异种金属管道焊缝的修补焊残余应力

研究了异种金属焊接管道在修补焊前后残余应力的演化,以了解核电厂管道在修补焊后是否满足抗应力腐蚀开裂的要求。采用手工焊和自动焊技术进行了SA106B钢与Inconel 600合金异种金属管道的对接焊,在对原始焊缝进行了局部的打磨后,分别采用焊条电弧焊和钨极氩弧焊技术对打磨处进行了修补焊接。采用轮廓法对管道修补焊后状态下的环向和轴向焊接残余应力进行了测量,得到了管道的焊接残余应力分布。通过对异种金属管道修补焊接头的残余应力分析,确认了修补焊后最大残余应力小于415 MPa,可以满足相关抗应力腐蚀开裂的要求,研究结果对开展核电厂管道修补焊有较高的参考价值。     

喷丸改善Q235B焊接接头残余应力场的数值模拟

目的 建立随机喷丸模型,模拟喷丸改善Q235B焊接接头残余应力场.方法 首先,建立Q235B焊接接头模型,通过间接耦合法计算焊接残余应力.然后,将残余应力作为初始条件导入焊接接头喷丸模型,研究弹丸直径d、弹丸速度v、弹丸入射角θ和弹丸质量流量rm对焊接接头残余应力场的影响规律.最后,分析喷丸后焊接接头残余应力场的改善情况.结果 焊后焊缝横向残余应力 σx和纵向残余应力 σz分别可达227、196 MPa,调整喷丸参数可以消除残余拉应力并引入残余压应力.本仿真范围内,d=1 mm、θ=60°、v=60 m/s、rm=9 kg/min为最优喷丸参数,此时对于σx和σz,表面残余压应力分别可达–246、–275 MPa,最大残余压应力分别为–306、–310 MPa,最大残余压应力深度分别为0.24、0.27 mm,残余压应力层深度分别为0.78、0.66 mm.结论 无论是σx,还是σz,增大d和θ,最大残余压应力深度和残余压应力层深度显著增大;增大v,最大残余压应力、最大残余压应力深度和残余压应力层深度显著增加.因此,喷丸强化能够明显改善Q235B焊接接头残余应力场.     

6082铝合金中厚板高频脉冲MIG对接焊工艺及接头的残余应力

采用高频脉冲MIG焊和常规脉冲MIG焊进行了6082-T6铝合金8 mm厚板的对接焊工艺试验(焊接接头条件：焊接间隙1 mm,钝边为0.5 mm、坡口角度分别为50°和60°),对比分析了焊缝成形规律及焊后焊趾处的残余应力值。研究结果表明：两种焊接方法的焊缝成形质量良好,与常规脉冲MIG焊相比,高频脉冲MIG焊根部熔深较大,坡口角度为50°时,在相同的热输入(10.7 kJ/cm)条件下,根部熔宽增加约20%,坡口角度60°时,根部熔宽增加约16%;与常规脉冲MIG焊相比,高频脉冲MIG焊的气孔敏感性较小,焊接残余应力较小。坡口角度为60°时,横向残余应力(σ_y)降低约为18.5%,纵向残余应力(σx)下降约为8.3%;坡口角度为50°,横向残余应力(σ_y)降低约为18%,纵向残余应力(σ_x)下降约为7%;坡口角度由60°减小为50°,高频脉冲焊焊趾处的残余应力下降约6%。     

灭菌器组合工艺焊接残余应力的消除与评价

针对国产脉动真空灭菌器内腔焊缝处多次开裂现象,围绕焊接残余应力及消除方法进行了系列研究.根据市场上灭菌器异种钢间断角焊缝特征设计了7种组合结构焊板,应用X射线法定量给出了残余应力分布规律,并对用焊后浇水速冷处理工艺消除残余应力的尝试进行了试验验证.结果表明,各种焊板残余应力均达到屈服应力,由此引起的应力腐蚀与腐蚀疲劳是灭菌器内腔开裂的直接原因;二氧化碳焊接工艺残余应力较焊条电弧焊高10%～22%,残余应力与加强筋类型基本无关;浇水速冷处理工艺可有效降低表面残余应力,降幅达50%～70%,提高疲劳极限12%～14%.有效降低焊接残余应力是解决内腔开裂的重要途径.     

铝合金焊接接头冲击强化的性能

为了提高铝合金焊接接头的力学性能,试验分别采用超声波和调Q脉冲YAG激光对A6061-T6铝合金焊接接头焊趾附近处进行冲击强化,研究了超声波和激光冲击强化下铝合金焊接接头的性能.两种冲击强化模式下,铝合金焊接接头焊趾处近表面均发生了冲击强化效果,并产生了较大的残余压应力,超声波和激光冲击强化后产生的最大残余压应力分别为 -158 MPa和 -145 MPa左右.超声波与激光冲击强化铝合金焊接接头的疲劳寿命差别不大,均比焊态下试样的疲劳寿命提高1倍以上.两种冲击强化方法的疲劳试验样件断裂位置均发生在基体金属上,而焊趾处没有疲劳裂纹产生.     

不锈钢管焊接残余应力与变形仿真分析

基于计算机仿真技术,定义随温度变化的材料热物理属性,建立316不锈钢连续油管对接焊接轴对称模型,分析焊接速度对焊后油管接头的残余应力和变形的影响。结果表明,在连续管道焊接过程中,焊接速度影响焊接温度场和焊后残余应力的分布;油管内壁最大残余压应力出现在距离焊缝中心22 mm接近母材的位置处,且轴向应力和环向应力的变化同步,油管外壁环向应力和轴向应力变化不同步;随焊接速度的增加,油管外壁残余应力逐渐增大,内壁残余应力和焊接变形逐渐减小,焊接变形可释放部分焊接残余应力,在一定程度上可降低焊后残余应力。     

热处理对激光立体成形TC4残余应力的影响

采用小孔释放法对激光立体成形TC4钛合金沉积态和热处理后的残余应力进行了测试.结果表明,激光立体成形TC4合金的残余应力属于低应力水平,沿激光扫描方向的残余应力σY和垂直于激光扫描方向的残余应力σZ具有类似地分布规律.激光扫描起始位置的残余应力值较小,到中间位置达到最大的压应力,而到熔覆结束位置转变为最大的拉应力;靠近基材处熔覆层的残余应力为较大的压应力,随着熔覆高度的增加,到顶部转变为较小的拉应力.相比沉积态试样,去应力退火后σY和σZ分别平均降低59.8%和72.3%,固溶时效处理后分别平均降低64.7%和 67.8%.热处理后残余应力分布趋于平缓,可有效地消除和调整激光成形过程产生的残余应力.     

超声冲击改善P355NL1钢焊接接头腐蚀疲劳性能研究

对P355NL1钢焊接接头进行超声冲击处理,研究超声冲击对腐蚀疲劳性能的影响。利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对超声冲击前后的表层显微结构以及腐蚀疲劳失效断口进行分析,利用电化学工作站对超声冲击前后试样电化学腐蚀速率进行测定。结果表明,当试样处于6%(质量分数) NaCl腐蚀溶液中时,焊态试样疲劳强度下降12.5%;在6%NaCl腐蚀液和水介质中,冲击态试样相较于焊态试样疲劳强度分别提高了75%和53%,S-N曲线斜率分别改变75.4%和60.4%。经超声冲击处理后试样表层产生明显的塑性变形层,最大变形层深度约350μm;冲击之后试样的疲劳寿命有很明显提高,疲劳断裂位置也由焊趾处转移到焊缝或者母材区,腐蚀坑数目明显减少。表明超声冲击可以细化晶粒,同时降低应力集中现象,消除有害残余拉应力,引入有益的残余压应力,降低电化学腐蚀速率,提高焊接接头的腐蚀疲劳性能。     

管线钢焊趾优化工艺对焊接残余应力的影响

借助有限元模拟X60管线钢对接接头3种不同焊趾优化工艺设计焊接过程,得到了周向和轴向残余应力分布。采用盲孔法残余应力分析仪,验证仿真结果的准确性。结果表明,周向和轴向残余应力总体变化趋势与典型接头的应力变化趋势一致。常规焊趾工艺设计得到的周向和轴向残余应力梯度和平均应力值均最大,圆滑过渡焊趾设计得到周向和轴向残余应力梯度和平均应力值均最小。常规焊趾工艺设计达到应力峰值的距离比其他2种焊趾优化设计更接近引弧位置和焊缝中截面。圆滑过渡焊趾设计周向和轴向残余应力仿真结果与盲孔法测量结果吻合度好,最大误差控制在9.37%。圆滑过渡焊趾设计对预防应力腐蚀开裂有指导意义。     

预拉伸条件下铝合金焊接变形的数值模拟

应用热弹塑性应力应变关系理论,在考虑材料性能参数随温度变化的条件下,运用大型ANSYS软件通过有限元法模拟分析了预拉伸应力对5A05铝合金板材焊接变形的影响.结果表明,采用预拉伸焊接法可以有效控制铝合金焊件焊缝及近缝区的纵向挠曲变形.随着预拉伸应力的增大,其控制变形的效果愈明显,当预拉伸应力为σp=90%σ0.2时,焊后纵向挠曲变形最大降幅达70.45%.模拟分析结果与实验测试结果基本吻合.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。