新能源系统中双储能耦合燃煤机组的应用策略研究

  目的  随着新能源电力消费比例不断提高,燃煤机组耦合双储能技术的能源系统发展受到广泛关注。  方法  文章基于能源系统组成、储能技术特性、项目示范情况以及技术瓶颈等方面的分析,针对风电、光伏嵌入下双储能技术耦合燃煤机组参与电力系统调峰应用开展了运行控制策略研究。  结果  双储能技术耦合燃煤机组可通过不同的结构组成、运行策略优化有效解决新能源系统运行稳定性、能源高效利用以及技术经济性等问题,但目前尚未到实现大规模商业化应用阶段。  结论  双储能耦合燃煤机组在新能源系统中的推广应用,需要对双储能技术的策略优化及储能技术本身的发展突破方面不断开展工作。     

燃煤发电机组灵活性改造的研究进展综述

  目的  “碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标的提出增加了对新能源电力并网的需求,因此有必要提高燃煤发电机组的灵活性运行能力。  方法  文章详细介绍了现有燃煤机组灵活改造技术及常见的评价指标。灵活性改造主要包括:凝结水节流技术、燃煤机组耦合生物质混烧改造技术、燃煤机组制粉系统灵活性技术等;燃煤发电机组灵活性常用评价指标包括:发电机组厂用电率、锅炉热效率、机组发电标准煤耗率等。在此基础上,对灵活性改造技术以及评价指标进行总结和分析。  结果  文章提出了燃煤发电机组灵活性技术改造的7个发展方向及相关建议。  结论  原有机组的结构改进、新能源多形式的嵌入以及多储能协同提高燃煤机组灵活性是后续发展的主要方向,为后续燃煤发电机组适应“双碳”能源规划提供参考。     

Performance of a direct steam generation solar thermal power plant for electricity production as a function of the solar multiple

This paper describes the influence of the solar multiple on the annual performance of parabolic trough solar thermal power plants with direct steam generation (DSG). The reference system selected is a 50 MW_e DSG power plant, with thermal storage and auxiliary natural gas-fired boiler. It is considered that both systems are necessary for an optimum coupling to the electricity grid. Although thermal storage is an opening issue for DSG technology, it gives an additional degree of freedom for plant performance optimization. Fossil hybridization is also a key element if a reliable electricity production must be guaranteed for a defined time span. Once the yearly parameters of the solar power plant are calculated, the economic analysis is performed, assessing the effect of the solar multiple in the levelized cost of electricity, as well as in the annual natural gas consumption.     

太阳能辅助燃煤热发电系统的探讨

由于太阳能供给的间歇性,单独投资建造的太阳能热发电系统经常会出现设备成本高、利用率低、收益低等问题。因此,利用太阳能热发电系统与常规燃煤发电系统都有汽轮机部分这一特点,将槽式抛物太阳能集热器集成到常规燃煤发电系统中,寻求改造现有燃煤发电系统的新途径。以某300 MW机组为例,利用弗留格尔公式进行变工况计算,然后进行热经济性分析,为太阳能辅助燃煤热发电混合系统的建立提供理论参考。     

Economic analysis of a typical solar–coal hybrid power plant

Since the 1990s, solar energy has been hybridized with fossil power plants to improve reliability and efficiency. This study proposed an economical model for the solar–coal hybrid system. A conventional 200 MW coal-fired power plant was hybridized with solar heat at approximately 300°C and compared with a typical solar-only thermal power plant. The annual thermal performances of the proposed system were estimated and they were economically assessed using the economic model. The appropriate replacement configurations for the system can be determined for lower solar electricity cost. Therefore, this system may utilize solar energy on the utility scale cost-effectively.     

大型燃煤锅炉深度调峰关键问题探讨

  目的  随着我国“双碳”目标的制定及构建清洁低碳、安全高效现代能源体系的迫切需求,可再生能源在电网中的发电比例将逐年提高。但因其自身的随机性及间歇性特点,可再生能源对电网调峰的贡献极其有限。为了提高对可再生能源的消纳能力,具有良好调峰潜力的煤电机组正担负着电网中基础调节能源的重要角色。其中,燃煤锅炉作为煤电机组的前端核心系统,其低（变）负荷运行性能直接影响着煤电机组的整体调峰能力。  方法  为此,文章从燃煤锅炉低（变）负荷运行过程中的燃烧稳定性、运行可靠性、环保性及经济性需求出发,首先总结了大型燃煤锅炉深度调峰所面临的关键问题,并分别从低（变）负荷运行下的燃烧稳定性、机组运行环保性和经济性、主要辅机适应性和安全性及热电机组的热电解耦四个方面,对目前的主要研究内容及进展进行分析总结。  结果  在此基础上,提出对燃煤锅炉调峰能力深度提升技术的研究及发展展望。  结论  通过文章分析得出,为了发挥燃煤锅炉在提升电网调峰能力方面的先发优势,应从燃煤锅炉的整体系统出发,综合开展主要辅机运行状态监测及评估、燃烧性能关键影响因素研究、过程智能优化控制及预测,从而提升燃煤锅炉在低负荷运行、快速启停及升降负荷过程中的综合性能。     

不同容量和地区下光煤混合发电变工况性能研究

在构建系统集成模型的基础上,阐述光煤混合发电系统变工况性能计算方法。以3个地区和4种容量燃煤机组为例,研究集成模型、取代份额、辐射强度、地区和容量对光煤混合发电系统性能的影响规律。结果表明:机组容量和地区一定的情况下,全部取代1级抽汽且辐射强度最大时的系统节能效果最优;同机组不同地区开展混合发电时,太阳能资源丰富地的集热场面积最小,集热场换热效率和太阳能热电转换效率最大,年累计节能减排量大,静态投资回收期最短;同地区不同容量机组开展混合发电时,大容量机组年平均太阳能热电转换效率和年累计节能减排量最大,静态投资回收期最短。     

ANN-GA based optimization of a high ash coal-fired supercritical power plant

The efficiency of coal-fired power plant depends on various operating parameters such as main steam/reheat steam pressures and temperatures, turbine extraction pressures, and excess air ratio for a given fuel. However, simultaneous optimization of all these operating parameters to achieve the maximum plant efficiency is a challenging task. This study deals with the coupled ANN and GA based (neuro-genetic) optimization of a high ash coal-fired supercritical power plant in Indian climatic condition to determine the maximum possible plant efficiency. The power plant simulation data obtained from a flow-sheet program, “Cycle-Tempo” is used to train the artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the energy input through fuel (coal). The optimum set of various operating parameters that result in the minimum energy input to the power plant is then determined by coupling the trained ANN model as a fitness function with the genetic algorithm (GA). A unit size of 800 MWe currently under development in India is considered to carry out the thermodynamic analysis based on energy and exergy. Apart from optimizing the design parameters, the developed model can also be used for on-line optimization when quick response is required. Furthermore, the effect of various coals on the thermodynamic performance of the optimized power plant is also determined.     

电解水制氢在电厂和氢能项目的设计应用

  目的  电解水制氢技术已普遍应用于燃煤电厂、燃气电厂和核电厂,也将更多地应用于可再生能源发电厂配套的氢能项目,有必要对制氢系统设计方案进行探讨。  方法  以某燃煤电厂和风力发电及太阳光伏发电厂配套氢能项目为例,依据相关标准规范的设计规定,阐述了相应的电解水制氢系统设计方案。  结果  碱性电解水制氢技术成熟、安全可靠,能为电厂氢冷发电机、加氢站和氢气用户持续提供满足纯度、湿度要求的氢气。  结论  文章旨在为更多电厂和氢能项目电解水制氢系统的设计提供可参考的方案。     

Dynamic simulation of thermal energy storage system of Badaling 1 MW solar power tower plant

In this paper, the thermal energy storage system of Badaling 1 MW solar power tower plant is modelled from mathematical models for whole of the working conditions using the modular modelling method. This model can accurately simulate the recharge and discharge processes of thermal energy storage system. The dynamic and static characteristics of the thermal energy storage system are analyzed based on the model response curves of the system state parameters that are obtained from different steam flow disturbances. Conclusions of this paper are good references for the design, operating, and control strategy of solar thermal power plant.     

计及风光不确定性的新能源虚拟电厂多时间尺度优化调度

针对中国西北地区新能源消纳问题,该文聚合风力发电、光伏发电、光热电站、电储能装置组成虚拟电厂（VPP）,提出一种基于鲁棒随机优化理论的新能源虚拟电厂多时间尺度优化调度策略。首先对风力发电、光伏发电、光热电站与电储能装置进行数学描述,在此基础上建立VPP多时间尺度优化调度模型。在日前调度层中,以VPP运行效益最大为目标,依据风光日前预测出力建立日前优化调度模型;在时前调度层中,以VPP运行成本最小为目标,根据风光时前预测出力建立时前调度修正模型。同时,为了衡量风电、光伏发电出力不确定性对系统的运行影响,建立VPP随机优化调度模型。仿真结果验证该模型可提高运行效益与新能源消纳能力。     

Effectiveness analysis of solar replacement scenarios in a typical solar–coal hybrid system

Since the 1990s, solar energy has been hybridized with fossil power plants to improve reliability and efficiency. Hence, this study proposed a methodology to thermodynamically model the solar–coal hybrid system. A conventional 200 MW coal-fired power plant was hybridized with solar heat at approximately 300°C and compared with the Solar Energy Generating Systems VI type. The annual thermal performances of the proposed system were assessed using the established thermodynamic methodology. The appropriate replacement configurations for the system can be determined to enhance solar-to-electricity efficiency. Therefore, this system may utilize solar energy on the utility scale effectively.     

SOLCHIPS—A fast predesign and optimization tool for solar heating with seasonal storage

A new version of the SOLCHIPS predesign and optimization tool for solar heating systems with seasonal storage is described. The tool is based on analytical solution of the energy balance equations describing the system performance. It comprises a user-friendly interface with a minimum input requirement and is intended for preliminary system sizing and optimization purposes. The tool is here applied to the redesign of an existing solar heating installation and to the predesign of a completely new solar plant. The evaluation and dimensioning of one CSHPSS configuration can now be done in 10–20 s thus enabling fast optimization in respect to several parameters. A case study of an existing CSHPSS plant shows a 50% decrease in the annual energy price when the system is redesigned using the SOLCHIPS tool.     

Solar multiple optimization for a solar-only thermal power plant, using oil as heat transfer fluid in the parabolic trough collectors

Usual size of parabolic trough solar thermal plants being built at present is approximately 50 MW_e. Most of these plants do not have a thermal storage system for maintaining the power block performance at nominal conditions during long non-insolation periods. Because of that, a proper solar field size, with respect to the electric nominal power, is a fundamental choice. A too large field will be partially useless under high solar irradiance values whereas a small field will mainly make the power block to work at part-load conditions.This paper presents an economic optimization of the solar multiple for a solar-only parabolic trough plant, using neither hybridization nor thermal storage. Five parabolic trough plants have been considered, with the same parameters in the power block but different solar field sizes. Thermal performance for each solar power plant has been featured, both at nominal and part-load conditions. This characterization has been applied to perform a simulation in order to calculate the annual electricity produced by each of these plants. Once annual electric energy generation is known, levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for each plant is calculated, yielding a minimum LCOE value for a certain solar multiple value within the range considered.     

Solar-fossil HYBRID system analysis: Performance and economics

This study has developed a method of accounting for the dominant energy flows within a solar fossil hybrid power plant. The method is incorporated in a computer code called HYBRID, which can be linked to a solar central receiver code such as STEAEC. STEAEC, or a similar code, must be used to calculate the power from the solar central receiver (solar power) on an hourly or quarter-hourly basis. HYBRID determines the quantity of solar power directed to thermal storage, the quantity of solar power directed to a specified load, the amount of power retrieved from thermal storage, and the mass of fuel used by the fossil portion of the hybrid power plant. HYBRID uses the calculated fuel requirements to determine the present value of required revenue for the life of the plant. Fuel consumption is shown to be a dominant variable cost in the economic evaluation of a solar-fossil hybrid system. Fuel costs and other economic parameters are normalized to the present value of the capital investment. The range of normalized parameters is established to reflect economic unknowns and system design variability. It is shown that, under the most favorable economic conditions allowed in this study, the present value of the capital investment for a solar-fossil hybrid system should not exceed 2.5 time the present value of the capital investment for a comparable fossil power system if the hybrid is to be economically competitive. Under more probable conditions, this ratio declines to 1.5–2.0.     

660 MW燃煤发电机组的碳捕集系统余热利用和集成系统性能评估

碳捕集与封存（CCS）技术能有效捕获燃煤电厂排放的CO₂但再生能耗大且效率低。为提高燃煤电厂能源利用效率,提出集成有机朗肯循环（ORC）与CCS的太阳能-燃煤发电系统,利用热力学、火用和经济性分析模型对集成系统进行参数敏感性分析。基于外部燃料火用矩阵模型,分析再沸器所需热量中CO₂压缩过程和太阳能集热器的热量占比及集成ORC系统对外部燃料火用贡献度的影响。研究表明：当热源比θ=0.4时的集成系统热经济性能最优且具有较合理的不可逆性;集成ORC系统后锅炉燃煤火用、一、二次再热燃煤火用对系统产品的贡献度均有所提高;随着θ增加,锅炉燃煤火用和一、二次再热燃煤火用对碳捕集系统产品的贡献度逐渐降低;压缩余热火用和太阳能火用的贡献度逐渐增加。     

太阳能光伏-PEM水电解制氢直接耦合系统优化

利用水电解制氢进行氢储能是我国可再生能源弃电问题的解决方案之一。本文建立了太阳能光伏阵列与质子交换膜（proton exchange membrane, PEM）水电解直接耦合系统的分析模型,研究耦合系统优化运行工况。结果表明,天气变化易导致直接耦合系统工作点偏离光伏最大功率点,引起耦合失配并降低太阳能利用率。通过匹配太阳能光伏阵列串并联结构和水电解器工作槽数进行“粗调”,改变PEM水电解器工作温度进行“精调”,可使直接耦合系统工作在最大功率点附近,使系统能量损失最小。本研究为太阳能光伏-PEM水电解氢储能直接耦合技术的运行策略和优化奠定了理论基础。     

辅助火电机组调峰系统的储热参数设计研究

  目的  为适应原有火电机组对新能源电力消纳的需求,提高其调峰能力是关键因素之一。  方法  储热系统作为燃煤热电机组“热电解耦”的重要方式,评价其参数匹配性具有工程参考价值。文章采用一种耦合储热装置来增加燃煤机组深度调峰能力的方法,并结合热负荷以及电负荷的功率曲线,对储热装置参数的影响规律展开了系统研究。  结果  结果表明:以区域负荷曲线为典型案例,随着储热罐的储热容量和充放热速率参数的提高,储热系统对机组的热负荷调节能力先逐渐提升并在分别在112.75 MW和129 37 MW·min时达到上限,此时深度调峰参数为77 MW左右;此外,储热容量与充放热速率具有一定的匹配关联,二者中瓶颈因素将直接制约系统的深度调峰性能。  结论  通过对储热和放热边界情景的积分,精确的展示了储热罐在辅助调峰过程的中作用,同时结合其运行策略的优化设计能够进一步分析储热辅助调峰系统的参数匹配关系,为后续火电机组耦合储热系统的参数设计提供参考。     

On the improvement of annual performance of solar thermal power plants through exergy management

Advancing in the learning curve of solar thermal power plants (STPP) requires detailed analysis for reducing exergy losses in the energy conversion chain. This requirement should be applied to any configuration proposed for the solar field and the power block. The aim of this work is to perform this type of analysis for two ways of structuring the power plant. The first plant structure consists of a subdivision of the solar collector field into specialized sectors with specific goals conveying different requirements in temperature. The second plant structure is based on a dual thermal energy storage system with a defined hierarchy in the storage temperature. The subdivision of the solar field into different sectors reduces the exergy losses in the heating process of the working fluid. Moreover, the average temperature of the heat transfer fluid in the solar field decreases when it is compared to the conventional solar field, reducing this way the exergy losses in the collectors. The dual thermal energy storage system is devised for keeping the exergy input to the power block at its nominal level for long periods of time, including post‐sunset hours. One of the storage systems gathers a fluid heated up to temperatures above the nominal value and the second one is the classical one. The combination of both allows the manager of the plant to keep the nominal operation of the plant for longer periods than in the case of classical system. Numerical simulations performed with validated models are the basis of the exergy analyses. The configurations are compared to a reference STPP in order to evaluate their worth. Furthermore, the behaviour of the configurations is analysed to study the irreversibility of the included devices. Special attention is paid to the storage systems, as they are a key issue in both plant structures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Techno-economic analysis of hydrogen energy for renewable energy power smoothing

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy (mainly wind power and photovoltaic) connected to the grid, the fluctuation of renewable energy power brings great challenges to the safe and reliable operation of power grid. As a clean, low-carbon secondary energy, hydrogen energy is applied in renewable energy (mainly wind power and photovoltaic) grid-connected power smoothing, which opens up a new way of coupling hydrogen storage energy with renewable energy. This paper focuses on the optimization of capacity of electrolyzers and fuel cells and the analysis of system economy in the process of power output smoothing of wind/photovoltaic coupled hydrogen energy grid-connected system. Based on the complementary characteristics of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and chemical reaction optimization algorithm (CROA), a particle swarm optimization-chemical reaction optimization algorithm (PSO-CROA) are proposed. Aiming at maximizing system profit, the capacity of electrolyzers and fuel cells are constrained by wind power fluctuation, and considering environmental benefits, government subsidies and time value of funds, the objective function and its constraints are established. According to the simulation analysis, by comparing the calculated results with PSO and CROA, it shows that PSO-CROA effectively evaluates the economy of the system, and optimizes the optimal capacity of the electrolyzers and fuel cells. The conclusion of this paper is of great significance for the application of hydrogen energy storage in the evaluation of power smoothness and economy of renewable energy grid connection and the calculation of economic allocation of hydrogen energy storage capacity.