Effect of Austenite Grain Size on the Hot Ductility of Nb-Bearing Peritectic Steel

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Austenitic grain size is an important factor affecting the hot ductility of steel slabs during continuous casting. In the present study, the effects of...     

含铌弹簧钢奥氏体晶粒长大与夹杂物的动态观察及分析

采用高温金相显微镜观察了含铌弹簧钢60Si2MnNb(%;0.57C、1.60Si、0.76Mn、0.34Cr、0.022Nb)在950～1 250℃真空加热时奥氏体晶粒长大现象,得到其晶粒长大动力学曲线,通过Arrhenius方程对粗化过程进行了曲线拟合;通过SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)和EDS(Energy Dispersive Spectrometer)对出现的二相粒子进行了分析.实验结果表明,含铌弹簧钢60Si2MnNb晶粒粗化温度为1 050℃,较60Si2MnA钢的晶粒临界粗化温度Tcc提高了100℃;出现的二相粒子为非金属夹杂物.     

Ti对中碳高锰钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

研究了Ti对中碳高锰钢在不同加热温度和保温时间下的奥氏体晶粒长大规律的影响。结果表明,随着加热温度的升高和保温时间的延长,含Ti钢的奥氏体晶粒长大速率明显较慢,且相同温度下其晶粒尺寸更为细小。含Ti钢中含有较多的纳米级Ti(C,N)粒子,Thermo-calc计算表明其完全固溶温度约1 450℃,当温度逐渐升高时,Ti(C,N)虽有部分固溶,但尺寸小于100 nm的粒子比例依然较高,起到了阻碍奥氏体晶界迁移的作用,因此高温下含Ti钢的奥氏体晶界迁移速率较慢。建立了含Ti钢的高温奥氏体晶粒长大模型:D_B=729.25t~(0.16)exp(-71 972.3/RT),根据拟合模型所得含Ti钢中的奥氏体晶界迁移能为72 k J/mol,大于不含Ti钢的45 k J/mol,同时生长指数n为0.16,而不含Ti钢为0.25,试验所得奥氏体晶粒尺寸与计算模拟值吻合较好。     

Austenite Grain Growth in Peritectic Solidified Carbon Steels Analyzed by Phase-Field Simulation

The formation of coarse columnar grains (CCGs) in the as-cast austenite structure of peritectic carbon steels is a serious problem in continuous casting processes. Recently, it was elucidated that the formation of CCGs is ascribed to a discontinuous grain growth. Furthermore, the critical condition for the discontinuous growth to occur was elicited on the basis of phase-field simulations and a theory of grain growth. In this study, by means of the phase-field simulations, the detailed investigation is carried out for the grain coarsening of the as-cast austenite structure. It is demonstrated in the two-dimensional simulations that the coarsest grain structure emerges by the discontinuous growth in the vicinity of the critical condition. In addition, a model for predicting the upper limit of grain size during the discontinuous growth is proposed. The model successfully describes the experimental result with reasonable accuracy.     

含铌齿轮钢的晶粒长大动力学

 利用金相试验方法和理论模型研究了几种Nb微合金化齿轮钢的奥氏体晶粒长大动力学。结果表明,试验钢中Nb含量分别为w(Nb)=0%、004%、006%和008%,奥氏体化温度在900~1 200 ℃范围,奥氏体化保温时间为15~600 min条件下,由于NbC颗粒的钉扎晶界作用,齿轮钢中添加微量Nb,可有效阻止奥氏体晶粒粗化,而且随Nb含量的增加,晶粒细化效果越明显。     

Secondary Hardening, Austenite Grain Coarsening and Surface Decarburization Phenomenon in Nb-Bearing Spring Steel

 The secondary hardening, the austenite grain coarsening and the surface decarburization phenomenon of Nb-bearing spring steel were investigated, and the effects of niobium on tempered microstructure was studied using scanning electron microscope. The results show that the micro-addition of niobium increases the tempering resistance and produces secondary hardening. The effect of niobium on the size and distribution of cementite particles is one of the primary reasons to increase the hardness after tempering. The grain-coarsening temperature of the spring steel is raised 150 ℃ due to Nb-addition. Furthermore, both the secondary hardening and the austenite grain coarsening phenomenon congruously demonstrate niobium begins observably dissolving above 1100 ℃ in the spring steel. Besides, niobium microalloying is an effective and economy means to decrease the decarburization sensitivity of the spring steels.     

Nb-Ti微合金钢中的奥氏体晶粒长大行为研究

Nb、Ti是管线钢中常用的合金元素。主要通过热处理和喷碳处理等手段研究了合金元素Nb、Ti的含量及加热制度对再加热奥氏体晶粒长大的影响。试验结果表明:试验钢在再加热过程中,奥氏体晶粒尺寸随加热温度升高而增大;在常规含铌钢中,为获得较小的加热态奥氏体晶粒,钛的质量分数应控制在一定范围内(0.010%~0.015%),钛含量过高或过低都对晶粒细化有不利影响。此外,在钛含量相同的情况下,高铌钢奥氏体晶粒长大明显,高铌钢的最佳钛含量范围也与常规含铌钢的最佳钛含量不同。     

高强度船板钢奥氏体晶粒长大的规律

 利用光学显微镜和H 800透射电镜研究了不同加热温度和不同保温时间下高强度船板钢奥氏体晶粒长大规律。结果表明,该钢在高温加热时具有较好的抗晶粒粗化能力,奥氏体晶粒粗化温度在1250 ℃左右;在1100 ℃和1200 ℃保温时,奥氏体晶粒等温长大规律较好地服从抛物线型经验表达式;随着温度的升高,钢中的第二相质点逐渐减少,当加热至1250 ℃时,钢中仅存TiN颗粒。     

钛铌微合金化齿轮钢的奥氏体晶粒长大研究

 采用热模拟渗碳方法研究了Ti、Ti-Nb微合金化的20CrMnTi和20CrMnTiNb渗碳齿轮钢在930~1200℃的奥氏体晶粒长大规律。结果表明,添加0. 038%(质量分数,下同)的钛和0. 048%的铌的20CrMnTiNb钢中含有铌和钛的析出相,其粒子间距为0. 361μm;而含0. 054%的钛的20CrMnTi钢中仅含有较大尺寸的TiN析出相,粒子间距为0. 471μm,前者奥氏体晶粒粗化倾向明显低于后者。20CrMnTiNb钢经1000℃奥氏体化10h后奥氏体晶粒长大不明显,且无混晶现象,适合高温渗碳工艺。     

38CrMoAl钢奥氏体晶粒长大动力学研究

研究了VAR和EAF两种不同洁净度的38CrMoAl渗氮钢的奥氏体晶粒长大动力学。将38CrMoAl试验钢加热到940℃和1 000℃奥氏体化,并保温15～600 min,利用金相试验方法观察奥氏体晶粒的变化。结果发现,随着奥氏体化温度的升高和保温时间的延长,38CrMoAl钢晶粒长大趋势较明显;高洁净度的38CrMoAl钢(VAR)中AlN第二相颗粒较少,钉扎晶界作用弱,因而晶粒更易于长大。VAR和EAF两种洁净度的38CrMoAl钢奥氏体晶粒长大激活能分别为193 kJ/mol和321 kJ/mol。     

Effect of Ti on Austenite Grain Growth Behavior in High Carbon Steels

Austenite grain growth behavior of two high carbon steels was observed using Confocal l.aser Scanning Mi croscope （CLSM）. Apparent austenite grain sizes for different holding time under a series of temperatures were measured by employing linear intercept method. Experimental results showed that Ti bearing steel exhibited a much sluggish growth rate compared with Ti free counterpart, which was attributed to the pinning effect of Ti（C,N） nan oparticles with the size of 20 to 40 nm on austenite grain boundaries. Based on the research conducted by using Transmission Electron Microscope （TEM） observation and Thermo Calc calculation, Ti（C, N） was confirmed to be the dominant phase at elevated temperature. Some models were introduced to predict the grain sizes of both steels. By comparison, the results predicted by the modified Gladman equation are found to be closest to the experimental resuits, which could be employed to predict accurately the austenite grain growth of high carbon steels.     

大型盾构机用轴承钢奥氏体晶粒长大模型

 利用箱式电阻炉研究了加热温度为900,950,1 000,1 050,1 100,1 150 ℃,保温时间为10,30,60,90 min时大型盾构机用GCr15SiMn轴承钢的奥氏体晶粒长大规律,利用截线法统计奥氏体晶粒尺寸。试验结果表明,随着加热温度提高和保温时间延长,奥氏体晶粒尺寸和长大速率逐渐增大,加热温度的提高比保温时间的延长对奥氏体晶粒长大速率影响更大,奥氏体晶粒迅速长大的加热温度为1 000 ℃,保温时间为60 min。在已有晶粒长大模型的基础上,通过对试验数据进行线性回归,得到了描述GCr15SiMn钢奥氏体晶粒长大规律的数学模型。     

Nb对低碳钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

在Gleeble 1500热模拟试验机上进行了不同加热温度对Nb的质量分数为0.015%的钢和不含Nb钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响试验.结果表明,在加热温度为1150、1 200和1 230℃时,含Nb钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸分别小于不含Nb钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸.但是,当加热温度达到1 240℃时,含Nb钢的奥氏体晶粒却大于不含Nb钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸.通过理论分析认为,含Nb钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸由小变大的原因是由于Nb原子的晶界内吸附作用所致.     

Austenite Grain Growth and the Surface Quality of Continuously Cast Steel

Austenite grain growth does not only play an important role in determining the mechanical properties of steel, but certain surface defects encountered in the continuous casting industry have also been attributed to the formation of large austenite grains. Earlier research has seen innovative experimentation, the development of metallographic techniques to determine austenite grain size and the building of mathematical models to simulate the conditions pertaining to austenite grain growth during the continuous casting of steel. Oscillation marks and depressions in the meniscus region of the continuously casting mold lead to retarded cooling of the strand surface, which in turn results in the formation of coarse austenite grains, but little is known about the mechanism and rate of formation of these large austenite grains. Relevant earlier research will be briefly reviewed to put into context our recent in situ observations of the delta-ferrite to austenite phase transition. We have confirmed earlier evidence that very large delta-ferrite grains are formed very quickly in the single-phase region and that these large delta-ferrite grains are transformed to large austenite grains at low cooling rates. At the higher cooling rates relevant to the early stages of the solidification of steel in a continuously cast mold, delta-ferrite transforms to austenite by an apparently massive type of transformation mechanism. Large austenite grains then form very quickly from this massive type of microstructure and on further cooling, austenite transforms to thin ferrite allotriomorphs on austenite grain boundaries, followed by Widmanstätten plate growth, with almost no regard to the cooling rate. This observation is important because it is now well established that the presence of a thin ferrite film on austenite grain boundaries is the main cause of reduction in hot ductility. Moreover, this reduction in ductility is exacerbated by the presence of large austenite grains.     

Reverse Austenite Transformation and Grain Growth in a Low-Carbon Steel

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The mechanisms controlling the reverse austenite transformation and the subsequent grain growth are examined in a low-carbon steel during slow...     

加热温度对钛微合金化钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

通过将钛微合金化钢在箱式电炉中加热至850~1 250℃保温30 min,观察其奥氏体晶粒组织及Ti的析出粒子分布情况,研究钛微合金化钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为及Ti的固溶规律。结果表明:随着加热温度的升高,试验钢存在两个奥氏体晶粒粗化温度,分别为1 050℃和1 250℃,与Ti两种析出粒子的固溶温度相对应,但数值比固溶温度低。分析奥氏体晶粒两个阶段的长大过程发现,随着TiC析出粒子的溶解,晶粒长大激活能从265.6 k J/mol降低至239.8 k J/mol。     

稀土对高Nb钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为影响

钢中奥氏体晶粒越细小,经过组织转变后组织的力学性能越好。本实验利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟机模拟稀土高Nb钢热处理过程,并对试样进行TEM观察与分析,研究稀土对在加热时不同保温时间下奥氏体晶粒大小的影响。结果表明:稀土能有效抑制加热过程中奥氏体晶粒长大,具有调整晶粒稳定性的作用,并且稀土降低沉淀相溶解的温度,促进第二相粒子在奥氏体中的溶解。     

BVRE重轨钢奥氏体长大行为的动力学研究

以BVRE重轨钢为研究对象,通过真空冶炼、锻造和轧制工艺制备合格的重轨钢试样.在此基础上,系统研究稀土重轨钢奥氏体晶粒的长大动力学.实验结果表明,随着加热温度的提高,稀土重轨钢奥氏体晶粒呈指数关系长大;随着保温时间的延长,稀土重轨钢奥氏体晶粒长大呈抛物线规律.重轨钢中添加微量的稀土,可以明显降低不同加热条件下的奥氏体晶粒尺寸.模型计算结果表明,重轨钢的奥氏体晶粒长大公式分别为:d4.80=d4.800+ 2.82×1028texp(- 556450/RT)(不加稀土)和d5.34=d5.340 +4.52×1032texp(- 646890/RT)(稀土重轨钢).稀土主要通过晶界的偏聚机制使奥氏体晶粒长大激活能由556450J·mol-1增加到646890J·mol-1,从而抑制奥氏体晶粒尺寸的增加.     

Austenite Grain Growth Behavior of X80 Pipeline Steel in Heating Process

Through changing soaking temperature and soaking time,austenite grain growth behavior of X80 pipeline steel under different heating conditions was studied. Relationships of average grain size to soaking temperature and time were obtained respectively. The results show that the prior austenite grains grow with the increase of soaking temperature and time. When soaking temperature is lower than 1180℃,austenite grain size and growth rate are small; when it higher than 1200℃,austenite grains grow rapidly and abnormal grain growth appears. For soaking at 1180℃,austenite grain growth rate is initially high and then decreases when soaking time exceeds 1h.     

Austenite Grain Growth in Heat Affected Zone of Zr-Ti Bearing Microalloyed Steel

 Austenite grain sizes in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of a high heat input welded Zr-Ti bearing microalloyed steel are measured under different welding conditions simulated by a Gleeble-1500 thermal-mechanical simulator. The austenite grain growth is divided into two regimes in terms of temperature. When the temperature is lower than 1250 ℃ where the pinning effect of precipitates is strong, the austenite grain size increases slowly with increasing peak temperature, but it increases drastically when the temperature is higher than 1250 ℃ where the pinning effect of precipitates is weak. Based on the experimental measurements, an analytical model for predicting the austenite grain size in the heat affected zone is derived. Model predictions indicate that the initial grain size has little effect on the final one, and the grain growth depends mainly on heat input and peak temperature as well as growth activation energy and exponent. With the use of the model, the width of coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) for a thick plate is predicted.