微波在化工过程中的研究及应用进展

与传统加热过程比较，微波辅助有机合成的优势在于加快反应速率、提高产率和改变化学选择性。研究者们将这种常规加热无法重现的现象称为非热效应，但关于非热效应的存在性一直争论不休，至今微波促进合成反应的作用机理尚不清楚。总结了微波技术在有机合成和化工分离过程的应用进展，综述了近年来国内外对微波热效应与非热效应的研究进展，阐述了微波效应的实例分析以及理论观点，同时，对微波在工业化过程的发展进行了分析与展望。     

微波合成技术及在有机合成中的应用

微波对物质的作用机理及微波合成反应技术是目前微波化学研究的重点。本文简要介绍了微波化学的发展历史,讨论了微波对反应体系的热效应和非热效应,研究了微波合成反应技术的发展以及在有机合成方面的应用。     

微波技术在有机废水处理领域的研究现状

微波技术因其独特的热效应与非热效应在水处理领域引起广泛关注。综述了微波-氧化剂联用、微波-催化剂联用及微波-氧化剂-催化剂三者协同作用在有机废水处理中的研究现状,分析了微波技术在水处理领域未来可能的发展方向。     

渣油微波改质技术研究进展

微波作为一种新型加热方式,具有传统加热方式无法比拟的优势。介绍了国内外油品微波改质技术的研究现状及发展趋势;阐述了微波的热效应及非热效应;对渣油微波降粘、脱硫、脱金属机理及微波热解渣油的影响因素进行了评述;提出了微波技术面临的问题。最后,展望了渣油微波改质技术的应用前景。     

微波联合技术在水处理中的研究进展

介绍了微波的性质和作用机理,包括微波的热效应和非热效应。总结了目前国内外典型的微波联合水处理技术,包括:微波-碱联合处理技术、微波-超声联合处理技术、微波-过氧化氢联合处理技术、微波-催化剂联合处理技术和微波-光催化联合处理技术等。简述了各处理工艺的原理,介绍了这些技术在国内外的发展历程和研究现状,并指出了这些处理工艺的重点研究趋势,以期微波联合处理技术的进一步发展和工业化应用。     

微波在化工过程中的研究及应用进展

与传统加热过程比较,微波辅助有机合成的优势在于加快反应速率、提高产率和改变化学选择性。研究者们将这种常规加热无法重现的现象称为非热效应,但关于非热效应的存在性一直争论不休,至今微波促进合成反应的作用机理尚不清楚。总结了微波技术在有机合成和化工分离过程的应用进展,综述了近年来国内外对微波热效应与非热效应的研究进展,阐述了微波效应的实例分析以及理论观点,同时,对微波在工业化过程的发展进行了分析与展望。     

微波有机合成及在混凝土减水剂制备中的应用研究进展

微波辐射作为反应活化的新型能源,已成为有机化学中普遍应用的先进技术。本文从过热、热点和选择性加热以及高极化场下的非热效应4方面阐述微波有机合成机理,结合国内外应用案例进行理论验证。重点从反应动力学角度分析了微波辐射对提高混凝土减水剂品质上的作用效果,总结了近几年微波辅助合成减水剂的研究进展,旨在推动微波技术在水泥混凝土外加剂领域中的实际应用。最后,提出微波辐射通过在电磁场作用下极性分子的快速振动实现,其热效应对体系起深层加热作用,非热效应改变反应动力学,但对作用的反应体系具有"选择性",应着重分析。微波辅助合成减水剂具有显著优势,可增大反应速率常数且存在非热效应,应加深研究及进一步推广。     

微波介入制备催化剂的研究进展

综述了近年来微波在催化剂、催化剂载体制备和改性中的应用及研究进展。在许多催化剂制备中，微波介入法显示了其独特的优势。研究表明，在制备催化剂或催化剂载体过程中，微波主要体现其快速和均匀的热效应，但某些过程表明，微波还具有特殊的非热效应。     

微波联用技术在有机废水处理中的研究进展

微波辐射因其在分子水平上的加热效应受到广泛关注,本文结合微波化学理论的发展,综述了微波联用技术在有机废水处理中的应用,主要是:微波-催化技术、微波-AOPs技术、微波-光催化技术、微波-生物技术等联用技术,并对微波联用技术的应用前景进行了展望.     

微波技术在天然气水合物防治方面的应用进展

微波以其在"热效应"和"非热效应"方面的特性,已经被越来越多地应用到石油工业当中。在天然气工业领域,微波防治水合物技术是非常有发展潜力的新兴课题,具有十分广阔的发展前景。已经有试验证明,微波能加快天然气水合物的分解速率,与传统水合物防治技术相比,微波加热具有作用时间短、无污染等优点。随着研究的不断深入,微波技术将日趋完善,并被更多地应用到工程实际当中。     

Ionic liquid as surfactant in microwave‐assisted emulsion polymerization

The aim of this work is to study the use of an ionic liquid (IL) as surfactant in emulsion polymerization reactions and to evaluate its effect when these reactions are heated under microwave irradiation. The IL 1‐n‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride was chosen to replace the surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) in methyl methacrylate emulsion polymerizations. The conversion evolutions and the final average diameter of polymeric particles were quite similar for reactions using the surfactant DTAB or the IL, showing that the IL acted efficiently as surfactant in emulsion polymerizations. Comparing the polymerization reactions performed under microwave irradiation and conventional heating, reaction rate enhancements were obtained for both DTAB and IL. Using a pulsed scheme, under high‐power microwave irradiation, slightly higher reaction rates and molecular weights were obtained in reactions using IL, in comparison with surfactant DTAB, indicating the existence of some specific effects linked to IL–microwaves interaction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

微波辐射技术在聚合反应中的应用

综述了微波辐射技术在聚合反应中的应用,针对其在乳液聚合、溶液聚合和本体聚合中的研究进行了详细的介绍,通过与常规加热聚合反应方法的对比,发现微波辐射技术可以大大减少反应时间、有效提高反应效率,同时还具有优化产品性能、降低反应能耗等优点。微波辐射技术为聚合反应研究提供了一种新的、高效的方法。     

微波辐射强化制备含氟硅丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液

采用多步种子乳液聚合法,以丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、g-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷和甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯为原料在微波辐射下制备了核-壳型含氟硅丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液. 并研究了共聚物的结构、乳胶粒的形态和聚合过程中粒径的变化. 结果表明,所得乳胶粒子呈核-壳结构,与常规加热相比,微波的引用能加快反应速率,形成核-壳结构. 壳层富集含氟硅聚合物的核-壳形态有利于含氟硅结构单元在聚合物膜表面的分布,当氟硅单体为6%(w)时,乳胶膜对水的接触角达91.3o. 加入氟硅组分显著提高了聚合物膜的耐水性,当其含量从0增大到18%时,乳胶膜的吸水率从20.1%降低到3.54%.     

微波辐照技术在聚合物合成方面的研究及发展

综述了微波辐照技术在聚合物合成方面的研究状况,介绍了微波技术在本体聚合、乳液和溶液聚合及功能高分子合成方面的应用。在聚合物微波固化方面,重点介绍了环氧树脂及其复合材料的微波固化,简要地介绍了其它聚合物的微波固化。最后探讨了微波技术在未来的发展趋势。     

阳离子型含氟丙烯酸酯共聚乳液的微波辐射制备

在微波辐射下,以十八烷基三甲基氯化铵为乳化剂,2,2-偶氮2甲基丙基脒-二盐酸盐（AIBA）为引发剂,将丙烯酸丁酯（BA）、甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）、甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯（GO-4）以及甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DMC）进行乳液聚合,成功制备了Zeta电位在315mV左右、粒径为55~75nm的阳离子型含氟丙烯酸酯乳液。通过测定乳胶膜中氟元素含量,发现微波辐射能提高含氟单体共聚效率,使乳胶膜中氟元素含量增加。用固含量1％的阳离子型含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液处理棉布织物,结果发现,棉布对水和正十六烷的接触角可分别达到111．3°、60．6°,表面自由能降至1581mJ／m2,棉布的静态吸水时间可以超过4h。     

微波技术在高分子合成中的应用

综述了微波技术在高分子本体聚合、溶液聚合、乳液聚合和功能高分子聚合中的应用。指出微波技术具有大大降低聚合反应的时间和能耗,提高聚合反应速率、收率和选择性的特性,将在高分子的绿色化学合成方面发挥重要作用。     

Microwave‐irradiated ring‐opening polymerization of D,L‐lactide under atmosphere

Poly(D ,L ‐lactide) (PDLLA) was synthesized by microwave‐irradiated ring‐opening polymerization catalyzed by stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)₂) under atmosphere. The effects of heating medium, monomer purity, catalyst concentration, microwave irradiation time, and vacuum level were discussed. Under the appropriate conditions such as carborundum (SiC) as heating‐medium, 0.15% catalyst, lactide with purity above 99.9%, 450 W microwave power, 30 min irradiation time, and atmosphere, PDLLA with a viscosity–average molecular weight (M_η) over 2.0 × 10⁵ and a yield over 85% was obtained. The dismission of vacuum to ring‐opening polymerization of D ,L ‐lactide (DLLA) under microwave irradiation simplified the process greatly. The temperature under microwave irradiation and conventional heating was compared. The largely enhanced ring‐opening polymerization rate of DLLA under microwave irradiation was the coeffect of thermal effects and microwave effects. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2244–2247, 2006     

Determination of emulsion stability by microwave irradiation

The stability of emulsions has been determined by a microwave irradiation method. After this treatment, the surface temperature of the emulsion tends to be greatest and the temperature difference between the surface and the bottom of the emulsion smallest for the more stable emulsions. These results have been explained in terms of the nature of microwave heating and a partially destabilized emulsion.

     

Rapid decomposition of a cationic azo‐initiator under microwave irradiation

Microwave‐assisted decomposition of 2,2′‐azobis(2‐methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (or V50), a cationic azo‐initiator, and emulsion polymerizations were performed and compared to reactions with conventional heating. Higher decomposition rate constants were found in microwave reactions. This was ascribed to the development of hot spots inside the reaction mixture, promoted by microwave irradiation. In polymerization reactions, microwave‐promoted acceleration of the reactions. The effect of high power irradiation was also studied, using a pulsed method in which samples were repeatedly heated at constant power (500 or 1400 W), and cooled down by immersing in an ice bath. Rapid reactions were obtained, because a great amount of energy could be applied within short time intervals. The power level had no effect on the decomposed percentages and on the monomer conversion, and only affected the irradiation time. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

One-step template-free synthesis of monoporous polymer microspheres with uniform sizes via microwave-mediated dispersion polymerization

One-step facile synthesis of monoporous polymer microspheres via microwave-controlled dispersion polymerization is introduced. This template-free method employing the dispersion polymerization of styrene under microwave irradiation induces directly the formation of uniform monoporous polymer microspheres, with controllable morphologies and sizes, which can be tuned by simply adjusting parameters for the synthesis. A comparison to conventional heating indicates that microwave irradiation plays a vital role in the formation of this novel morphology.