LUT与Elman网络相结合的图像逆半调算法

为改进查找表逆半调算法中"未出现半调模式逆半调值"的估计精度,提出了一种查找表与Elman回归网络相结合的图像逆半调算法。该算法首先通过样本图集生成初步逆半调查找表,然后以Elman型回归网络为工具,构造、训练逆半调逼近模型,最后达到拟合"未出现半调模式逆半调值"的目的,产生完整查找表,支持逆半调处理。实验结果及性能分析表明,应用本文算法生成的逆半调重建图像在视觉效果及PSNR指标上表现良好,具有运行速度快、空间复杂度低的特点。     

一种改进的查找表逆半调算法

边缘和平滑区域是图像的重要组成部分,人眼对边缘特征和平滑区域的噪声比较敏感。文中提供了一种改进的查找表逆半调算法,该算法在查找表逆半调算法的基础上考虑了边缘在图像处理中的作用,并对图像边缘分类,然后,按照半调图及图像边缘的类型重构连续色调图像。通过由误差分散类半调图构成的不同频率特征的训练集、测试集进行实验,表明当训练集为平滑图像集时基于边缘的查找表逆半调算法处理平滑图像,在主、客观评价方面的效果都好于查找表逆半调算法处理的图像;而改进的方法在处理细节图像时与查找表逆半调算法相比没有优势。     

A New Model-Based Digital Halftoning and Data Hiding Designed With LMS Optimization

This work employs the well known least-mean-square (LMS) method to design an adaptive filter to produce high-quality halftone images. The filter can be regarded as a transformation medium between original gray level images and corresponding halftone images. Experimental results indicate that the proposed LMS-designed halftoning offers the extra benefit of edge enhancement. Since a halftone image is typically used in printing, a modified printer model, which can coordinate with the proposed LMS-designed halftoning, is proposed to eliminate the harm caused by the dot-gain effect in printing. Moreover, two data hiding applications, the direct embedding LMS-designed halftone technique (DELDH) and the information sharing LMS-designed halftone technique (ISLDH), are proposed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed LMS-designed halftoning. The experimental results show that, both techniques can be used with the proposed modified printer model to achieve excellent image quality and decoded visual patterns     

一种非线性逆有序抖动的方法

针对有序抖动半调图,提出一种以非线性滤波技术为基础的快速、非迭代逆半调方法。它采用低通和非线性滤波的层叠,有效平滑了灰度变化平缓区域的半调噪声。通过分离边缘信息补偿非线性滤波损失的细节,以改善逆半调图像的质量。算法具有存储容量要求低,峰值信噪比高等特点。     

Neural network based method for image halftoning and inverse halftoning

A hybrid neural network based method for halftoning and inverse halftoning of digital images is presented. The halftone image is performed by single-layer perceptron neural network (SLPNN), and its corresponding continuous-tone image is reconstructed by radial-basis function neural network (RBFNN). The combined training procedure produces halftone images and the corresponding continuous tone images at the same time. The PSNR performance and visual image quality of these contone images achieved is comparable to the well-known inverse halftoning methods. The resultant halftone images compared with the error diffusion halftone are visually good, too. Furthermore, we apply different kinds of halftone images to a bi-level image compression method, called Block Arithmetic Coding for Image Compression (BACIC), which is better than the current facsimile methods.     

基于B样条小波的彩色印刷扫描图像逆半调

彩色印刷是一种利用黄、品红、青、黑四色油墨叠印产生彩色图像的技术,逆半调是将半色调图像转换成连续调图像的过程,主要应用在电子出版和印刷图像电子化方面。选取LAB颜色空间作为逆半调处理的颜色空间,选择三阶B样条小波作为小波基,遵循小波分解、小波系数调整、小波重构的小波变换算法,对彩色印刷扫描图像进行逆半调处理,得到逆半调图像。实验结果表明,该算法避免了破坏彩色图像红、绿、蓝颜色通道的颜色相关性,对彩色印刷扫描图像的重建和印刷加网图像的恢复具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。     

Inverse error-diffusion using iterated conditional modes

Error-diffusion (ED) is one conventional halftoning technique that converts a gray-level image into a halftone. For further processing the ED halftones, it is often necessary to estimate the original image from the halftone: the inverse of ED. We propose to calculate iterated conditional modes (ICM) for the maximum a posteriori (MAP) solution of inverse ED. The ICM always searches for a better estimate in the valid image space. It requires only local computation and is applicable to any type of the MRF model used for the original gray-level images. Experimental results for common standard images are given to show that our ICM performs well and is more flexible than the descent-projection (DP) approach.     

MSPRL：面向图像逆半色调的多尺度渐进式残差学习网络

目的 图像逆半色调的目的是从二值半色调图像中恢复出连续色调图像。半色调图像丢失了大量原始图像内容信息,因此逆半色调成为一个经典的图像重建病态问题。现有的逆半色调算法重建效果无法满足对图像细节和纹理的需求。此外,已有方法大多忽略了训练策略对模型优化的重要影响,导致模型性能较差。针对上述问题,提出一个逆半色调网络以提高半色调图像重建质量。方法 首先提出一个端到端的多尺度渐进式残差学习网络（multiscale progressivoly residual learning network,MSPRL）以恢复出更高质量的连续色调图像。该网络基于UNet架构并以多尺度图像作为输入;为充分利用不同尺度输入图像的信息,设计一个浅层特征提取模块以捕获多尺度图像的注意力信息;同时探讨不同学习策略对模型训练和性能的影响。结果 实验在7个数据集上与6种方法进行对比。在Place365和Kodak数据集上,相比性能第2的方法,峰值信噪比（peak signal-to-noise ratio,PSNR）分别提高0.12dB和0.18dB;在其他5个常用于图像超分辨率的测试数据集Set5、Set14、BSD100（Berkeley segmentation dataset 100）、Urban100和Manga109上,相比性能第2的方法,PSNR值分别提高0.11dB、0.25dB、0.08dB、0.39dB和0.35dB。基于本文的训练策略,重新训练的渐进式残差学习网络相比未优化训练模型在7个数据集上PSNR平均提高1.44dB。本文方法在图像细节和纹理重建上实现最优效果。实验表明选用合适的学习策略能够优化模型训练,对性能提升具有重要帮助。结论 本文提出的逆半色调模型,综合UNet架构和多尺度图像信息的优点,选用合适的训练策略,使得图像重建的细节与纹理更加清晰,视觉效果更加细致。本文算法代码公布在https://github.com/Feiyuli-cs/MSPRL。     

Halftone Visual Cryptography Via Error Diffusion

Halftone visual cryptography (HVC) enlarges the area of visual cryptography by the addition of digital halftoning techniques. In particular, in visual secret sharing schemes, a secret image can be encoded into halftone shares taking meaningful visual information. In this paper, HVC construction methods based on error diffusion are proposed. The secret image is concurrently embedded into binary valued shares while these shares are halftoned by error diffusion—the workhorse standard of halftoning algorithms. Error diffusion has low complexity and provides halftone shares with good image quality. A reconstructed secret image, obtained by stacking qualified shares together, does not suffer from cross interference of share images. Factors affecting the share image quality and the contrast of the reconstructed image are discussed. Simulation results show several illustrative examples.      

多尺度框架误差分散逆半调方法研究

摘 要：通过分析现有基于滤波的误差分散逆半调方法,提出了一种多尺度逆半调框架。基于该框架,引入平稳小波变换,提出了一种新的逆半调算法。首先,对半调图进行3尺度离散平稳小波变换,通过分析各尺度图像的频谱特性,构造了HIST滤波器,并结合尺度间小波系数的相关性,采用不同策略分别抑制各尺度图像中的噪声,最后利用小波反变换得到逆半调图像。实验验证了多尺度逆半调框架的正确性,并且该算法所得逆半调图像具有良好的视觉效果,能保持图像边缘,峰值信噪比也有所提高。     

基于Laplacian金字塔的逆有序抖动算法

针对有序抖动半调图,提出一种基于Laplacian金字塔的逆半调方法。采用分治策略,利用Laplacian金字塔变换将图像分成低频和高频区域,通过滤波器组抑制高频噪声,同时保持图像边缘,改善逆半调图像的质量。实验证明,该算法具有时空复杂度较低、峰值信噪比高等特点。     

彩色C-V方法及其在印刷网点图像分割中的应用

将Chan和Vese提出的基于Mumford-Shah模型的图像分割方法(C-V方法)由灰度分割扩展到彩色分割,并给予一定改进。提出了一种可以有效分割彩色图像的彩色C-V方法,使得图像中的色度信息得到充分利用;对原始C-V模型进行改进,增强了全局特性,同时考虑到人眼视觉感知,采用合适的色彩空间;将该方法应用于印刷网点图像分割。实验表明,彩色C-V方法用于分割边缘模糊和噪声污染较为严重的网点图像时,效果大大优于传统的分割方法。     

基于空间信息的彩色逆半调图像评价方法

针对彩色逆半调图像提出一种基于空间信息的质量评价方法。首先,将图像变换到视觉均匀颜色空间S-CIELab空间,通过定义人眼感知色差图像和感知梯度图像,构造评价彩色逆半调图像质量的定量指标。仿真结果表明：该指标反映的结果符合人眼视觉特性,与人的主观评价结果基本一致,它为基于图像内容的彩色逆半调方法的设计提供了依据。     

Texture-based Dither Matrices

Continuous tone images must be halftoned to be displayed on binary output devices such as printers. Halftoning algorithms at low resolutions of the output hardware introduce textures into the resulting display. In this work we control halftoning texture by generating a threshold matrix from an image-based texture. We demonstrate that processing textures by the adaptive histogram equalization algorithm approximates pixel distribution properties of traditional dither screens. Ordered dithering with the resulting threshold matrix enables us to define texture in the halftoned image. We control the appearance of this texture by a combination of the ordered dither algorithm with an error diffusion process. We present applications of texture-based dither screens to both photorealistic and artistic rendering. In the case of photorealistic tone reproduction our technique preserves textures and edges of the original image. The ability to define an arbitrary texture enables us to introduce a variety of artistic effects, including embossing of images with textures and text, and approximation of the appearance of of conventional illustration media. We evaluate the resulting halftoning using multi-scale edge distortion measures. Our quantitative evaluation closely corresponds to the visual observations.     

Halftoning colour volume datasets based on subdivision

The algorithm for halftoning 2D gray scale images based on subdivision was extended to the processing of colour volume datasets. Two main improvements were made. The first is adding a procedure to deal with cases with large errors so as to reduce the total quantizing error. The second is randomizing the directions in which errors are propagated, assuring the even distribution of the halftoned binary voxels. In addition, a method used to process large volume datasets was also proposed. The new algorithm is simple in principle, but produces good halftoning results, especially in the boundary regions. It is especially applicable in the data preparation for the rapid forming of coloured models and heterogeneous objects.     

基于半色调技术的印前图像篡改检测方法

本文印前图像特指图像数字排版经编辑确认后的数字印刷样张,其以栅格处理器分色后的加网二进制形式存储.数字样张一经确认,其来源的合法性便不受怀疑.但是,从印刷的整体流程来看,数字样张的存储、传输过程中仍有较大的篡改风险.现有的复制移动篡改检测算法存在特征维度高、计算开销大或检测率较低等问题,而且不适用于分色后的二进制样张.本文提出了一种基于半色调图像网点密度特征的Copy-Move篡改检测方法,该方法针对分色处理后的CMYK目标图像的二值量化处理,采用滑动分块的方法对目标图像进行分块,通过提取图像块CMYK四个通道的局部网点密度特征对图像块进行篡改检测.实验结果表明,该方法在图像篡改检测上较以往方法相比具有较低的时间复杂度和较高的检测率,并且对图像篡改区域的旋转攻击、小尺度缩放攻击等具有较好的鲁棒性.     

基于最小平方差模型的改进半色调技术

基于模型的半色调技术是根据显示设备和人眼视觉系统的特性从而使图像质量达到最优,其中基于最小平方差模型的半色调技术是其中一种比较好的方法,而基于最小平方差模型的改进半色调技术则是在前者的基础上进行了改进,提出了一种新的迭代方法即取反/交换法.该技术的基本思想是对二进制图像进行打印模型和视觉模型处理,和对原始灰度图像仅进行视觉模型处理,使两者之间的输出图像之间的误差最小.实验证明该技术比传统技术具有更高的分辨率和更多的灰度级,图像更清晰.     

基于AdaBoost算法的彩色图像人脸检测研究

在彩色图像中,不同的颜色所对应的灰度值可能相同,因此在灰度图像中检测不到的信息可能在彩色图像中被检测到。本文提出一种彩色积分图概念,在AdaBoost算法的分类器训练过程中分别得到彩色图像的人脸信息,并在分类器的后五层使用融合彩色信息的分类器分类。实验表明,本文方法增强了分类器的分类能力,提高了系统的正确检测率,降低了错误报警率。     

查找表与神经网络相结合的图像逆半调算法

为提高查找表逆半调算法中“未出现半调模式逆半调值”的估计精度,本文提出了基于IRN神经网络的逆半调逼近模型,通过分析、训练和优化确定了合适的IRN网络结构、隐层数、隐层节点数。实验结果表明,应用该算法训练、拟合出的查找表数据在逆半调重建图像的视觉效果及PSNR指标上表现良好,而且算法执行速度快、空间复杂度低。     

A gradient-based adaptive error diffusion method with edge enhancement

This paper presents a gradient-based adaptive error diffusion method with edge enhancement effect while preserving the smoothness effect. The proposed method not only can modulate the threshold in halftoning dynamically but also can determine the weights of the error diffusion filter adaptively to diffuse the quantization error to neighboring pixels properly. Under six testing images, experimental results demonstrate that our proposed new error diffusion method has a good compromise between the edge enhancement effect in the halftone image and the image quality effect in the corresponding inverse halftone image when compared to the methods by Floyd–Steinberg, Eschbach and Knox, Hwang et al., Li, and Feng et al., but it has some execution-time degradation.