Crack Growth Modeling and Life Prediction of Pipeline Steels Exposed to Near-Neutral pH Environments: Stage II Crack Growth and Overall Life Prediction

This investigation was initiated to provide governing equations for crack initiation, crack growth, and service life prediction of pipeline steels in near-neutral pH (NNpH) environments. This investigation develops a predictive model considering loading interactions occurring during oil and gas pipeline operation with underload-type variable pressure fluctuations. This method has predicted lifetimes comparable to the actual service lives found in the field. This is in sharp contrast with the predictions made by existing methods that are either conservative or inconsistent with the field observations. It has been demonstrated that large slash loads (R-ratio is 0.05), often seen during gas pipeline operation, are a major life-limiting factor and should be avoided where possible. Oil pipelines have shorter lifetime because of their more frequent pressure fluctuations and larger amplitude load cycles. The accuracy of prediction can be improved if pressure data with appropriate sampling intervals are used. The sampling interval error is much larger in the prediction of oil pipelines than gas pipelines because of their different compressibility but is minimized if the pressure sampling rate for the data is at or less than one minute.     

Crack Growth Modeling and Life Prediction of Pipeline Steels Exposed to Near-Neutral pH Environments: Dissolution Crack Growth and Occurrence of Crack Dormancy in Stage I

This investigation was initiated to provide governing equations for crack initiation, crack growth, and service life prediction of pipeline steels in near-neutral pH (NNpH) environments. This investigation has focused on the crack initiation and early-stage crack growth. The investigation considered a wide range of conditions that could lead to crack initiation, crack dormancy, and crack transition from a dormant state to active growth. It is concluded that premature rupture caused by stress cracking at a service life of about 20 to 30 years previously observed during field operation could take place only when the worst conditions responsible for crack initiation and growth have been realized concurrently at the site of rupture. This also explains the reason that over 95 pct of NNpH cracks remain harmless, while about 1 pct of them become a threat to the integrity of pipeline steels.     

Near-Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Plastically Prestrained X70 Steel Weldment

The application of strain-based design for pipelines requires comprehensive understanding of the postyield mechanical behavior of materials. In this article, the impact of plastic prestrain on near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of welded X70 steel was investigated with a slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) test. Generally, plastic prestrain reduces the SCC resistance in various welded zones. The SCC susceptibility of the test materials can be put in the following order: heat-affected zone (HAZ) > weld metal (WM) > base metal (BM). Fractographic analysis indicates that there are two cracking modes, mode I and mode II, during SSRT tests. Mode I cracks propagate along the direction perpendicular to the maximum tensile stress, and mode II cracks lie in planes roughly parallel to the plane where the maximum shear exists. The SCC of the BM is governed by mode I cracking and fracture of the HAZ, and the WM is dominated by mode II cracking. Damage analysis shows that the detrimental impact of plastic prestrain on the residual SCC resistance cannot be evaluated with the linear superposition model. A plastic prestrain sensitivity, a material constant independent of plastic prestrain, is proposed to characterize the susceptibility of SCC resistance to plastic prestrain, and it increases with the SCC susceptibility of the steels. The enhanced SCC susceptibility caused by plastic prestrain may be related to an increase in yield strength. The correlation of the ratio of the reduction in area in NS4 solution to that in air (RA _SCC/RA _air) with the yield strength is microstructure dependent.     

Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X80 Pipeline Steel in Acid Soil Environment with SRB

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Self-designed experimental device was adopted to ensure the normal growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in sterile simulated Yingtan soil...     

三种土壤对X70钢腐蚀行为的比较

通过在库尔勒地区现场土壤、实验室内含水饱和土壤和土壤模拟溶液中埋设和浸泡试样的方法,利用SEM,EDS,XRD等手段以及失重法对X70钢在库尔勒土壤中腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明,在实验期间内,三种不同环境下的腐蚀速率大小顺序为:模拟溶液>现场土壤>饱和含水土壤.这因为在现场实验中,土壤中存在微生物腐蚀而使X70钢腐蚀速率较高;在含水饱和土壤中,水分降低了土壤透气性,土壤阻碍了离子交换,腐蚀速率大大降低;在模拟溶液中,电化学反应非常容易进行,腐蚀速率很高.     

Pitting Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steel 304 in Carbon Dioxide Environments

The pitting corrosion behavior of stainless steel (SS) 304 in aqueous CO2-H2S-CI-environment was investigated by potentiodynamic cyclic anodic polarization and electron probemicroanalysis (EPMA). The experimental results show that the pitting corrosion susceptivityof SS 304 increases with the increase of temperature. Chlorine ion is the prerequisite for pittingcorrosion of SS 304 in H2S-CO2 environments. There is a linear relatiotxship between the pittingcorrosion potential (Eb-100) and chlorine ion concentration, and Eb-00 becomes noble with in-creasing pH value of the solution with or without H2S. pH value has little effect on the protec-tion potential with the presence of Hz S. H2S increases strongly the pitting corrosion susceptivi-ty and deteriorates the pitting corrosion resistance of SS 304 in CO2 environments. The obser-vations by EPMA show that SS 304 in CO2-saturated NaCI solution (3%) with H2S sufferspitting corrosion accompanied with intergranular corrosion.     

Corrosion Behavior of S450EW Low-alloy Weathering Steel in Cyclically Alternate Corrosion Environments

Weathering steel is widely used in various fields due to its excellent mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance. The effect of chromium content on the S450 EW weathering steel in cyclic immersion test was studied. The results indicated that the corrosion resistance of S450 EW weathering steel is closely related to chromium content. The addition of chromium significantly inhibited the weathering steel corrosion. The corrosion rate of experimental steel after 96 h immersion was 1.101 g·m-2·h-1. The rust of S450 EW weathering steel was mainly constituted of Fe OOH and Fe3O4 phase, and the elevation of chromium content promoted the formation of α-Fe OOH. The fine precipitates of the two phases contributed to the formation of dense dust layer of test steel. Furthermore, the increase of chromium is beneficial for the cure of original defects and cracks of the rust layer via the enrichment of chromium. The corrosion potential and the resistance of corrosion process were thus increased, protecting the experimental steel from further corrosion. A S450 EW steel with corrosion resistance more than 1.5 times of Q450NQR1 steel was prepared.     

包钢X70管线钢大气腐蚀行为研究

包钢生产的X70管线钢在露天环境中暴露放置3年后,钢管表面腐蚀并不严重,具有类似耐候钢的腐蚀形貌特征,而国内某钢厂生产的X70管线钢在相同环境下放置相同时间后,表面腐蚀较为严重,文章通过采用周期腐蚀试验对包钢生产的X70管线钢与国内某钢厂生产的X70管线钢进行对比分析,研究包钢X70管线钢耐大气腐蚀行为规律。     

X80管线钢在西南地区土壤中的腐蚀电化学特征

采用电化学测试、SEM及EDS微观分析等方法,对X80管线钢在西南地区水饱和土壤中的腐蚀电化学特征进行了研究。结果表明,在水饱和西南土壤中,随腐蚀时间延长,X80钢腐蚀速率缓慢增大,腐蚀速度主要受氧扩散过程控制;EIS图谱具有双容抗弧与Warburg阻抗特征,电荷传递电阻和结合层电阻随时间而减小,腐蚀产物主要为铁的氧化...     

稀土对X70管线钢腐蚀行为的影响

试验用X70管线钢(/%:0.12C、0.20Si、1.60Mn、0.005P、0.005S、0.10V、0.10Nb、0～0.15RE)用10kg真空感应炉冶炼。采用电化学和失重分析法研究了微量稀土对X70管线钢在0.1 mol/L Na₂SO₄水溶液中的腐蚀行为。试验结果表明,微量稀土可降低管线钢腐蚀电流i_corr,改善腐蚀形貌。随着稀土加入量的增加,腐蚀电流减小,当钢中的RE含量由0增加至0.10%时腐蚀速率由7.43μg/(cm².day)降至0.29μg/(cm².day)。稀土的最适宜加入量是0.10%。     

Effect of Low-Temperature Environment on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X80 Pipeline Steel in Simulated Alkaline Soil Solution

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X80 pipeline steel in simulated alkaline soil solution under different temperatures was investigated by...     

新型高铬镍基合金涂层在H_2S气氛中抗高温腐蚀性能的研究

针对燃煤电厂锅炉“四管”硫化腐蚀的严峻现状 ,采用 2 0钢作为基体材料 ,对自行研制的新型高铬镍基合金 (铬含量在 40 %以上 )涂层和另一种传统的镍铬合金 (Ni70Cr30 )涂层在H2 S气氛中的高温腐蚀动力学规律进行了研究。采用金相显微镜、配有能谱分析仪的扫描电镜以及X射线衍射仪等检测设备对腐蚀产物的形貌和相组成等进行了分析。由新型高铬合金制备的涂层具有优良的抗硫化腐蚀性能 ,适于作为燃煤电厂锅炉“四管”用的防护材料。     

316L不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展行为试验

 工程构件普遍承受疲劳载荷,从而导致疲劳失效。针对由316L不锈钢制成的标准紧凑拉伸试样,开展了一系列疲劳裂纹扩展试验。试验内容包括不同应力比下的常幅加载和在常幅加载过程中引入单个拉伸过载峰。试验结果表明：316L不锈钢具有很强的应力比效应,裂纹扩展速率随应力比的增大而增大。在引入单个拉伸过载峰后,观察到出现迟滞效应前发生了短暂的加速扩展现象。通过一种新的双参数模型来描述材料的应力比效应,并使用改进的Wheeler模型对过载后的裂纹扩展行为进行预测。预测结果表明：该方法能够更好地描述不同工况下316L不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。     

Austenite Grain Growth Behavior of X80 Pipeline Steel in Heating Process

Through changing soaking temperature and soaking time,austenite grain growth behavior of X80 pipeline steel under different heating conditions was studied. Relationships of average grain size to soaking temperature and time were obtained respectively. The results show that the prior austenite grains grow with the increase of soaking temperature and time. When soaking temperature is lower than 1180℃,austenite grain size and growth rate are small; when it higher than 1200℃,austenite grains grow rapidly and abnormal grain growth appears. For soaking at 1180℃,austenite grain growth rate is initially high and then decreases when soaking time exceeds 1h.     

Q235钢在实际土壤与模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为

对比分析了Q235钢在实际土壤和模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为,计算了其腐蚀失重,利用SEM和XRD方法分析了两种腐蚀介质中Q235钢的锈层形貌、物相结构及相对含量,并分析了不同介质中材料的极化曲线。结果表明:Q235钢在两种不同腐蚀介质中的腐蚀行为存在较大差异。Q235钢在模拟溶液中的腐蚀速率远高于实际土壤,至周期360h达到0.413mm/a,约为实际土壤的4.5倍;Q235钢在实际土壤中呈蚀斑相连长大扩展的腐蚀形貌,其腐蚀产物为α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、Fe3O4和Fe2O3;模拟溶液中试样为均匀腐蚀形貌,阴极过程主要受析氢控制;随腐蚀周期的延长,内锈层中生成结晶性良好的Fe3O4,降低了试样的腐蚀速率。     

X80管线钢在海滨盐碱土壤模拟溶液中的耐腐蚀性能研究

采用失重法、电化学测试、SEM及XRD微观分析等方法,研究了X80管线钢在海滨盐碱土壤模拟溶液中的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,在海滨盐碱土壤模拟溶液中,随着浸泡时间的增加,X80钢平均腐蚀速率明显下降,但总的腐蚀程度增加,钢基体表面由以全面腐蚀为主转为以点蚀为主;X80钢的阴极过程为氧的活化控制;腐蚀产物主要由FeOOH(表层)和Fe3O4(内层)组成;X80钢的耐蚀性及腐蚀形态与各试样表面生成的腐蚀产物膜的完整性和致密性有关。研究还发现氯离子含量是影响腐蚀的主导因素。     

Galvanic Corrosion of Carbon and Steel in Aggressive Environments

The demand for the use of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) in rehabilitation of deteriorating infrastructure is increasing worldwide. The design characteristics of reinforced concrete or steel members can be enhanced significantly by epoxy bonding CFRP laminates to the critically stressed tension areas. There is, however, a concern regarding possible galvanic corrosion when carbon and steel are bonded together. This paper presents the result of a study on the galvanic corrosion between CFRP laminates and steel. A total of 38 specimens made of steel and carbon fibers were prepared and tested. Two simulated aggressive environments and three different amounts of epoxy coating were used in addition to samples with no coating at all. Furthermore, the effect of the sizing agent on the galvanic corrosion rate was investigated, and three different solvents were used to remove the sizing agents from the surface of the carbon fibers. Potentiodynamic polarization and galvanic corrosion tests were conducted. The results of the experiments showed the existence of galvanic corrosion; however, the rate of such corrosion could be decreased significantly by epoxy coating.     

稀土钇对管线钢耐蚀性和物理化学行为的影响

试验管线钢（/%:0.04~0.05C,0.20~0.24Si,1.80~1.88Mn,0.010~0.012P,0.004~0.005S,0.27~0.30Cr,0.42~0.46Ni,0.24~0.28Mo,0.20Cu,0.005V,0~0.017Y,0.0031~0.0053O）由10 kg感应炉熔炼,并轧成试棒。采用扫描电镜和能谱仪、电化学技术以及热力学计算的方法研究了稀土钇对管线钢在模拟海水溶液（3.5%NaCl）中抗腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,稀土可以对钢中夹杂产生变质作用,将大尺寸、尖角状的Al₂O₃夹杂变质为小尺寸、球状的稀土复合夹杂,所以有利于形成连续致密的内锈层,减少钢基的点蚀源,从而提高钢的抗腐蚀性能。