An adaptive sliding mode observer for lithium-ion battery state of charge and state of health estimation in electric vehicles

As the demand for electric vehicle (EV)'s remaining operation range and power supply life, Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) estimation are important in battery management system (BMS). In this paper, a proposed adaptive observer based on sliding mode method is used to estimate SOC and SOH of the Li-ion battery. An equivalent circuit model with two resistor and capacitor (RC) networks is established, and the model equations in specific structure with uncertainties are given and analyzed. The proposed adaptive sliding mode observer is applied to estimate SOC and SOH based on the established battery model with uncertainties, and it can avoid the chattering effects and improve the estimation performance. The experiment and simulation estimation results show that the proposed adaptive sliding mode observer has good performance and robustness on battery SOC and SOH estimation.     

State of charge estimation for Li-ion battery based on model from extreme learning machine

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery state of charge (SOC) estimation is important for electric vehicles (EVs). The model-based state estimation method using the Kalman filter (KF) variants is studied and improved in this paper. To establish an accurate discrete model for Li-ion battery, the extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm is proposed to train the model using experimental data. The estimation of SOC is then compared using four algorithms: extended Kalman filter (EKF), unscented Kalman filter (UKF), adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF) and adaptive unscented Kalman filter (AUKF). The comparison of the experimental results shows that AEKF and AUKF have better convergence rate, and AUKF has the best accuracy. The comparison from the radial basis function neural network (RBF NN) model also verifies that the ELM model has lighter computation load and smaller estimation error in SOC estimation process. In general, the performance of Li-ion battery SOC estimation is improved by the AUKF algorithm applied on the ELM model.     

基于模糊神经网络优化扩展卡尔曼滤波的锂离子电池荷电状态估计

电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)的精确估计是判断电池是否过充或过放的重要依据,是电动汽车安全、可靠运行的重要保障.传统基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(extended Kalman filter,EKF)的SOC估计方法过度依赖于精确的电池模型,并且要求系统噪声必须服从高斯白噪声分布.为解决上述问题,基于模糊神经网络(fuzzy neural network,FNN)建立模型误差预测模型,并藉此修正扩展卡尔曼滤波测量噪声协方差,以实现当模型误差较小时对状态估计进行测量更新,而当模型误差较大时只进行过程更新.仿真和实验结果表明,该算法能有效消除由于模型误差和测量噪声统计特性不确定而引入的SOC估计误差,误差在1.2%以内,并且具有较好的收敛性和鲁棒性,适用于电动汽车的各种复杂工况,应用价值较高.     

车用锂离子动力电池自适应状态联合估计研究

为确定动力电池的剩余电量和峰值功率这两个关键指标, 提出一种基于数据驱动的在线参数辨识方法, 通 过递归最小二乘法精确计算电池的实时参数; 然后设计了一种基于自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波的多状态联合估计算法, 准确估计电池的实时荷电状态; 并在电压、剩余电量和单体峰值电流的多约束条件下, 建立多采样间隔持续峰值功 率估算的数学模型. 最后在MATLAB/Simulink环境下搭建基于纯电动汽车实际运行工况的硬件在环测试模型. 结 果表明: 在初始误差较大时, 剩余电量的估计误差在3%左右, 硬件在环测试系统的端电压误差保持在20 mV以内, 峰值功率的平均误差为4.9745 W, 为联合估计算法的准确性提供了可靠理论依据.     

汽车行驶状态参数估计研究进展与展望

准确而实时地获得汽车的行驶状态参数信息是实现汽车主动安全控制的关键问题,也是车载故障诊断的重要技术之一.随着估计理论的发展,利用车辆上已装备的传感器获得汽车行驶状态信息,进行汽车行驶状态参数估计是近年来的研究热点.本文首先给出汽车系统中需要进行估计的状态参数的分类及现有估计方案;然后对现有的各种汽车行驶状态参数估计方法加以综述,并分析了各种方法在汽车行驶状态参数估计方面的优缺点;最后对汽车行驶状态参数估计的进一步研究提出几点展望.     

基于SOC的锂离子电池组均衡控制

不一致性问题极大地降低了锂离子电池组的整体性能,均衡控制是目前能有效改善电池组间不一致性的唯一办法。在分析了目前主流均衡设计方案的基础上,针对Buck-Boost均衡电路,提出了以锂电池荷电状态（SOC）为均衡对象的均衡控制策略。同时,设计了一种新式的基于双模型自适应扩展卡尔曼滤器的SOC估算方法。实验结果表明,该均衡控制策略改善了电池组间的不一致性,提高了容量利用率。     

Simplified adaptive estimation

A simplified adaptive scheme is suggested for the estimation of the state vector of linear systems driven by white process noise that is added to an unknown deterministic signal. The design approach is based on embedding the Kalman filter (KF) within a simplified adaptive control loop that is driven by the innovation process. The simplified adaptive loop is idle during steady-state phases that involve white driving noise only. However, when the deterministic signal is added to the driving noise signal, the simplified adaptive control loop enhances the KF gains and helps in reducing the resulting transients. The stability of the overall estimation scheme is established under strictly passive conditions of a related system. The suggested method is applied to the target acceleration estimation problem in a Theater Missile Defence scenario.     

An adaptive unscented Kalman filter approach to secure state estimation for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to false data injection attacks, which may mislead the state estimation. To solve this problem, this paper presents a chi-square test-based adaptive secure state estimation (CTASSE) algorithm for state estimation and attack detection. Taking advantage of Kalman filters, attack signal together with process noise or measurement noise are described as total white Gaussian noise with uncertain covariance matrix. The chi-square test method is used in the adaptation of the total noise covariance and attack detection. Then, a standard adaptive unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is used for the state estimation. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed CTASSE algorithm performs better than other UKFs in state estimation and is also effective in real-time attack detection.     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波法的矿用可移动救生舱蓄电池荷电状态估计

针对基于安时计量法的矿用可移动救生舱蓄电池荷电状态SOC估计在环境温度或放电电流波动较大的情况下精度较低的问题,提出了一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波法的矿用可移动救生舱蓄电池SOC估计方法。该方法在安时计量法的基础上,把影响蓄电池SOC估计的环境温度和放电电流因素作为蓄电池系统的噪声,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波法的优化估计递推算法对蓄电池SOC进行实时滤波与估计,从而提高了蓄电池SOC的估计精度。实验结果表明,该方法的蓄电池SOC估计结果与实测值基本一致,可用于矿用可移动救生舱蓄电池管理系统中。     

An alternative Kalman innovation filter approach for receiver position estimation based on GPS measurements

This article presents an alternative Kalman innovation filter approach for receiver position estimation, based on pseudorange measurements of the global positioning system. First, a dynamic pseudorange model is represented as an ARMAX model and a pseudorange state-space innovation model suitable for both parameter identification and state estimation. The Kalman gain in the pseudorange coordinates is directly calculated from the identified parameters without prior knowledge of the noise properties and the receiver parameters. Then, the pseudorange state-space innovation model is transformed into the receiver state-space innovation model for optimal estimation of the receiver position. Hence, the proposed approach overcomes the drawbacks of the classical Kalman filter approach since it does not require prior knowledge of the noise properties, and the receiver's dynamic model to calculate the Kalman gain. In addition, due to its simplicity, it can be easily implemented in any receiver. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, it is utilized to estimate the position of a stationary receiver and its performance is compared against two versions of the classical Kalman filter approach. The results show that the proposed approach yields consistently good estimation of the receiver position and outperforms the other methods.     

An Improved Dual Unscented Kalman Filter for State and Parameter Estimation

A dual unscented Kalman filter (DUKF) is used to estimate the state and the parameter simultaneously via two parallel unscented Kalman filters. The original DUKF usually has performance degradation as a result of assuming the control inputs of each filter are constant, which usually are disturbance inputs or systematic measurement errors in the control system. An improved dual unscented Kalman filter (IDUKF) with random control inputs and sequential dual estimation structure is derived and applicable to the system in which the parameter is linearly observed and uncorrelated with the state. The accuracy, observability, and computational efficiency of the new filter are discussed. Then, the expansibility of the IDUKF for nonlinear parameter observed substructures is investigated. Finally, two simulation experiments about space target tracking and typical time series filtering are shown. The theoretical analyses and simulation results demonstrate the following. (1) the IDUKF can obtain higher accuracy than the original DUKF and a comparative accuracy with the JUKF (joint unscented Kalman filter) when the state and the parameter are not strongly correlated; (2) the IDUKF has better applicability than the DUKF when the state is correlated with the unknown parameter; (3) when the modeling error is not ignorable, the IDUKF is more robust and more accurate than the JUKF due to lower sensitivity to the modeling error.     

A new approach to spatiotemporal estimation of the river state

The paper proposes a spatiotemporal method of analysis of the river state on the basis of the measurement of pollution level indicators in the context of its application in modern control systems. For the examined objects and measurements of their characteristic parameters described by differential equations, the issue of river state estimation was formulated on the basis of discrete measurements of water pollution carried out in control stations located along the river. Using such determined estimates of all control signals describing the level of pollution in the rivers, higher accuracy of water quality control was obtained in comparison with a case based solely on measurements of some easily accessible parameters. While designing the presented solution, a mathematical model of a physical object was used which was a section of a river understood as a certain mathematical abstraction binding together variables characterizing the state of the object, interaction of external signals and its reaction. It has been assumed that the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is the starting point at the stage of water quality status modeling as many other indicators of pollution level are associated with it. Such an indicator may be biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) which also reflects the DO consumption in rivers and represents the degradation of water quality. Having a mathematical model of pollution distribution in the river and real measurements, numerical simulations created the possibility of influencing the changes in pollution indicators (BOD and DO) in specific conditions and in a specific time. The paper verifies the compliance of the proposed mathematical model of the object with the actual representation of the local river Wislok in the Subcarpathian province in Poland.     

State estimation for linear systems with observations partially corrupted by noise

This paper exploits the fact that any row vector of the observability matrix applied for transforming the state converts the latter to the new state component in the form of some derivative of the output component. Using the same but appropriately chosen vectors for transforming the system with the observation not fully corrupted by white noise we can accurately determine some state components. These vectors create the basis for the l-dimensional subspace of transformation vectors to the new accurately determinable state components. Using this basis the state transformation is constructed which in one step converts the singular linear filtering problem to a nonsingular one with state dimension decreased by l.     

On-line state and parameter estimation of EPDM polymerization reactors using a hierarchical extended Kalman filter

A hierarchical extended Kalman filter (EKF) design is proposed to estimate unmeasured state variables and key kinetic parameters in a first principles model of a continuous ethylene–propylene–diene polymer (EPDM) reactor. The estimator design is based on decomposing the dynamic model into two subsystems by exploiting the triangular model structure and the different sampling frequencies of on-line and laboratory measurements directly related to the state variables of each subsystem. The state variables of the first subsystem are reactant concentrations and zeroth-order moments of the molecular weight distribution (MWD). Unmeasured state variables and four kinetic parameters systematically chosen to reduce bias are estimated from frequent and undelayed on-line measurements of the ethylene, propylene, diene and total polymer concentrations. The state variables of the second subsystem are first-order moments of the MWD. Given state and parameters estimates from the first subsystem EKF, the first-order moments and three non-stationary parameters added to the model for bias reduction are estimated from infrequent and delayed laboratory measurements of the ethylene and diene contents and number average molecular weight of the polymer. Simulation tests show that the hierarchical EKF generates satisfactory estimates even in the presence of measurement noise and plant/model mismatch.     

A parametric programming approach to moving-horizon state estimation

We propose a solution to moving-horizon state estimation that incorporates inequality constraints in both a systematic and computationally efficient way, akin to Kalman filtering. The proposed method allows the on-line constrained optimization problem involved in moving-horizon state estimation to be solved offline, requiring only a look-up table and simple function evaluations for real-time implementation. The method is illustrated via simulations on a system that has been studied in literature.     

基于电动汽车磷酸铁锂动力电池荷电状态 估计方法研究

近几年,磷酸铁锂动力电池逐渐成为电动汽车动力电池首选.但是由于材料本身特性,使得磷酸铁锂电池的荷电状态难以精确估算.当电动汽车处于复杂工作环境时,荷电状态估计在保证电动汽车电池操作中的安全性和可靠性方面起到了至关重要的作用.文章采用戴维宁等效电路模型,验证无迹卡尔曼滤波和粒子滤波两种方法的估算效果,并分别与扩展卡尔曼滤波方法作对比,结果证明无迹卡尔曼滤波和粒子滤波都具有更好的估算精度.     

Combined state of charge estimator for electric vehicle battery pack

Ah counting is not a satisfactory method for the estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of a battery, as the initial SOC and coulomb efficiency are difficult to measure. To address this issue, an equivalent coulomb efficiency is defined and a new SOC estimation method, denoted as “KalmanAh”, is proposed. This method uses the Kalman filtering method to correct for the initial value used in the Ah counting method. A Ni/MH battery test, consisting of 8.08 continuous federal urban driving schedule (FUDS) cycles, is carried out to verify the method. The SOC estimation error is 2.5% when compared with the real SOC obtained from a discharge test. This compares favorably with an estimation error of 11.4% when using Ah counting.     

State estimation for linear and non-linear equality-constrained systems

This article addresses the state-estimation problem for linear and non-linear systems for the case in which prior knowledge is available in the form of an equality constraint. The equality-constrained Kalman filter (KF) is derived as the maximum-a-posteriori solution to the equality-constrained state-estimation problem for linear and Gaussian systems and is compared to alternative algorithms. Then, four novel algorithms for non-linear equality-constrained state estimation based on the unscented KF are presented, namely, the equality-constrained unscented KF, the projected unscented KF, the measurement-augmentation unscented KF, and the constrained unscented KF. Finally, these methods are compared on linear and non-linear examples.     

Nonlinear state estimation for suspension control applications: a Takagi-Sugeno Kalman filtering approach

A new nonlinear state estimation approach, which combines classical Kalman filter theory and Takagi-Sugeno (TS) modeling, is proposed in this paper. To ensure convergence of the TS observer, conditions are derived that explicitly account for the TS model's confined region of validity. Thereby, the secured domain of attraction (DA) of the TS error dynamics is maximized within given bounds. The TS Kalman filtering concept is then applied to a hybrid vehicle suspension configuration, whose nonlinear dynamics are exactly represented by a continuous-time TS system. The benefit of the novel estimation technique is analyzed in comparison with the well-known EKF and UKF variants in simulations and experiments of a passive and an actively controlled suspension configuration in a quarter-car set-up. Employing a real road profile as disturbance input, the TS Kalman filter shows the highest estimation quality of the concepts studied. Moreover, as its computational complexity adds up to only one third of the one involved with the classical methods, the new approach operates remarkably efficient.