Spatial smoothing based methods for direction-of-arrival estimation of coherent signals in nonuniform noise

Spatial smoothing techniques have been widely used to estimate the directions-of-arrival (DOAs) of coherent signals. However, in general these techniques are derived under the condition of uniform white noise and, therefore, their performance may be significantly deteriorated when nonuniform noise occurs. This motivates us to develop new methods for DOA estimation of coherent signals in nonuniform noise in this paper. In our methods, the noise covariance matrix is first directly or iteratively calculated from the array covariance matrix. Then, the noise component in the array covariance matrix is eliminated to achieve a noise-free array covariance matrix. By mitigating the effect of noise nonuniformity, conventional spatial smoothing techniques developed for uniform white noise can thus be employed to reconstruct a full-rank signal covariance matrix, which enables us to apply the subspace-based DOA estimation methods effectively. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

导向矢量失配情况下基于稀疏表示的波达方向估计算法

提出了一种传感器阵列导向矢量失配情况下的基于稀疏表示的信号源波达方向DOA估计算法。针对一些实际环境中噪声重尾现象严重的特点,采用合成圆对称广义高斯噪声分布对其进行模拟。考虑到实际环境中传感器自身运动以及外界环境因素的改变可能会导致传感器导向矢量产生波动,利用加权最小二乘法对波动生成的增益值进行最优估计。然后,构建信号模型的分数低阶矩FLOM矩阵,进行矢量化处理,以提高其数组维数。最后,利用稀疏表示方法重构信号模型,将信号源DOA估计转化为二阶锥规划问题进行求解,并采用奇异值分解降低运算量。仿真结果表明,本算法的信号源DOA估计具有很高的分辨率,且有效地避免了导向矢量失配对DOA估计产生的影响。     

基于COLD阵列的联合稀疏重构信号DOA估计方法

针对窄带和宽带两种情形,提出了一种基于同点正交磁环偶极子矢量天线（Co-centered orthogonal loop and dipole,COLD）阵列的联合稀疏重构信号波达方向（Direction-of-arrival,DOA）估计方法。该方法首先构造极化-空间域协方差矩阵,并对其第一列进行稀疏表示,在此基础上利用COLD阵列可视为相互垂直的磁环阵列和偶极子阵列这一特点,采用l2-范数约束下的凸优化（l1-范数）联合稀疏重构技术实现信号DOA估计。仿真实验表明,该方法较之现有方法具有分辨力高、估计精度高等优点。     

基于低秩矩阵恢复的DOA稀疏重构方法

为提高非均匀噪声下波达方向（direction of arrival,DOA）角估计算法的估计精度和分辨率,基于低秩矩阵恢复理论,提出了一种二阶统计量域下的加权L1稀疏重构DOA估计算法。该算法基于低秩矩阵恢复方法,引入弹性正则化因子将接收信号协方差矩阵重构问题转换为可获得高效求解的半定规划（semidefinite programming,SDP）问题以重构无噪声协方差矩阵;而后在二阶统计量域下利用稀疏重构加权L1范数实现DOA参数估计。数值仿真表明,与传统MUSIC、L1-SVD及加权L1算法相比,所提算法能显著抑制非均匀噪声影响,具有较好的DOA参数估计性能,且在低信噪比条件下,所提算法具有较高的角度分辨力和估计精度。     

基于单快拍信号到达角估计算法的室内入侵检测

针对基于信道状态信息（CSI）的入侵检测方法易受环境布局及噪声干扰的影响从而导致检测率下降的问题,提出一种基于单快拍信号到达角（DOA）估计算法的室内入侵检测方法。首先,结合无线信号空间选择性衰落的特点对天线阵列接收到的CSI数据进行数学分解,并将未知的DOA估计问题转化为一个过完备表示的问题。然后,利用l₁范数对稀疏信号的稀疏性进行约束,通过求解稀疏正则优化问题得到准确的DOA信息,由此在数据层面为最终检测结果提供了可靠的特征参数。最后,根据前后时刻的DOA变化评估出室内安全指数（ISIN）,进而实现室内入侵检测。在实验中,利用真实的室内场景对检测方法进行验证,并与传统的主成分分析和离散小波变换的数据预处理方法进行对比。实验结果表明：该方法能够在不同的复杂室内环境下准确检测出入侵行为的发生,平均检测率达到98%以上,且在鲁棒性上明显优于对比算法。     

Nonuniform linear array DOA estimation using EM criterion

In this letter, we address the problem of Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation with nonuniform linear array in the context of sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework. The nonuniform array output is deemed as an incomplete-data observation, and a hypothetical uniform linear array output is treated as an unavailable complete-data observation. Then the Expectation-Maximization (EM) criterion is directly utilized to iteratively maximize the expected value of the complete-data log likelihood under the posterior distribution of the latent variable. The novelties of the proposed method lie in its capability of interpolating the actual received data to a virtual uniform linear array, therefore extending the achievable array aperture. Simulation results manifests the superiority of the proposed method over off-the-shelf algorithms, specially on circumstances such as low SNR, insufficient snapshots, and spatially adjacent sources.     

一种强干扰环境下的离格稀疏贝叶斯DOA估计方法

强干扰的环境下,基于传感器阵列的波达方向(Direction of arrival,DOA)估计是阵列信号处理中的重要问题。虽然对于网格点目标现有方法的DOA估计精度较高,但对于离格点目标现有方法的DOA估计性能会严重下降。本文提出一种离格情况下的DOA估计方法,首先设计一种鲁棒的正交零陷矩阵滤波法(Robust orthogonal matrix filter with nulling,ROMFN),它结合了正交零陷滤波法(Orthogonal matrix filter with nulling,OMFN)和最差性能下的鲁棒自适应波束形成,在对离格点目标达到滤波效果的同时只需设计较少的网格点。此外,新的矩阵滤波法保留了高斯白噪声的特性,避免了噪声白化的预处理过程。其次基于离格点稀疏贝叶斯推断(Off-grid sparse Bayesian inference,OGSBI)和ROMFN,形成一种强干扰下DOA估计的新方法。与现有方法相比,仿真结果表明该方法可以在不同的网格间距、不同的信噪比和干噪比下获得更高的估计精度。     

一种对称噪声环境下DOA估计的新方法

研究水下目标优化估算精度问题。在满足对称分布的海洋环境噪声中进行波达方向(DOA)估计的方法对于解决水下目标感知问题有重要意义。由于水下存在的海洋噪声等识别目标难度大,提出了一种重构数据协方差矩阵实部的DOA估计。通过消除数据协方差矩阵实部来降低对称噪声的影响,然后对协方差矩阵实部进行重新构造,恢复损失的目标信息,实现精确DOA估计。与传统方法的比较,方法能够有效降低对称噪声影响,避免双边谱的出现,提高了估计精度。仿真结果表明,方法性能优良,对于海洋环境中DOA估计的研究提供了参考。     

A sparse direction-of-arrival estimation algorithm for MIMO radar in the presence of gain-phase errors

In this paper, the problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for monostatic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar with gain-phase errors is addressed, by using a sparse DOA estimation algorithm with fourth-order cumulants (FOC) based error matrix estimation. Useful cumulants are designed and extracted to estimate the gain and the phase errors in the transmit array and the receive array, thus a reliable error matrix is obtained. Then the proposed algorithm reduces the gain-phase error matrix to a low dimensional one. Finally, with the updated gain-phase error matrix, the FOC-based reweighted sparse representation framework is introduced to achieve accurate DOA estimation. Thanks to the fourth-order cumulants based gain-phase error matrix estimation, and the reweighted sparse representation framework, the proposed algorithm performs well for both white and colored Gaussian noises, and provides higher angular resolution and better angle estimation performance than reduced-dimension MUSIC (RD-MUSIC), adaptive sparse representation (adaptive-SR) and ESPRIT-based algorithms. Simulation results verify the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method.     

基于广义相位平滑的矢量阵列波达方向估计

研究如何利用信号的非圆性提高声矢量阵列信号波达方向(Directon of arrival,DOA)估计的精度.提出通过广义相位平滑预处理提高多重信号分类(Multiple signal classification,MUSIC)DOA估计方法特征子空间对数据协方差矩阵扰动的鲁棒性.该法适用于任意中心对称声矢量阵列,且无需子阵划分,不存在孔径损失,并可完成两个多径信号的解相干.仿真结果表明,广义相位平滑处理可明显改善恶劣条件下(低信噪比,小快拍教)基于MUSIC的非圆信号DOA估计精度.     

A variational Bayesian strategy for solving the DOA estimation problem in sparse array

This paper reformulates the problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for sparse array from a variational Bayesian perspective. In this context, we propose a hierarchical prior for the signal coefficients that amounts marginally to a sparsity-inducing penalty in maximum a posterior (MAP) estimation. Further, the specific hierarchy gives rise to a variational inference technique which operates in latent variable space iteratively. Our hierarchical formulation of the prior allow users to model the sparsity of the unknown signal with a high degree, and the corresponding Bayesian algorithm leads to sparse estimators reflecting posterior information beyond the mode. We provide experimental results with synthetic signals and compare with state-of-the-art DOA estimation algorithm, in order to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed approach.     

基于稀疏表示的OFDM信号的DOA估计

针对正交频分复用（OFDM）, 宽带信号波达方向(DOA)估计问题, 提出一种基于宽带信号协方差矩阵稀疏表示的DOA估计方法。该方法是在协方差矩阵主对角线下对左下角三角形元素按各条对角线取平均值后形成一个新的向量, 然后将该向量写成冗余字典形式。在冗余字典下对信号进行稀疏性约束形成二阶锥约束优化问题, 再用工具箱SeDuMi来实现DOA估计。理论分析和仿真结果表明, 该方法在低信噪比和少快拍数下分辨率很高, 是一种有效的宽带信号DOA估计算法, 此方法优于基于高阶累积量算法和宽带聚焦算法的DOA估计方法。     

虚拟阵列Khatri-Rao积与子空间联合稀疏表示的DOA估计方法

利用目标信号在空域分布的稀疏性,该文提出了一种基于虚拟阵列Khatri-Rao(KR)积与信号子空间联合稀疏表示的单快拍DOA估计方法;该方法利用单次快拍的采样数据,构造出双向虚拟阵列数据,并对虚拟阵列数据的协方差矩阵进行KR积变换处理,然后对向量化后的数据进行顺序重构,利用重构矩阵的大奇异值对应的左奇异向量为估计信号子空间;最后,利用凸优化工具箱对稀疏模型进行二阶凸规划的优化求解,得到高精度的DOA估计值;仿真实验验证了算法的有效性,在低信噪比下比传统MUSIC和OMP算法具有更高的估计精度。     

Bounded non-linear covariance based ESPRIT method for noncircular signals in presence of impulsive noise

Among the most important approaches in the study of DOA estimation, ESPRIT-like methods have received considerable attentions and have been widely applied in practical applications. Although many of the latest approaches have considered various performance requirements, the robustness to impulsive noise warrants further investigation. Inspired by the idea of bounded non-linear covariance (BNC), a novel subspace based method for DOA estimation is proposed in this paper. Named NC-BNC-ESPRIT, this method uses the BNC matrix to create a signal subspace of extended array outputs and it can handle the DOA estimation for noncircular (NC) signals in presence of impulsive noise. Simulation experiments and theoretical analysis are provided to verify this methods' superiority over existing approaches and proof of its robustness is provided in the appendix.     

Direction of arrival estimation with antenna arrays based on fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller neural network

Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation has been a challenging problem in many applications such as wireless communication, radar, sonar, and navigation. However, it is difficult to improve the angle resolution and reduce the computational complexity of super‐resolution methods. To solve these problems, the DOA estimation is viewed as a mapping problem, which can be modeled using a suitable artificial neural network trained with input‐output pairs. This article presents the use of a fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller (FCMAC) neural network for the DOA estimation under a linear antenna array. The FCMAC neural network is a special feedforward neural network based on local approximation that can be adapted to solve the multidimensional nonlinear fitting problem. A new preprocessing scheme has been used in both training and test phase. It use magnitude and phase angles instead of the real and imaginary parts of the array covariance matrix to be the input of neural network. The proposed method avoids complex matrix eigen‐decomposition, such as multiple signal classification, and offers fast computation rate. The performance of FCMAC neural network is compared with the conventional subspace methods and the radial basis function neural network in the cases of noisy environment and coherent signal. Simulation results indicate that FCMAC neural network produces up to 61% lower error, 60% higher angle resolution, and 99% lower calculation time than other three methods, which indicates the superior performance of the proposed DOA estimation method under coherent signals and different noise levels.     

Block rank sparsity-aware DOA estimation with large-scale arrays in the presence of unknown mutual coupling

With the development of massive multiple-input mutiple-output (MIMO) technique, high-resolution direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation has attracted great attention. A novel sparse signal reconstruction method based on the inherent block rank sparsity of the sub-matrix is proposed for high resolution DOA estimation with large-scale arrays under the condition of unknown mutual coupling. In the proposed method, by taking advantage of the banded symmetric Toeplitz structure of the mutual coupling matrix (MCM), a novel block representation model is firstly formulated by parameterizing the steering vector. Then, exploiting the inherent block sparsity characteristics of the sub-matrix, a reweighted nuclear norm minimization algorithm is proposed to reconstruct the sparse matrix, in which the weighted matrix is designed by using the spectrum of MUSIC-Like algorithm. Finally, the DOAs are achieved by searching the non-zeros blocks of the recovered matrix. The proposed method not only makes full use of the block rank sparsity characteristics of the sub-matrix and weighted matrix for enhancing the sparse solution, but also avoids the array aperture loss. Thus, the proposed method has superior estimation performance than the state-of-the-art algorithms under the condition of unknown mutual coupling. Especially, in the case of large-scale antennas, the advantage of the proposed method is more obvious. Some computer simulation results are performed to verify the advantage of our proposed method.     

DOA estimation based on fourth order cumulant beamforming for nonuniform linear array of DIFAR sonobuoys

The Directional Frequency Analysis and Recording (DIFAR) sonobuoy has been widely used in underwater target localization because it can capture more information than the Low Frequency Analysis and Recording (LOFAR) omnidirectional sonobuoy. Recently, array processing for fields of DIFAR sonobuoys has attracted considerable attention in order to enhance the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation performance and accuracy. DIFAR sonobuoys may become irregularly spaced due to the deployment method and the drift experienced once deployed, resulting in a nonuniform array. In this paper, we demonstrate the fourth-order cumulant beamforming (FOC-BF) technique to estimate the DOA for a nonuniform linear array of DIFAR sonobuoys. FOC-BF was compared with the conventional beamforming (CBF) through simulation works. The results show that FOC-BF provides better spatial spectrum with lower sidelobes than CBF. Furthermore, FOC-BF provides superior DOA estimation accuracy over CBF at very low signal to noise ratios (SNR).     

基于原子范数最小化的二维稀疏阵列波达角估计算法

基于二维稀疏平面阵列的波达角(Direction-of-arrival,DOA)估计问题在第五代移动通信大规模多输入多输出阵列的应用中日益重要。无网格稀疏重构技术促进了DOA估计问题的发展,原子范数理论则使得DOA估计的超分辨率得到进一步的提高。文中研究了多个方向的频谱稀疏信号入射到二维稀疏阵列时的DOA估计问题。为了准确、成对地识别出所有入射信号的仰角和方向角,提出了一种基于多个测量矢量(Multiple Measurement Vectors,MMV)的二维原子范数算法,并用半正定规划进行求解。所提算法将二维DOA估计问题中的压缩感知理论从单个测量矢量拓展到多个测量矢量,从而有效利用MMV的联合稀疏性。数值仿真结果表明,随着MMV矢量的增长,可识别的信源个数增加,稀疏阵列中物理传感器所占比例降低到30%,DOA估计误差也显著降低,并且在信噪比增大时,所提算法能够取得很好的收敛效果。     

估计相干与非相干信源的ESPRIT方法研究

在目前信号波达方向（Direction-Of-Arrival,DOA）估计中,常规ESPRIT算法是一种速度快、精度高的常用算法,但对于低信噪比下混合信号（同时含有相干与非相干信号）,常规ESPRIT算法难以估计出它们的DOA。结合解相干MUSIC和常规ESPRIT算法的优点,提出了一种新的估计相干与非相干信源的ESPRIT方法,新方法充分利用数据协方差矩阵的自相关和互相关信息来重构含有信号方位数据的新矩阵,再从它的特征值中解得信号的到达角。计算机仿真结果验证该方法在混合信号估计中的优越性和可靠性。     

基于互质阵的循环平稳信号低复杂度欠定DOA估计算法

针对现有大多数循环平稳信号DOA估计算法复杂度较高、估计精度低无法实现对有用信号的欠定估计问题,提出了一种基于互质阵的循环平稳信号低复杂度、欠定DOA估计算法.算法的主要思想是利用互质阵良好的稀疏特性,通过矢量化处理构造虚拟阵列模型,扩展阵列孔径,实现阵列自由度的提升.首先,算法构造了互质阵输出的循环自相关矩阵,然后进行矢量化处理得到最大连续虚拟阵元部分,给出其谱峰搜索的表达式.最后,为降低计算复杂度,对算法进行改进,应用多项式求根的方法直接求解DOA估计值.仿真结果表明,所提算法能实现对有用信号的欠定估计,计算复杂度较低,且相比于大多数的循环平稳信号DOA估计算法,所提算法估计自由度和估计精度有了进一步的提升.