失稳的众多因素中,降雨是影响边坡失稳的主要诱发因素,边坡土体自身的复杂性决定了降雨入渗对边坡的影响是非常复杂的,通过总结国内外对降雨引起边坡失稳现象的研究进展与现状,结果表明:主要研究是从基质吸力、土体的应力状态、土体的变形、降雨强度、降雨持时、土体的渗透性和土体中的裂隙等方面分析了降雨入渗对边坡稳定性的影响,随着降雨的入渗,降雨强度对边坡稳定影响显著,降雨间隔时间和方式对边坡稳定性也有较大影响,目前国内外在这一方面缺乏系统全面的研究。最后总结了进一步研究方向与目标。     

降雨条件下坡积土边坡暂态饱和区形成机理及分布规律

降雨是引起坡积土边坡失稳的最常见外部因素之一.雨水的入渗在引起土体抗剪强度参数降低的同时,还将导致土体重度的增加、基质吸力的降低,最终造成边坡的失稳.开展雨水在边坡内部的渗流过程研究已成为分析边坡在降雨条件下稳定性的前提.基于有限元数值模拟方法,进行了雨水在土体中渗流过程的模拟,着眼于降雨条件下边坡暂态饱和区的形成、分布及消散特征,描述了该过程中边坡内部含水率、基质吸力、水力梯度的变化规律.结果表明:暂态饱和区形成的主要原因是土体中向湿润锋下方渗出的雨水量小于降雨入渗补给量,从而使得土体中的含水率累积升高;暂态饱和区的形成与降雨强度、降雨时间具有十分密切的关系,暂态饱和区形成时间、雨水入渗深度、土体表面体积含水率大小分别与降雨强度存在函数关系;清晰描述了暂态饱和区形成-发展-消散-地下水位升高的全过程,从该过程看,边坡排水措施的设计值得思考.     

非饱和土的性状及膨胀土边坡稳定问题

主要叙述非饱和膨胀土及其边坡稳定研究方面的新进展。首先讨论了非饱和土研究中与土坡稳定性有关的若干重要特性,指出非饱和土的气 水形态问题是非饱和土研究的一个基本问题。并提出随含水率由小变大,非饱和土存在四种气 水形态,不同气 水形态的土具有不尽相同的性状。然后,对非饱和土的吸力和土水特征曲线以及不同气 水形态下的强度作了讨论,并对非饱和土的本构关系作了简要的介绍。接着以南水北调中线膨胀土渠道工程为背景,以吸力问题为中心,对非饱和膨胀土边坡滑动的各种内在的和外界的因素进行了分析,尤其对新近研究的降雨入渗和裂隙影响的研究进行了定量的分析,改变了以往对这方面只进行定性研究的情况。在此基础上对边坡失稳的机理和考虑裂隙及雨水入渗的稳定分析方法进行了研究。     

降雨入渗对泥岩–土混填路堤稳定性的影响

 降雨入渗是诱发泥岩–土混填路堤边坡失稳的主要因素之一,为了揭示降雨对泥岩–土混填路堤边坡稳定影响的变化规律,选取济邵高速公路一典型路段的泥岩–土混填路堤边坡进行人工降雨模拟试验,对边坡土体中的孔隙水压力、边坡土压力和变形进行监测;探讨雨水入渗对路堤边坡稳定性的影响,推断滑坡的形成机制和预测边坡的稳定发展趋势。原位综合监测和数值分析结果表明：降雨入渗影响下泥岩–土混填路堤边坡的滑动变形区的变形量以坡面最大。裂缝的出现使得雨水更容易进入深层土体,土体吸水崩解、软化,强度急剧下降,使得边坡的稳定性安全系数在降雨后显著降低。     

强降雨条件下含软弱夹层粘性土坡稳定性分析

为了分析含软弱夹层粘性土坡在强降雨条件下的稳定性,结合某失稳边坡工程现场实际调研资料,基于饱和非饱和渗流与非饱和抗剪强度理论,提出了一种新的含软弱夹层粘性土坡稳定性分析方法,并利用该方法分析了强降雨条件下边坡的渗流特性及安全系数变化规律。分析结果表明:降雨入渗先在边坡软弱夹层内形成暂态饱和区,且当坡顶入渗的雨水未渗流至软弱夹层时,夹层内暂态饱和区中的雨水会沿夹层上表面向着坡顶方向渗流;降雨入渗过程中,边坡基质吸力与铅直有效应力之间存在严格的正相关变化关系;随着降雨历时的增加,塑性区首先在软弱夹层内部贯通,然后向坡顶扩展,边坡安全系数逐渐降低;降雨停止一段时间后,由于坡顶入渗雨水的补给,软弱夹层内局部将仍存在暂态饱和区,此时,塑性区面积会由坡顶向软弱夹层内部减小,再由夹层内部至坡面逐渐缩减,但边坡安全系数并未明显上升;根据数值计算结果可将粘性土坡失稳过程分为夹层软化、夹层挤压、拉伸裂缝、坡顶沉降和断裂滑移等5个阶段。因此,为了降低强降雨对边坡稳定性的影响,在含软弱夹层粘性土坡支护设计时应着重考虑边坡排水系统的合理布设。     

Comparative Study of Rainfall Infiltration into a Bare and a Grassed Unsaturated Expansive Soil Slope

It is generally thought that vegetation has a stabilization effect on a slope; however, very limited quantitative field data are available for verifying this perception. In order to improve our understanding on the vegetation effect on rainfall infiltration and hence on slope stability, a well-instrumented field study was carried out on an unsaturated expansive soil slope in China. The field program consisted of two neighboring monitoring areas (both 16 m wide by about 30 m long): namely a bare area and a naturally grassed area (real slope). Artificial rainfall events were produced in succession in the two areas with a specially-designed sprinkler system. In this paper, the relevant monitored results from the two areas are directly compared and discussed. Prior to the artificial rainfall, the measured higher initial soil suction in the grassed area than that in the bare areas was attributed to the evapo-transpiration effect of the grass. During the rainfall, the presence of the grass greatly increased the infiltrability of the upper soil layer and delayed the onset of surface runoff. The observed delayed responses (i.e., about 3 days) of surface runoff, soil suction and water content to the rainfall in the grassed area was about twice the duration of the delayed response in the bare area (i.e., about 1.5 days). The influence of the simulated rainfall on the changes of soil suction and water content in the grassed area was found to be more significant and about 1.5 m deeper than that in the bare area. The greater depth of influence observed in the grassed area may be attributable to the greater depth of open cracks due to the evapo-transpiration effect of grass.     

降雨对北京奥林匹克森林公园主山稳定性的影响

基于非饱和土土力学中的饱和-非饱和渗流数学模型,通过模拟奥林匹克森林公园主山边坡因雨水入渗引起的瞬态渗流场,对土体中含水量、基质吸力的变化规律进行分析。在此基础上根据扩展Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,采用极限平衡分析法对该边坡进行稳定性分析,进而得出边坡在降雨过程中不同时刻的安全系数。具体分析了不同降雨类型对非饱和土土坡渗流场分布、发展及其对土坡稳定性的影响。随后用概率方法对土性参数变异时山体稳定的可靠性给予分析。     

Performance of an instrumented slope covered with shrubs and deep-rooted grass

Green technology, an integrated design approach that combines vegetation and engineering design methods, can be applied to improve slope stability. Orange Jasmine is a small tropical evergreen shrub which has deep root systems and is considered to be a drought-tolerant plant that adapts well to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. It can also grow in infertile soils, limestone soils or loam. Vetiver grass has been widely cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world for soil and water conservation, land rehabilitation, and embankment stabilization. Vetiver grass has deep roots (2–4 m) and adapts well under extreme conditions of temperature, soil, moisture, soil acidity, and alkalinity. The role of Orange Jasmine and Vetiver grass in minimizing rainwater infiltration, for improving the stability of slopes, was investigated on a soil slope in Singapore with its tropical climate. Two slope sections, covered with Orange Jasmine and Vetiver grass, were instrumented with tensiometers, installed at different depths within the slope, and a rainfall gauge. The instruments were connected to a real-time monitoring system to study the pore-water pressure, the rainfall, and the groundwater level in the slope throughout a one-year period. The pore-water pressure characteristics within the slope sections covered with Orange Jasmine and Vetiver grass are analyzed and presented in this paper. The analyses indicate that both Orange Jasmine and Vetiver grass played a significant role in reducing rainwater infiltration into the slope, minimizing the loss of matric suction, and hence, the shear strength of the soil during rainfall and, as a result, maintained the stability of the slope. Vetiver grass and Orange Jasmine appeared to be similar in effectiveness in terms of reducing the rainwater infiltration into the slope.     

土体含水率和吸力量测及其对边坡稳定性的影响

为研究暴雨诱发滑坡的机理 ,在香港进行了一次大型人工边坡试验。通过检查该边坡坡顶在 2 0 0 1年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 12月期间含水率和吸力与每天及每小时降雨变化曲线 ,及含水率和吸力随深度变化曲线 ,看到在雨季含水率和吸力变化或者“浸湿前锋”移动通常发生在边坡土体以上 3m以内 ,而且 ,在 2 0 0 1年的一次最大暴雨中在边坡土体 1～ 2m之内形成了瞬时地下水位。另外 ,还看到在2 0 0 1年旱季由于蒸发在边坡土体中形成了“干燥前锋”。通过对边坡开挖之前的自然边坡的稳定性分析 ,降雨入渗可以使边坡土体的安全系数急剧降低而蒸发则可以使边坡土体的安全系数缓慢升高。雨季含水率和吸力的浅层变化或者“浸湿前锋”的浅层移动可解释为何香港地区在暴雨期间极易发生浅层滑坡。而旱季由于蒸发形成的“干燥前锋”可说明吸力对非饱和土边坡抗剪强度的提高     

Performance of Horizontal Drains in Residual Soil Slopes

In tropical and subtropical regions, shallow landslides often occur in residual soil slopes. Short-duration, high-intensity rainfall will increase the pore-water pressure. As a result, the shear strength of the soil in the slopes decreases and the stability of the slopes is affected. In this study, horizontal drains were installed in a residual soil slope in Singapore in order to improve the stability of the slope. The slope was instrumented with tensiometers and piezometers to investigate the effectiveness of the horizontal drains as a slope stabilization method against rainfall-induced slope failures. The variations in water table elevation and matric suction in the slope due to rainfall events were monitored. In addition, numerical analyses of the seepage into the slope brought about by the rainfall were carried out, and the results showed a reasonably good agreement with the data obtained from field measurements. The field measurement results indicated that horizontal drains were indeed effective for lowering the water table and for increasing the stability of the investigated slope. Therefore, horizontal drains are considered to be a useful and economical method for improving the stability of residual soil slopes against rainfall.     

Instrumented model slopes to investigate the effects of slope inclination on rainfall-induced landslides

Rainfall infiltration is considered as one of the most significant factors triggering slope instability as a number of slope failure occurrences have been documented during or immediately after a rainfall. The rainfall-induced slope instability is governed by a complex interaction of topographical, hydrological and geological conditions of the slopes. Hence slope inclination is vital in determining slope stability under rainfall. Although studies have been carried out to investigate the mechanism of rainfall-induced slope failure, limited compelling experimental studies have been conducted on the factors influencing the initiation of slope failure. In this study, instrumented model slopes were subjected to artificial rainfalls to investigate the effects of the slope inclination on slope stability, and a validated numerical model was developed using the test results from the instrumented model slopes. The outcomes of the study prove that the slopes become more susceptible to sudden collapse during rainfall as the slope angle increases. Further, the results highlight that when the slope inclination is 1.2 times greater than the friction angle of the soil, the failure is initiated by the loss of soil suction, and when it is smaller than or equal to 1.2 times the friction angle of the soil, the failure is initiated by the positive pore water pressure developed at the toe of the slope.     

Clarifying the hydrological mechanisms and thresholds for rainfall-induced landslide: in situ monitoring of big data to unsaturated slope stability analysis

The development of early warning systems for landslide hazards has long been a challenge because the accuracy of such systems is limited by both the complicated underlying mechanisms of landslides and the lack of in situ data. In this study, we implemented a multivariate threshold criterion that integrates in situ monitoring data and data from unsaturated hydro-mechanical analyses as an early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides in the Wenchuan earthquake region of China. The results indicate that rainfall intensity is closely correlated with the probability of landslide occurrence. Variations in matric suction and suction stress were obtained from in situ measurements and used to quantify the soil water retention curve, which presented clear hysteresis characteristics. The impacts of rainfall infiltration on slope failure in post-earthquake landslide areas under transient rainfall conditions were quantified by hydro-mechanical modelling theories. Variations in the suction stress of unsaturated soil were used to calculate the safety factor. The influence of hydrological hysteresis processes on the slope failure mechanism was analysed. Multivariate threshold criteria that include the intensity–probability (I-P) threshold, soil moisture and matric suction based on in situ big data and unsaturated slope stability analysis benchmarks are proposed for use in an early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides.

     

黄河下游堤防非饱和土边坡稳定性分析

利用应力应变控制式非饱和土三轴仪进行了室内非饱和土的渗透试验和强度试验，并得出了非饱和土的渗透参数和强度参数。针对黄河下游堤防这一典型的非饱和土边坡，采用有限单元法系统地分析了堤防非饱和土边坡在降雨和洪水作用下的非饱和渗流场特征；在此基础上应用非饱和土坡的刚体极限平衡理论中的普通条分法对堤防边坡稳定性受非饱和渗流场变化影响的大小进行了分析与计算。结果表明，对黄河下游堤防的非饱和土边坡在降雨和洪水条件下的分析研究具有实际意义。     

大气–植被–土体相互作用:理论与机理

植物是天然的工程师,拥有防止浅层滑坡和地表侵蚀的潜能,并具备低投入、易养护、绿色环保和生态平衡等优点。目前国内外的研究和工程实践大多只考虑植物根系的力学加筋作用,而忽略了更为重要的水力作用。植物蒸腾能增加土体吸力,从而降低土体渗透系数且增加抗剪强度,所以能提高边坡稳定性和防止地表侵蚀。笔者的跨学科研究团队结合高等非饱和土力学理论和植物特征,从根本上研究了大气–植被–土体的相互作用机理;提出了新的理论模型,可预测植被土的持水能力;构建了考虑植物根系形状影响的地下水渗流与地表径流耦合运移的新模型;推导了计算植被边坡吸力分布与稳定性安全系数的解析解,引入了指数形、三角形、均布形和椭圆形4种典型的根系形状;并自主研发了用于离心机模型试验的人造根,能够模拟不同形状的植物根系的水力作用和力学加筋作用,并利用其揭示了根系形状对边坡的变形与破坏机理的影响。为保证研究的基础性和实用性,选取了百慕大草和鸭脚木树两种代表性植物,并考虑了种植间距与真菌等因素的影响。主要研究结果揭示:(1)植物在干燥与降雨条件下均能明显提高土体吸力,提高边坡稳定性;(2)植物引起的土体吸力可以用叶片面积指数和根表面积系数等植物特征参数量化,并且鸭脚木树的叶片面积指数和根表面积系数之间存在着线性关系;(3)真菌能显著提高植物根系的抗拉强度,加强植物的力学加筋作用;(4)所研究的4种根系形状中,指数形根最有利于提高边坡稳定性。上述研究包括室内试验、现场监测、离心机试验和理论建模等方面,建立了一套科学合理的理论框架与测试方法,并为植物护坡的工程实践和"海绵城市"的建设提供科学依据。     

降雨入渗条件下的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析

考虑膨胀土的开裂性,研究了雨水入渗条件下的膨胀土边坡的渗流规律,进行了相对应的稳定性分析。通过考虑和不考虑裂隙时的膨胀土边坡稳定性的比较,表明二者具有很大的差异性。通过与现场实际情况相比较说明,在研究降雨入渗条件下的膨胀土边坡稳定性时,考虑土体的开裂性是十分必要的。     

无限长均质斜坡降雨入渗解析解

降雨是导致边坡失稳的最主要的环境因素,研究降雨入渗对边坡稳定性的影响,关键和难点是计算降雨入渗在边坡土体中引起的渗流场。采用Fourier积分变换分别对降雨强度小于和大于土体饱和渗透系数情况下的斜坡入渗解析解进行了推导,并给出了这两种情况下斜坡入渗解析解的统一表达式。该解不仅能反映非饱和土特性及斜坡的影响,还能反映当降雨强度大于土体饱和渗透系数时,坡面边界由流量边界转化为水头边界的动态变化过程,便于更全面地对降雨情况下斜坡的入渗规律进行研究。通过与有限元软件的计算结果进行对比,证明该解是稳定可靠的,且其形式简单,计算效率高;该解可精确计算坡面积水时间及任意时间点及空间点的孔隙水压力值,并用于评估降雨入渗对非饱和土斜坡稳定性的影响。     

考虑蒸发影响的非饱和土坡渗流分析

运用分形模型理论预测了粘土、粉土与砂土的土-水特征曲线与导水系数曲线。讨论了大气降雨-蒸发作用对非饱和渗流场的变化规律。在大气蒸发作用下,粘土边坡表层土体的负孔压逐渐增大。随着降雨入渗,粘土边坡坡脚处的土体首先达到饱和状态,并出现正孔隙水压。在降雨过程中,粉土边坡与砂土边坡的坡脚处,难以形成正孔隙水压。粘土边坡的实际降雨入渗量较小,且与土体的初始含水量、降雨类型、土体的导水系数等因素有关。非饱和土的实际蒸发量不等于其饱和状态时的土体蒸发能力。当土体达到饱和状态时,两值相等。实际蒸发量与潜在蒸发量的比值是土体表层基质吸力的函数。     

松盛花苑边坡稳定性分析

对镇江市松盛花苑边坡进行调查后发现,该边坡的稳定性主要受强降雨影响,采用Geo-slope对该边坡稳定性进行计算,计算得该边坡在正常条件下基本稳定,在降雨入渗时边坡稳定性接近临界状态。有必要对边坡采取加固措施,计算结果可为边坡的加固设计提供参考。     

降雨入渗对重庆地区矸石山稳定性的影响

降雨是导致重庆煤矿采区矸石山失稳的主要诱发因素，本文将Green-Ampt入渗模型和非饱和土中的相关理论引入，进行矸石散体的降雨稳定性计算；并考虑基质吸力对矸石散体强度的影响，采用极限分析方法分析矸石山坡体在降雨各阶段的安全储备；通过对降雨情况下矸石山应力状态、位移状态的计算，提出了两个必须考虑的因素即基质吸力不仅对强度有影响，而且对变形参数、屈服准则也有影响；矸石散体的固结影响了其渗透能力。     

降雨触发不同级配堆积体滑坡模型试验研究

深入研究降雨条件下堆积体坡失稳规律对滑坡预测预报和防灾减灾具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。开发研制了降雨滑坡室内模型试验系统,对3种配制的堆积体土样进行了模型试验。研究了降雨条件下堆积体土坡的渗流、变形、破坏和颗粒运移的规律,探讨颗粒级配对堆积体土坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:坡内土体体积含水率、孔隙水压力和吸力随降雨历程响应明确;湿润锋到达后体积含水率和孔隙水压力持续增加而吸力持续减小,达到峰值后稳定;降雨停止后体积含水率和孔隙水压力立即降低而吸力逐渐增大。坡体破坏瞬时土体位移有一个加速过程。颗粒级配(含石量)对土坡破坏模式具有显著的影响;堆积体含石量为13%,19%,41%的土坡破坏模式分别为多级后退式破坏、冲蚀引起的局部浅层滑动破坏和块状滑动破坏;含石量越小,滑裂面越明显;含石量对细颗粒流失也有影响,含石量越大细颗粒流失越显著,坡脚细颗粒含量越大。